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1.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 63, 2024 Sep 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39218903

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The control of schistosomiasis is particularly difficult in sub-Saharan Africa, which currently harbours 95% of this disease. The target population for preventive chemotherapy (PC) is expanded to all age group at risk of infection, thus increasing the demands of praziquantel (PZQ) tablets according to the new released guideline by World Health Organization. Due to the gap between available PZQ for PC and requirements, alternative approaches to assess endemicity of schistosomiasis in a community, are urgently needed for more quick and precise methods. We aimed to find out to which degree the infection status of snails can be used to guide chemotherapy against schistosomiasis. METHODS: We searched literature published from January 1991 to December 2022, that reported on the prevalence rates of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium in the intermediate snails Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp., respectively, and in humans. A random effect model for meta-analyses was used to calculate the pooled prevalence estimate (PPE), with heterogeneity assessed using I-squared statistic (I2), with correlation and regression analysis for the exploration of the relationship between human S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections and that in their specific intermediate hosts. RESULTS: Forty-seven publications comprising 59 field investigations were included. The pooled PPE of schistosomiasis, schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in humans were 27.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 24.0-31.1%], 25.6% (95% CI: 19.9-31.3%), and 28.8% (95% CI: 23.4-34.3%), respectively. The snails showed an overall infection rate of 8.6% (95% CI: 7.7-9.4%), with 12.1% (95% CI: 9.9-14.2%) in the Biomphalaria spp. snails and 6.9% (95% CI: 5.7-8.1%) in the Bulinus spp. snails. The correlation coefficient was 0.3 (95% CI: 0.01-0.5%, P < 0.05) indicating that the two variables, i.e. all intermediate host snails on the one hand and the human host on the other, were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of S. mansoni and S. haematobium is still high in endemic areas. Given the significant, positive correlation between the prevalence of schistosomes in humans and the intermediate snail hosts, more attention should be paid to programme integration of snail surveillance in future.


Assuntos
Biomphalaria , Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Esquistossomose Urinária , Esquistossomose mansoni , Animais , Humanos , Prevalência , Esquistossomose mansoni/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/prevenção & controle , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologia , Esquistossomose Urinária/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose Urinária/prevenção & controle , Esquistossomose Urinária/parasitologia , Schistosoma haematobium/fisiologia , Schistosoma mansoni/fisiologia , Biomphalaria/parasitologia , Caramujos/parasitologia , Bulinus/parasitologia , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia
2.
JMIR Public Health Surveill ; 10: e52089, 2024 Aug 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39212596

RESUMO

Background: In 2021, the World Health Organization officially declared the People's Republic of China as malaria-free. However, despite this milestone achievement, the continued occurrence of severe and fatal cases of imported malaria in China, due to globalization and increased international communication, remains a significant public health concern. Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in 5 Chinese provinces from 2014 to 2021 and to identify the factors that influence complications in imported malaria cases. The findings will provide a basis for enhancing prevention and control measures, thereby consolidating China's achievements in malaria elimination. Methods: A case-based retrospective study was performed, using surveillance data collected from the representative provinces of China from 2014 to 2021. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of complications. Results: A total of 5559 malaria cases were included during the study period. The predominant species was Plasmodium falciparum (3940/5559, 70.9%), followed by Plasmodium ovale (1054/5559, 19%), Plasmodium vivax (407/5559, 7.3%), Plasmodium malariae (157/5559, 2.8%), and 1 case of Plasmodium knowlesi. Most of the cases were male (5343/5559, 96.1%). The complication rates for P falciparum and P ovale were 11.4% and 3.3%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the relevant factors of malaria complications revealed potential protective factors, including a previous infection by Plasmodium (P<.001; odds ratio [OR] 0.512, 95% CI 0.422-0.621), and risk factors, including increased age (P=.004; OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.004-1.024), misdiagnosis at the first clinical visit (P<.001; OR 3.553, 95% CI 2.886-4.375), and the time interval from onset to treatment (P=.001; OR 1.026, 95% CI 1.011-1.042). Subgroup analyses identified risk factors associated with P falciparum, which include advanced age (P=.004; OR 1.015, 95% CI 1.005-1.026), initial misdiagnosis during the first clinical visit (P<.001; OR 3.549, 95% CI 2.827-4.455), the time interval from onset to treatment (P<.001; OR 1.043, 95% CI 1.022-1.063), and a delay of more than 3 days from the first treatment to diagnosis (P<.001; OR 2.403, 95% CI 1.823-3.164). Additionally, the risk factors pertaining to P ovale involve misdiagnosis at the initial clinical visit (P=.01; OR 2.901, 95% CI 1.336-6.298), the time interval from onset to treatment (P=.002; OR 1.095, 95% CI 1.033-1.160), and the duration from the initial treatment to diagnosis (P=.43; OR 1.032, 95% CI 0.953-1.118). Previous infections can prevent the progression of both P falciparum and P ovale. Conclusions: This study showed that the increasing proportion of P ovale in recent years should not be ignored. Furthermore, there is a need to improve diagnostic awareness, enhance the capacity of medical institutions, and provide health education for high-risk groups.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas , Malária , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , China/epidemiologia , Masculino , Malária/epidemiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Idoso
3.
Malar J ; 23(1): 242, 2024 Aug 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39138510

