The bexarotene derivative OAB-14 ameliorates cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through the PPAR-γ pathway.

Neuroinflammation is believed to be a critical process involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the pharmacological ability of OAB-14, a small molecule compound derived from bexarotene, to reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive decline in an AD mouse model (in vivo) and its ability to regulate signaling pathways implicated in neuroinflammation in vitro. It was found that OAB-14 significantly improved the cognitive function of 11-month-old AD mice (APP/PS1 transgenic mice) in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneously, OAB-14 dramatically inhibited the activation of microglia in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of AD mice and dose-dependently downregulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in the cerebral cortex. At the cellular level, OAB-14 reversed the downregulation of M2 phenotypic markers, including mannose receptor C-type 1 (MRC1) and arginase 1 (ARG1), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or amyloid-ß protein oligomer (oAß1-42)-activated BV2 microglial cells and partially restored their ability to clear Aß. However, these effects were suppressed when peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) was specifically inhibited by GW9662, a selective PPAR-γ antagonist. These results suggested that OAB-14 could regulate microglial polarization by regulating PPAR-γ signaling, thereby mitigating neuroinflammation and improving cognitive function in AD mice.

Neural stem cells transplantation alleviate the hyperalgesia of spinal cord injured (SCI) associated with down-regulation of BDNF.

Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the injured spinal cord has been shown to improve functional outcome. However, the influence of NSCs transplantation on the sensory function and analgesic behaviors has not been elucidated yet. Here, we investigated whether transplanted NSCs would improve sensory function in rats subjected to complete cord transection (T10) and explore the underlying mechanism. The rats were divided into sham, SCT (spinal cord transection), and NSC implanted groups. NSCs (3 × 10(6)/ml) were implanted into injury site at the day after operation. Mechanical (the hind paw test) and thermal (the tail-flick test) were measured at 5 weeks. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to demonstrate that expression of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the superficial of the dorsal horn. Consequently, the tail-flick latencies and paw withdrawal thresholds in NSC implanted group exhibit a significant higher than SCT group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR demonstrate that mRNA expression of BDNF was down-regulated remarkably in NSC engrafted rats. The present findings suggest that NSC transplantation inhibits neuropathic pain associated with BDNF down-regulation.

Three new asperentin derivatives from the algicolous fungus Aspergillus sp. F00785.

Three new asperentin-type compounds, 6-O-α-d-ribosylasperentin (1) and 6-O-α-d-ribosyl-8-O-methylasperentin (2) and 5-hydroxyl-6-O-methylasperentin (3), along with asperentin (4) and its known analogues (5-9), were isolated from a halotolerant Aspergillus sp. strain F00785, an endotrophic fungus from marine alga. Their structures were determined using extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic analysis, including the X-ray crystallographic data for the assignment of the absolute configurations of compound 9. Compound 4 exhibited highly potent inhibitory activity against crop pathogens, Colletotrichum gleosporioides Penz. and Colletotrichum gleosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.

Four new citrinin derivatives from a marine-derived Penicillium sp. fungal strain.

Four new citrinin derivatives, including two citrinin dimers and two citrinin monomer derivatives, were isolated and identified from a marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium sp. ML226 along with six known related compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The new compounds showed modest cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cell line and weak antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

The orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 regulates LKB1 localization and activates AMPK.

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) has important roles in governing energy homeostasis by regulating the activity of the energy sensor kinase AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The regulation of LKB1 function, however, is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 binds and sequesters LKB1 in the nucleus, thereby attenuating AMPK activation. This Nur77 function is antagonized by the chemical compound ethyl 2-[2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-(1-octanoyl)phenyl]acetate (TMPA), which interacts with Nur77 with high affinity and at specific sites. TMPA binding of Nur77 results in the release and shuttling of LKB1 to the cytoplasm to phosphorylate AMPKα. Moreover, TMPA effectively reduces blood glucose and alleviates insulin resistance in type II db/db and high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice but not in diabetic littermates with the Nur77 gene knocked out. This study attains a mechanistic understanding of the regulation of LKB1-AMPK axis and implicates Nur77 as a new and amenable target for the design and development of therapeutics to treat metabolic diseases.

The orphan receptor TR3 suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis in mice by downregulating Wnt signalling.

