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1.
Cells ; 12(7)2023 03 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37048073

RESUMO

Spheroids and organoids are important novel players in medical and life science research. They are gradually replacing two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Indeed, three-dimensional (3D) cultures are closer to the in vivo reality and open promising perspectives for academic research, drug screening, and personalized medicine. A large variety of cells and tissues, including tumor cells, can be the starting material for the generation of 3D cultures, including primary tissues, stem cells, or cell lines. A panoply of methods has been developed to generate 3D structures, including spontaneous or forced cell aggregation, air-liquid interface conditions, low cell attachment supports, magnetic levitation, and scaffold-based technologies. The choice of the most appropriate method depends on (i) the origin of the tissue, (ii) the presence or absence of a disease, and (iii) the intended application. This review summarizes methods and approaches for the generation of cancer spheroids and organoids, including their advantages and limitations. We also highlight some of the challenges and unresolved issues in the field of cancer spheroids and organoids, and discuss possible therapeutic applications.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Medicina de Precisão , Humanos , Esferoides Celulares , Organoides , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/patologia
2.
J Clin Invest ; 132(9)2022 05 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35316223

RESUMO

T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) negatively regulates innate and adaptive immunity in cancer. To identify the mechanisms of Tim-3 in cancer immunity, we evaluated the effects of Tim-3 blockade in human and mouse melanoma. Here, we show that human programmed cell death 1-positive (PD-1+) Tim-3+CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) upregulate phosphatidylserine (PS), a receptor for Tim-3, and acquire cell surface myeloid markers from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through transfer of membrane fragments called trogocytosis. Tim-3 blockade acted on Tim-3+ APCs in a PS-dependent fashion to disrupt the trogocytosis of activated tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and PD-1+Tim-3+ CD8+ TILs isolated from patients with melanoma. Tim-3 and PD-1 blockades cooperated to disrupt trogocytosis of CD8+ TILs in 2 melanoma mouse models, decreasing tumor burden and prolonging survival. Deleting Tim-3 in dendritic cells but not in CD8+ T cells impeded the trogocytosis of CD8+ TILs in vivo. Trogocytosed CD8+ T cells presented tumor peptide-major histocompatibility complexes and became the target of fratricide T cell killing, which was reversed by Tim-3 blockade. Our findings have uncovered a mechanism Tim-3 uses to limit antitumor immunity.


Assuntos
Receptor Celular 2 do Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Melanoma , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Receptor Celular 2 do Vírus da Hepatite A/genética , Receptor Celular 2 do Vírus da Hepatite A/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Melanoma/patologia , Camundongos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Trogocitose
3.
Nat Med ; 28(3): 545-556, 2022 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35228752

RESUMO

Ample evidence indicates that the gut microbiome is a tumor-extrinsic factor associated with antitumor response to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) therapy, but inconsistencies exist between published microbial signatures associated with clinical outcomes. To resolve this, we evaluated a new melanoma cohort, along with four published datasets. Time-to-event analysis showed that baseline microbiota composition was optimally associated with clinical outcome at approximately 1 year after initiation of treatment. Meta-analysis and other bioinformatic analyses of the combined data show that bacteria associated with favorable response are confined within the Actinobacteria phylum and the Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae families of Firmicutes. Conversely, Gram-negative bacteria were associated with an inflammatory host intestinal gene signature, increased blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and unfavorable outcome. Two microbial signatures, enriched for Lachnospiraceae spp. and Streptococcaceae spp., were associated with favorable and unfavorable clinical response, respectively, and with distinct immune-related adverse effects. Despite between-cohort heterogeneity, optimized all-minus-one supervised learning algorithms trained on batch-corrected microbiome data consistently predicted outcomes to programmed cell death protein-1 therapy in all cohorts. Gut microbial communities (microbiotypes) with nonuniform geographical distribution were associated with favorable and unfavorable outcomes, contributing to discrepancies between cohorts. Our findings shed new light on the complex interaction between the gut microbiome and response to cancer immunotherapy, providing a roadmap for future studies.


Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Melanoma , Microbiota , Bactérias/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , Imunoterapia/efeitos adversos , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico
4.
Science ; 371(6529): 595-602, 2021 02 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33542131

RESUMO

Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy provides long-term clinical benefits to patients with advanced melanoma. The composition of the gut microbiota correlates with anti-PD-1 efficacy in preclinical models and cancer patients. To investigate whether resistance to anti-PD-1 can be overcome by changing the gut microbiota, this clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of responder-derived fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) together with anti-PD-1 in patients with PD-1-refractory melanoma. This combination was well tolerated, provided clinical benefit in 6 of 15 patients, and induced rapid and durable microbiota perturbation. Responders exhibited increased abundance of taxa that were previously shown to be associated with response to anti-PD-1, increased CD8+ T cell activation, and decreased frequency of interleukin-8-expressing myeloid cells. Responders had distinct proteomic and metabolomic signatures, and transkingdom network analyses confirmed that the gut microbiome regulated these changes. Collectively, our findings show that FMT and anti-PD-1 changed the gut microbiome and reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance to anti-PD-1 in a subset of PD-1 advanced melanoma.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Melanoma/terapia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia
5.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 116(1): 211-216, 2019 01 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30559202

RESUMO

Bone marrow (BM) produces all blood and immune cells deriving from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The decrease of immune cell production during aging is one of the features of immunosenescence. The impact of redox dysregulation in BM aging is still poorly understood. Here we use TP53INP1-deficient (KO) mice endowed with chronic oxidative stress to assess the influence of aging-associated redox alterations in BM homeostasis. We show that TP53INP1 deletion has no impact on aging-related accumulation of HSCs. In contrast, the aging-related contraction of the lymphoid compartment is mitigated in TP53INP1 KO mice. B cells that accumulate in old KO BM are differentiating cells that can mature into functional B cells. Importantly, this phenotype results from B cell-intrinsic events associated with defective redox control. Finally, we show that oxidative stress in aged TP53INP1-deficient mice maintains STAT5 expression and activation in early B cells, driving high Pax5 expression, which provides a molecular mechanism for maintenance of B cell development upon aging.


Assuntos
Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Medula Óssea/fisiologia , Linfopoese , Proteínas Nucleares/deficiência , Receptores de Interleucina-7/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT5/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Animais , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Linfopoese/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo
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