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The effects of a diverse spectrum of malaria interventions were evaluated through a deterministic Plasmodium vivax transmission model. This approach aimed to provide theoretical evidence of the performance of these interventions once implemented for achieving malaria elimination. METHODS: An integrated intervention portfolio, including mass drug administration, insecticide treatment, and untreated bed nets, was analyzed through modeling. Additionally, data-driven calibration was implemented to infer coverages that effectively reproduced historical malaria patterns in China from 1971 to 1983. RESULTS: MDA utilizing primaquine emerged as the most effective single intervention, achieving a 70% reduction in malaria incidence when implemented at full coverage. Furthermore, a strategic combination of MDA with primaquine, chloroquine, untreated bed nets, and seasonal insecticide treatments effectively eradicated malaria, attaining elimination at a coverage level of 70%. It was conclusively demonstrated that an integrated approach combining MDA and vector control measures is essential for the successful elimination of malaria. CONCLUSION: High coverage of mass drug administration with primaquine and chloroquine before transmission was the key driver of the malaria decline in China from 1971 to 1983. The best-fit intervention coverage combinations derived from calibration are provided as a reference for malaria control in other countries.


Assuntos
Antimaláricos , Malária Vivax , Malária Vivax/prevenção & controle , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Humanos , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Plasmodium vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Primaquina/uso terapêutico , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos
4.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 57, 2024 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39095885

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Helminth infections, including Opisthorchis viverrini, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura, are prevalent in Khong district, Champasack province, southern Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mekongi is of public health concern on the islands of the Khong district. This study aimed to assess the impact of an Eco-Health/One-Health approach in combination with mass drug administration (MDA) to reduce these helminth infections. METHODS: We conducted a community intervention using a stepped-wedge trial approach on two endemic islands (Donsom and Donkhone) of the Khong district, Champasack province, Lao PDR, between April 2012 and March 2013. In each study village, 30-40 households were randomly selected. All members of selected households, who were at home during the study period were invited to participate in the study. A baseline study was conducted to assess helminth infections, knowledge attitudes and practices toward Schistosoma mekongi infection, behavior of open defecation and availability of latrine at home. After the baseline (T0), the Eco-Health/One-Health approach was implemented on Donsom (intervention) and Donkhone island (control). An assessment was conducted in 2014 (T1), one year after the completion of intervention implementation, to assess the short-term impact of the Eco-Health/One-Health approach on helminth infections and compare intervention and control islands. Later in 2015, the Eco-Health/One-Health approach was implemented on control island (Donkhone). After the implementation of intervention, the parasitological assessments were conducted annually in humans in 2015 (T2), in 2016 (T3) and in 2017 (T4), and in dogs in 2017 (T4) to evaluate the long-term impact of the intervention on helminth infections. Frequency was used to describe the prevalence of helminth infections. Logistic regression was applied to associate the KAP (knowledge, attitudes, and practices and open defecation behavior) and the reduction of helminth infections between intervention and control islands. The reduction in prevalence pre- and post-intervention was associated using a McNemar test. A two-independent sample t-test was applied to compare the mean eggs per gram (EPG) of helminth infections between control and intervention islands. A paired t-test test was used to compare the mean EPG of stool samples before (baseline) and after (follow-up) interventions for the two islands separately. A P-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Eco-Health/One-Health approach appears to be associated with reduction in prevalence of S. mekongi by 9.0% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, P = 0.003] compared to the use of mass drug administration alone (control island). Additionally, this intervention package significantly reduced O. viverrini infection by 20.3% (OR = 1.92, P < 0.001) and hookworm by 17.9% (OR = 0.71, P = 0.045), respectively. Annual parasitological assessments between 2012 and 2017 showed that the Eco-Health/One-Health approach, coupled with MDA, steadily reduced the prevalence of S. mekongi on the intervention island from 29.1% to 1.8% and on the control island from 28.4% to 3.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest that the Eco-Health/One-Health approach appears to be associated with a significant reduction in prevalence of S. mekongi and helminth co-infections, particularly hookworm and T. trichiura. Therefore, implementing the Eco-Health/One-Health approach in schistosomiasis-endemic areas could accelerate the achievement of national goals for transmission interruption by 2025 and elimination by 2030.