AIMS: Wnt signalling is involved in cellular homeostasis and development. Dysregulation of the Wnt signalling pathway has been linked to colorectal cancer. The orphan nuclear receptor TR3 plays important roles in proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated how TR3 suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis by regulating Wnt signalling. METHODS: Intestinal polyps were quantified in Apc(min/+), Apc(min/+)/TR3(-/-) and Apc(min/+)/villin-TR3 mice. Wnt signalling activity was evaluated by assessing ß-galactosidase activity in a BAT-Gal reporter strain. The TR3 agonist cytosporone B was used to evaluate the role of TR3 in intestinal tumorigenesis. Crosstalk between TR3 and ß-catenin/TCF4 was analysed by molecular methods in colorectal cancer cells. The phosphorylation of TR3 by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3ß and the correlation between GSK3ß activity and TR3 phosphorylation were evaluated in clinical samples and colorectal cancer cells. RESULTS: TR3 was found to significantly suppress Wnt signalling activity and the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Apc(min/+)/TR3(-/-) mice developed more intestinal polyps than Apc(min/+)/TR3(+/+) mice, whereas either transgenic overexpression of TR3 in the intestine or treatment with cytosporone B in Apc(min/+) mice significantly decreased intestinal tumour number. Mechanistically, TR3 disrupted the association of ß-catenin and TCF4 on chromatin and facilitated the recruitment of transcriptional co-repressors to the promoters of Wnt signalling target genes. However, TR3 was phosphorylated by GSK3ß in most clinical colorectal cancers, which attenuated the inhibitory activity of TR3 towards Wnt signalling. CONCLUSIONS: TR3 is a negative regulator of Wnt signalling and thus significantly suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(min/+) mice. This inhibitory effect of TR3 may be paradoxically overcome through phosphorylation by GSK3ß in clinical colorectal cancers.

A feedback regulatory loop between methyltransferase PRMT1 and orphan receptor TR3.

PRMT1, an arginine methyltransferase, plays an important role in numerous cellular processes. In this study, we demonstrate a feedback regulatory loop between PRMT1 and the orphan receptor TR3. Unlike another orphan receptor HNF4, TR3 is not methylated by PRMT1 although they physically interact with each other. By delaying the TR3 protein degradation, PRMT1 binding leads to the elevation of TR3 cellular protein level, thereby enhances the DNA binding and transactivation activity of TR3 in a non-methyltransferase manner. Another coactivator SRC-2 acts synergistically with PRMT1 to regulate TR3 functions. In turn, TR3 binding to the catalytic domain of PRMT1 causes an inhibition of the PRMT1 methyltransferase activity. This repression results in the functional changes in some of PRMT1 substrates, including STAT3 and Sam68. The negative regulation of PRMT1 by TR3 was further confirmed in both TR3-knockdown cells and TR3-knockout mice with the use of an agonist for TR3. Taken together, our study not only identifies a regulatory role of PRMT1, independent on methyltransferase activity, in TR3 transactivation, but also characterizes a novel function of TR3 in the repression of PRMT1 methyltransferase activity.

Paeciloxanthone, a new cytotoxic xanthone from the marine mangrove fungus Paecilomyces sp. (Tree1-7).

The metatrophic fungus Paecilomyces sp. (Tree1-7) was isolated from an estuarine mangrove from the Taiwan Strait. The methanol extract of the fungal mycelium exhibited cytotoxicity against hepG2. Paeciloxanthone (1), a new xanthone, and the known compounds emodin (2) and chrysophanol (3), were isolated from the extract. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic experiments. Paeciloxanthone (1) exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against hepG2 (IC(50)=1.08 microg/mL), acetylcholineesterase (AChE) inhibitory (IC(50)=2.25 microg/mL) and antimicrobial activities.

Phaeochromycins F-H, three new polyketide metabolites from Streptomyces sp. DSS-18.

Three new polyketides, phaeochromycins F (1), G (2), H (3), were obtained from the culture broth of marine actinomycete strain Streptomyces sp. DSS-18. Their structures were established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI MS techniques.

Negative regulation of transcription coactivator p300 by orphan receptor TR3.

p300 regulates the transcriptional activity of a variety of transcription factors by forming an activation complex and/or promoting histone acetylation. Here, we show a unique characteristic of orphan receptor TR3 in negatively regulating the function of p300. TR3 was found to interact with p300 and inhibited the acetylation of transcription factors induced by p300, resulting in the repression of their transcriptional activity. Further analysis revealed that both a conserved transcriptional adapter motif (TRAM) in p300 and a specific sequence FLELFIL in TR3 were critical for their interaction. TR3 binding completely covered the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain of p300 and resulted in suppression of the HAT activity, as the p300-induced histone H3 acetylation and transcription were inhibited with the presence TR3. Furthermore, an agonist of TR3, a natural octaketide isolated from Dothiorella sp. HTF3 of an endophytical fungus, was shown to be a potent compound for inhibiting p300 HAT activity (IC(50) = 1.5 microg/ml) in vivo. More importantly, this agonist could repress the transcriptional activity of transcription factors, and proliferation of cancer cells. Taken together, our results not only delineate a novel transcriptional repressor function for TR3, but also reveal its modulation on p300 HAT activity as the underlying mechanism.