Assuntos
Helmintíase , Ilhas , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos , Schistosoma , Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Laos/epidemiologia , Adulto , Schistosoma/fisiologia , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Ilhas/epidemiologia , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos/métodos , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Esquistossomose/prevenção & controle , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Idoso , Prevalência , Saúde Única
5.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 291, 2024 Jul 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38972983

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Oncomelania hupensis is the exclusive intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in China. Snail control is an essential component of schistosomiasis elimination programme. With 70 years of continuous efforts, the range of O. hupensis had reduced significantly, but slowed down in last decades. A large number of levees against flooding were constructed along Yangtze River and its affiliated lakes in the middle and lower reaches, which influenced the hydrology and ecology in the alluvial plains. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of levees on the distribution of O. hupensis in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. METHODS: The snail habitats were digitalised by hand-held GPS system. The years for discovery and elimination of snail habitats were extracted from historical records. The accumulated snail-infested range for each habitat was calculated on the basis of annual reports. The current distribution of O. hupensis was determined by systematic and environmental sampling. The geographical distribution of levees was obtained from satellite imagery. To assess the impact of levees, the data pertaining to O. hupensis were divided into two parts: inside and outside the Yangtze River. Joinpoint regression was utilised to divide the study time span and further characterise the regression in each period. The 5-year-period moving averages of eliminated area infested by snails were calculated for the habitats inside and outside Yangtze River. The moving routes of corresponding geographical median centres were simulated in ArcGIS. Hotspot analysis was used to determine the areas with statistical significance clustering of O. hupensis density. RESULTS: Three periods were identified according to Joinpoint regression both inside and outside Yangtze River. The area infested by O. hupensis increased in the first two periods. It decreased rapidly outside Yangtze River year over year after 1970, while that inside the Yangtze River did not change significantly. Furthermore, the latter was significantly higher than the former. It was observed that the present density of O. hupensis inside Yangtze River was lower than outside the Yangtze River. The median centre for eliminated ranges inside Yangtze River wavered between the east (lower reach) and the west (middle reach). In contrast, the median centre for eliminated ranges continuously moved from the east to the west. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that the levees had a considerable negative impact on the distribution of O. hupensis outside Yangtze River. Some hotspots observed in the irrigation areas need a sluice system at the inlet of branch for snail control. The major distribution of O. hupensis located in Hubei might be caused by severe waterlogging. The intensive surveillance should be implemented there. The biggest two freshwater lakes, the major endemic regions historically, were identified as cold spots. The long-term impact of Three Gorges Dam on the distribution of O. hupensis in the lakes should be monitored and evaluated.


Assuntos
Ecossistema , Rios , Schistosoma japonicum , Caramujos , Animais , Caramujos/parasitologia , Rios/parasitologia , China , Schistosoma japonicum/fisiologia , Esquistossomose Japônica/transmissão , Esquistossomose Japônica/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose Japônica/parasitologia
6.
Sci One Health ; 3: 100068, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39077382

RESUMO

Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming, the third largest island in China. To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their potential invasion risk, this study aimed to identify the habitat suitability of the dominant tick H. flava based on natural environmental factors. Geographic information system (GIS) images were combined with sample points from tick investigations to map the spatial distribution of H. flava. Data on 19 bioclimatic variables, environmental variables, and satellite-based landscapes of Chongming Island were retrieved to create a landcover map related to natural environmental determinants of H. flava. These data included 38 sites associated with the vectors to construct species distribution models with MaxEnt, a model based on the maximum entropy principle, and to predict habitat suitability for H. flava on Chongming Island in 2050 and 2070 under different climate scenarios. The model performed well in predicting the H. flava distribution, with a training area under the curve of 0.84 and a test area under the curve of 0.73. A habitat suitability map of the whole study area was created for H. flava. The resulting map and natural environment analysis highlighted the importance of the normalized difference vegetation index and precipitation in the driest month for the bioecology of H. flava, with 141.61 km2 (11.77%), 282.94 km2 (23.35%), and 405.30 km2 (33.69%) of highly, moderately, and poorly suitable habitats, respectively. The distribution decreased by 135.55 km2 and 138.82 km2 in 2050 and 2070, respectively, under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 1.2.6 climate change scenario. However, under SSP 5.8.5, the total area will decrease by 128.5 km2 in 2050 and increase by 151.64 km2 in 2070. From a One Health perspective, this study provides good knowledge that will guide tick control efforts to prevent the spread of Haemaphysalis ticks or transmission risk of Haemaphysalis-borne infections at the human-animal-environment interface on the island.

7.
Sci One Health ; 3: 100064, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39077388

RESUMO

Background: In the 21st century, as globalization accelerates and global public health crises occur, the One Health approach, guided by the holistic thinking of human-animal-environment and emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration to address global health issues, has been strongly advocated by the international community. An immediate requirement exists for the creation of an assessment tool to foster One Health initiatives on both global and national scales. Methods: Built upon extensive expert consultations and dialogues, this follow-up study enhances the 2022 global One Health index (GOHI) indicator system. The GOHI framework is enriched by covering three indices, e.g. external drivers index (EDI), intrinsic drivers index (IDI), and core drivers index (CDI). The comprehensive indicator system incorporates 13 key indicators, 50 indicators, and 170 sub I-indicators, utilizing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to ascertain the weight for each indicator. Weighted and summed, the EDI, IDI, and CDI scores contribute to the computation of the overall GOHI 2022 score. By comparing the ranking and the overall scores among the seven regions and across 160 countries/territories, we have not only derived an overall profile of the GOHI 2022 scores, but also assessed the GOHI framework. We also compared rankings of indicators and sub I-indicators to provide greater clarity on the strengths and weaknesses of each region within the One Health domains. Results: The GOHI 2022 performance reveals significant disparities between countries/territories ranged from 39.03 to 70.61. The global average score of the GOHI 2022 is 54.82. The average score for EDI, IDI, and CDI are 46.57, 58.01, and 57.25, respectively. In terms of global rankings, countries from North America, Europe and Central Asia, East Asia and Pacific present higher scores. In terms of One Health domains of CDI, the lowest scores are observed in antimicrobial resistance (median: 43.09), followed by food security (median: 53.78), governance (median: 54.77), climate change (median: 64.12) and zoonotic diseases (median: 69.23). Globally, the scores of GOHI vary spatially, with the highest score in North America while lowest in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, evidence shows associations between the socio-demographic profile of countries/territories and their GOHI performance in certain One Health scenarios. Conclusion: The objective of GOHI is to guide impactful strategies for enhancing capacity building in One Health. With advanced technology and an annually updated database, intensifying efforts to refine GOHI's data-mining methodologies become imperative. The goal is to offer profound insights into disparities and progressions in practical One Health implementation, particularly in anticipation of future pandemics.

8.
Sci One Health ; 3: 100070, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39077386

RESUMO

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly evolving field that can impel research in communicable diseases with respect to climate projections, ecological indicators and environmental impact, at the same time revealing new, previously overlooked events. A number of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases already show signs of expanding their northern geographical ranges and appropriate risk assessment and decision support are urgently needed. The deployment of AI-enabled monitoring systems tracking animal populations and environmental changes is of immense potential in the study of transmission under different climate scenarios. In addition, AI's capability to identify new treatments should not only accelerate drug and vaccine discovery but also help predicting their effectiveness, while its contribution to genetic pathogen speciation would assist the evaluation of spillover risks with regard to viral infections from animals to human. Close collaboration between AI experts, epidemiologists and other stakeholders is not only crucial for responding to challenges interconnected with a variety of variables effectively, but also necessary to warrant responsible AI use. Despite its wider successful implementation in many fields, AI should be seen as a complement to, rather than a replacement of, traditional public health measures.

9.
Infect Dis Model ; 9(4): 1081-1094, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38988829

RESUMO

Zimbabwe, located in Southern Africa, faces a significant public health challenge due to schistosomiasis. We investigated this issue with emphasis on risk prediction of schistosomiasis for the entire population. To this end, we reviewed available data on schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe from a literature search covering the 1980-2022 period considering the potential impact of 26 environmental and socioeconomic variables obtained from public sources. We studied the population requiring praziquantel with regard to whether or not mass drug administration (MDA) had been regularly applied. Three machine-learning algorithms were tested for their ability to predict the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe based on the mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). The findings revealed different roles of the 26 factors with respect to transmission and there were particular variations between Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections. We found that the top-five correlation factors, such as the past (rather than current) time, unsettled MDA implementation, constrained economy, high rainfall during the warmest season, and high annual precipitation were closely associated with higher S. haematobium prevalence, while lower elevation, high rainfall during the warmest season, steeper slope, past (rather than current) time, and higher minimum temperature in the coldest month were rather related to higher S. mansoni prevalence. The random forest (RF) algorithm was considered as the formal best model construction method, with MAE = 0.108; RMSE = 0.143; and R2 = 0.517 for S. haematobium, and with the corresponding figures for S. mansoni being 0.053; 0.082; and 0.458. Based on this optimal model, the current total schistosomiasis prevalence in Zimbabwe under MDA implementation was 19.8%, with that of S. haematobium at 13.8% and that of S. mansoni at 7.1%, requiring annual MDA based on a population of 3,003,928. Without MDA, the current total schistosomiasis prevalence would be 23.2%, that of S. haematobium 17.1% and that of S. mansoni prevalence at 7.4%, requiring annual MDA based on a population of 3,521,466. The study reveals that MDA alone is insufficient for schistosomiasis elimination, especially that due to S. mansoni. This study predicts a moderate prevalence of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe, with its elimination requiring comprehensive control measures beyond the currently used strategies, including health education, snail control, population surveillance and environmental management.

10.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 47, 2024 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38879557

RESUMO

Cooperation and networking are powerful tools in the combating against tropical diseases. Cooperation on a global scale is essential due to the transboundary nature of tropical diseases. Networking plays a pivotal role in facilitating such cooperation. Both cooperation and networking can foster innovation in disease control programmes. Collaborative research can lead to the development of new drugs and vaccines, while shared surveillance data can enable the early detection and control of disease epidemics. Therefore, consensus of cooperation and networking has been reached during the 7th Symposium on Surveillance-Response Systems Leading to Tropical Diseases Elimination, which reflected in the two documents, i.e., Consensus for Transboundary Tropical Diseases Control, and Action Consensus of the Network of WHO Collaborating Centres Related to NTDs. These documents will improve the efforts in the fighting against tropical diseases through collective actions to achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).


Assuntos
Erradicação de Doenças , Saúde Global , Cooperação Internacional , Medicina Tropical , Humanos , Medicina Tropical/métodos , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Doenças Negligenciadas/prevenção & controle
11.
iScience ; 27(4): 109297, 2024 Apr 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38715943

RESUMO

The One Health (OH) approach is used to control/prevent zoonotic events. However, there is a lack of tools for systematically assessing OH practices. Here, we applied the Global OH Index (GOHI) to evaluate the global OH performance for zoonoses (GOHI-Zoonoses). The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process algorithm and fuzzy comparison matrix were used to calculate the weights and scores of five key indicators, 16 subindicators, and 31 datasets for 160 countries and territories worldwide. The distribution of GOHI-Zoonoses scores varies significantly across countries and regions, reflecting the strengths and weaknesses in controlling or responding to zoonotic threats. Correlation analyses revealed that the GOHI-Zoonoses score was associated with economic, sociodemographic, environmental, climatic, and zoological factors. Additionally, the Human Development Index had a positive effect on the score. This study provides an evidence-based reference and guidance for global, regional, and country-level efforts to optimize the health of people, animals, and the environment.

12.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 37, 2024 May 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38783378

RESUMO

Natural, geographical barriers have historically limited the spread of communicable diseases. This is no longer the case in today's interconnected world, paired with its unprecedented environmental and climate change, emphasising the intersection of evolutionary biology, epidemiology and geography (i.e. biogeography). A total of 14 articles of the special issue entitled "Geography and health: role of human translocation and access to care" document enhanced disease transmission of diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, COVID-19 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona 2) and Oropouche fever in spite of spatiotemporal surveillance. High-resolution satellite images can be used to understand spatial distributions of transmission risks and disease spread and to highlight the major avenue increasing the incidence and geographic range of zoonoses represented by spill-over transmission of coronaviruses from bats to pigs or civets. Climate change and globalization have increased the spread and establishment of invasive mosquitoes in non-tropical areas leading to emerging outbreaks of infections warranting improved physical, chemical and biological vector control strategies. The translocation of pathogens and their vectors is closely connected with human mobility, migration and the global transport of goods. Other contributing factors are deforestation with urbanization encroaching into wildlife zones. The destruction of natural ecosystems, coupled with low income and socioeconomic status, increase transmission probability of neglected tropical and zoonotic diseases. The articles in this special issue document emerging or re-emerging diseases and surveillance of fever symptoms. Health equity is intricately connected to accessibility to health care and the targeting of healthcare resources, necessitating a spatial approach. Public health comprises successful disease management integrating spatial surveillance systems, including access to sanitation facilities. Antimicrobial resistance caused, e.g. by increased use of antibiotics in health, agriculture and aquaculture, or acquisition of resistance genes, can be spread by horizontal gene transfer. This editorial reviews the key findings of this 14-article special issue, identifies important gaps relevant to our interconnected world and makes a number of specific recommendations to mitigate the transmission risks of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.


Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Zoonoses , Humanos , Animais , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/transmissão , SARS-CoV-2 , Geografia
13.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 28, 2024 Apr 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38610035

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing focus on strengthening One Health capacity building on global level, challenges remain in devising and implementing real-world interventions particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Recognizing these gaps, the One Health Action Commission (OHAC) was established as an academic community for One Health action with an emphasis on research agenda setting to identify actions for highest impact. MAIN TEXT: This viewpoint describes the agenda of, and motivation for, the recently formed OHAC. Recognizing the urgent need for evidence to support the formulation of necessary action plans, OHAC advocates the adoption of both bottom-up and top-down approaches to identify the current gaps in combating zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, addressing food safety, and to enhance capacity building for context-sensitive One Health implementation. CONCLUSIONS: By promoting broader engagement and connection of multidisciplinary stakeholders, OHAC envisions a collaborative global platform for the generation of innovative One Health knowledge, distilled practical experience and actionable policy advice, guided by strong ethical principles of One Health.


Assuntos
Saúde Única , Animais , Ásia , Fortalecimento Institucional , Políticas , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle
14.
Trop Med Infect Dis ; 9(4)2024 Mar 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38668533

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to improve dengue fever predictions in Singapore using a machine learning model that incorporates meteorological data, addressing the current methodological limitations by examining the intricate relationships between weather changes and dengue transmission. METHOD: Using weekly dengue case and meteorological data from 2012 to 2022, the data was preprocessed and analyzed using various machine learning algorithms, including General Linear Model (GLM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms. Performance metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R2) were employed. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2022, there was a total of 164,333 cases of dengue fever. Singapore witnessed a fluctuating number of dengue cases, peaking notably in 2020 and revealing a strong seasonality between March and July. An analysis of meteorological data points highlighted connections between certain climate variables and dengue fever outbreaks. The correlation analyses suggested significant associations between dengue cases and specific weather factors such as solar radiation, solar energy, and UV index. For disease predictions, the XGBoost model showed the best performance with an MAE = 89.12, RMSE = 156.07, and R2 = 0.83, identifying time as the primary factor, while 19 key predictors showed non-linear associations with dengue transmission. This underscores the significant role of environmental conditions, including cloud cover and rainfall, in dengue propagation. CONCLUSION: In the last decade, meteorological factors have significantly influenced dengue transmission in Singapore. This research, using the XGBoost model, highlights the key predictors like time and cloud cover in understanding dengue's complex dynamics. By employing advanced algorithms, our study offers insights into dengue predictive models and the importance of careful model selection. These results can inform public health strategies, aiming to improve dengue control in Singapore and comparable regions.

15.
Infect Dis Model ; 9(2): 618-633, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38645696

RESUMO

The rapid acceleration of global warming has led to an increased burden of high temperature-related diseases (HTDs), highlighting the need for advanced evidence-based management strategies. We have developed a conceptual framework aimed at alleviating the global burden of HTDs, grounded in the One Health concept. This framework refines the impact pathway and establishes systematic data-driven models to inform the adoption of evidence-based decision-making, tailored to distinct contexts. We collected extensive national-level data from authoritative public databases for the years 2010-2019. The burdens of five categories of disease causes - cardiovascular diseases, infectious respiratory diseases, injuries, metabolic diseases, and non-infectious respiratory diseases - were designated as intermediate outcome variables. The cumulative burden of these five categories, referred to as the total HTD burden, was the final outcome variable. We evaluated the predictive performance of eight models and subsequently introduced twelve intervention measures, allowing us to explore optimal decision-making strategies and assess their corresponding contributions. Our model selection results demonstrated the superior performance of the Graph Neural Network (GNN) model across various metrics. Utilizing simulations driven by the GNN model, we identified a set of optimal intervention strategies for reducing disease burden, specifically tailored to the seven major regions: East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures, acting upon our categories of Infrastructure & Community, Ecosystem Resilience, and Health System Capacity, exhibited particularly strong performance for various regions and diseases. Seven out of twelve interventions were included in the optimal intervention package for each region, including raising low-carbon energy use, increasing energy intensity, improving livestock feed, expanding basic health care delivery coverage, enhancing health financing, addressing air pollution, and improving road infrastructure. The outcome of this study is a global decision-making tool, offering a systematic methodology for policymakers to develop targeted intervention strategies to address the increasingly severe challenge of HTDs in the context of global warming.

16.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 24, 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38475922

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, caused by the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini respectively, represent significant neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Asia. The co-existence of these pathogens in overlapping regions complicates effective disease control strategies. This study aimed to clarify the distribution and interaction of these diseases within Southeast Asia. METHODS: We systematically collated occurrence records of human clonorchiasis (n = 1809) and opisthorchiasis (n = 731) across the Southeast Asia countries. Utilizing species distribution models incorporating environmental and climatic data, coupled machine learning algorithms with boosted regression trees, we predicted and distinguished endemic areas for each fluke species. Machine learning techniques, including geospatial analysis, were employed to delineate the boundaries between these flukes. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that the endemic range of C. sinensis and O. viverrini in Southeast Asia primarily spans across part of China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. During the period from 2000 to 2018, we identified C. sinensis infections in 84 distinct locations, predominantly in southern China (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) and northern Vietnam. In a stark contrast, O. viverrini was more widely distributed, with infections documented in 721 locations across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Critical environmental determinants were quantitatively analyzed, revealing annual mean temperatures ranging between 14 and 20 °C in clonorchiasis-endemic areas and 24-30 °C in opisthorchiasis regions (P < 0.05). The machine learning model effectively mapped a distinct demarcation zone, demonstrating a clear separation between the endemic areas of these two liver flukes with AUC from 0.9 to1. The study in Vietnam delineates the coexistence and geographical boundaries of C. sinensis and O. viverrini, revealing distinct endemic zones and a transitional area where both liver fluke species overlap. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the critical role of specific climatic and environmental factors in influencing the geographical distribution of C. sinensis and O. viverrini. This spatial delineation offers valuable insights for integrated surveillance and control strategies, particularly in regions with sympatric transmission. The results underscore the need for tailored interventions, considering regional epidemiological variations. Future collaborations integrating eco-epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, and parasitology are essential to further elucidate the complex interplay of liver fluke distributions in Asia.


Assuntos
Clonorquíase , Clonorchis sinensis , Opistorquíase , Opisthorchis , Animais , Humanos , Opistorquíase/epidemiologia , Clonorquíase/epidemiologia , Clonorquíase/parasitologia , China , Sudeste Asiático , Tailândia
17.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 13(1): 19, 2024 Feb 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38414088

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Schistosoma japonicum is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis, which is a significant cause of morbidity in China, the Philippines and Indonesia. Oncomelania hupensis (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae) is the unique intermediate host of S. japonicum. A complete genome sequence of O. hupensis will enable the fundamental understanding of snail biology as well as its co-evolution with the S. japonicum parasite. Assembling a high-quality reference genome of O. hupehensis will provide data for further research on the snail biology and controlling the spread of S. japonicum. METHODS: The draft genome was de novo assembly using the long-read sequencing technology (PacBio Sequel II) and corrected with Illumina sequencing data. Then, using Hi-C sequencing data, the genome was assembled at the chromosomal level. CAFE was used to do analysis of contraction and expansion of the gene family and CodeML module in PAML was used for positive selection analysis in protein coding sequences. RESULTS: A total length of 1.46 Gb high-quality O. hupensis genome with 17 unique full-length chromosomes (2n = 34) of the individual including a contig N50 of 1.35 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 75.08 Mb. Additionally, 95.03% of these contig sequences were anchored in 17 chromosomes. After scanning the assembled genome, a total of 30,604 protein-coding genes were predicted. Among them, 86.67% were functionally annotated. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. hupensis was separated from a common ancestor of Pomacea canaliculata and Bellamya purificata approximately 170 million years ago. Comparing the genome of O. hupensis with its most recent common ancestor, it showed 266 significantly expanded and 58 significantly contracted gene families (P < 0.05). Functional enrichment of the expanded gene families indicated that they were mainly involved with intracellular, DNA-mediated transposition, DNA integration and transposase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated use of multiple sequencing technologies, we have successfully constructed the genome at the chromosomal-level of O. hupensis. These data will not only provide the compressive genomic information, but also benefit future work on population genetics of this snail as well as evolutional studies between S. japonicum and the snail host.


Assuntos
Gastrópodes , Schistosoma japonicum , Animais , Humanos , Schistosoma japonicum/genética , Filogenia , Gastrópodes/genética , Cromossomos/genética , DNA , China
18.
Clin Microbiol Rev ; 37(1): e0000923, 2024 03 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38169283

RESUMO

Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus are important liver flukes that cause a considerable public health burden in eastern Asia, southeastern Asia, and eastern Europe, respectively. The life cycles are complex, involving humans, animal reservoirs, and two kinds of intermediate hosts. An interplay of biological, cultural, ecological, economic, and social factors drives transmission. Chronic infections are associated with liver and biliary complications, most importantly cholangiocarcinoma. With regard to diagnosis, stool microscopy is widely used in epidemiologic surveys and for individual diagnosis. Immunologic techniques are employed for screening purposes, and molecular techniques facilitate species differentiation in reference laboratories. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, usually combined with behavioral change through information, education and communication, and environmental control. Tribendimidine, a drug registered in the People's Republic of China for soil-transmitted helminth infections, shows potential against both C. sinensis and O. viverrini and, hence, warrants further clinical development. Novel control approaches include fish vaccine and biological control. Considerable advances have been made using multi-omics which may trigger the development of new interventions. Pressing research needs include mapping the current distribution, disentangling the transmission, accurately estimating the disease burden, and developing new diagnostic and treatment tools, which would aid to optimize control and elimination measures.


Assuntos
Clonorquíase , Clonorchis sinensis , Opistorquíase , Opisthorchis , Animais , Humanos , Opistorquíase/diagnóstico , Opistorquíase/tratamento farmacológico , Opistorquíase/epidemiologia , Clonorquíase/diagnóstico , Clonorquíase/tratamento farmacológico , Clonorquíase/epidemiologia , Morbidade
19.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 12(1): 116, 2023 Dec 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38105258

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Progress in malaria control has stalled in recent years and innovative surveillance and response approaches are needed to accelerate malaria control and elimination efforts in endemic areas of Africa. Building on a previous China-UK-Tanzania pilot study on malaria control, this study aimed to assess the impact of the 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-Based Testing and Response (1,7-mRCTR) approach implemented over two years in three districts of Tanzania. METHODS: The 1,7-mRCTR approach provides community-based malaria testing via rapid diagnostic tests and treatment in villages with the highest burden of malaria incidence based on surveillance data from health facilities. We used a difference-in-differences quasi-experimental design with linear probability models and two waves of cross-sectional household surveys to assess the impact of 1,7-mRCTR on malaria prevalence. We conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results, examined how intervention effects varied in subgroups, and explored alternative explanations for the observed results. RESULTS: Between October 2019 and September 2021, 244,771 community-based malaria rapid tests were completed in intervention areas, and each intervention village received an average of 3.85 rounds of 1-7mRCTR. Malaria prevalence declined from 27.4% at baseline to 11.7% at endline in the intervention areas and from 26.0% to 16.0% in the control areas. 1,7-mRCTR was associated with a 4.5-percentage-point decrease in malaria prevalence (95% confidence interval: - 0.067, - 0.023), equivalent to a 17% reduction from the baseline. In Rufiji, a district characterized by lower prevalence and where larviciding was additionally provided, 1,7-mRCTR was associated with a 63.9% decline in malaria prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The 1,7-mRCTR approach reduced malaria prevalence. Despite implementation interruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain challenges, the study provided novel evidence on the effectiveness of community-based reactive approaches in moderate- to high-endemicity areas and demonstrated the potential of South-South cooperation in tackling global health challenges.


Assuntos
Malária , Pandemias , Humanos , Prevalência , Tanzânia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Projetos Piloto , Malária/epidemiologia , Malária/prevenção & controle
20.
Parasit Vectors ; 16(1): 419, 2023 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37968661

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Poverty contributes to the transmission of schistosomiasis via multiple pathways, with the insufficiency of appropriate interventions being a crucial factor. The aim of this article is to provide more economical and feasible intervention measures for endemic areas with varying levels of poverty. METHODS: We collected and analyzed the prevalence patterns along with the cost of control measures in 11 counties over the last 20 years in China. Seven machine learning models, including XGBoost, support vector machine, generalized linear model, regression tree, random forest, gradient boosting machine and neural network, were used for developing model and calculate marginal benefits. RESULTS: The XGBoost model had the highest prediction accuracy with an R2 of 0.7308. Results showed that risk surveillance, snail control with molluscicides and treatment were the most effective interventions in controlling schistosomiasis prevalence. The best combination of interventions was interlacing seven interventions, including risk surveillance, treatment, toilet construction, health education, snail control with molluscicides, cattle slaughter and animal chemotherapy. The marginal benefit of risk surveillance is the most effective intervention among nine interventions, which was influenced by the prevalence of schistosomiasis and cost. CONCLUSIONS: In the elimination phase of the national schistosomiasis program, emphasizing risk surveillance holds significant importance in terms of cost-saving.


Assuntos
Moluscocidas , Esquistossomose , Animais , Bovinos , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose/prevenção & controle , Esquistossomose/tratamento farmacológico , Moluscocidas/farmacologia , China/epidemiologia , Caramujos , Prevalência
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