RESUMO
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen belonging to the Flavivirus genus, causing viral encephalitis in humans and reproductive failure in swine. The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of JEV contains highly conservative secondary structures required for viral translation, RNA synthesis, and pathogenicity. Identification of host factors interacting with JEV 3'UTR is crucial for elucidating the underlying mechanism of flavivirus replication and pathogenesis. In this study, U2 snRNP auxiliary factor 2 (U2AF2) was identified as a novel cellular protein that interacts with the JEV genomic 3'UTR (the SL-I, SL-II, SL-III, and DB region) via its 1 to 148 amino acids. JEV infection or JEV 3' UTR on its own triggered the nuclear-localized U2AF2 redistributed to the cytoplasm and colocalized with viral replication complex. U2AF2 also interacts with JEV NS3 and NS5 protein, the downregulation of U2AF2 nearly abolished the formation of flavivirus replication vesicles. The production of JEV protein, RNA, and viral titers were all increased by U2AF2 overexpression and decreased by knockdown. U2AF2 also functioned as a pro-viral factor for Zika virus (ZIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV), but not for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mechanically, U2AF2 facilitated the synthesis of both positive- and negative-strand flavivirus RNA without affecting viral attachment, internalization or release process. Collectively, our work paves the way for developing U2AF2 as a potential flavivirus therapeutic target.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie) , Flavivirus , Doenças dos Suínos , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Humanos , Animais , Suínos , Flavivirus/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Pequena U2/genética , Infecção por Zika virus/genética , Infecção por Zika virus/veterinária , Replicação Viral/genética , Linhagem Celular , Zika virus/genética , Zika virus/metabolismo , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/genética , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Fator de Processamento U2AF/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/genéticaRESUMO
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), derived from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines worldwide. Due to high structural diversity and low abundance of chemical constituents in GBE, conventional reversed-phase liquid chromatography has limited power to meet the needs of its quality control. In this study, an off-line hydrophilic interaction×reversed-phase two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HILIC×RP 2D-LC) system coupled with diode array detection (DAD) and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS) was established to comprehensively analyze the chemical constituents of GBE. After optimizing the chromatographic columns and mobile phase of 2D-LC, a Waters XBridge Amide column using acetonitrile/water/formic acid as the mobile phase was selected as the first dimension to fractionate GBE, and the obtained fractions were further separated on an Agilent Zorbax XDB-C18 column with methanol/water/formic acid as the mobile phase. As a result, a total of 125 compounds were detected in GBE. The orthogonality of the 2D-LC system was 69.5%, and the practical peak capacity was 3864 and 2994, respectively, calculated by two different methods. The structures of 104 compounds were tentatively characterized by qTOF-MS analysis, and 21 of them were further confirmed by comparing with reference standards. This established HILIC×RP 2D-LC-qTOF/MS system can greatly improve the separation and characterization of natural products in GBE or other complicated herbal extracts.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Ginkgo biloba/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Acetonitrilas/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/métodos , Flavonoides/química , Formiatos/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/métodos , Folhas de Planta/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Água/químicaRESUMO
Chromatographic separation is still a critical subject for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, three different high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems employing commercially available columns packed with 1.8, 3.5 and 5.0 µm particles were respectively developed and optimized for the combinative fingerprint analysis and multi-ingredients quantification of Sangju Ganmao tablet (SGT). Chromatographic parameters including the repeatability of retention time and peak area, symmetry factor, resolution, number of theoretical plates and peak capacity were used to assess the chromatographic performance of different HPLC systems. The optimal chromatographic system using Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) as stationary phase was respectively coupled with diode array detector or mass spectrometry detector for the chromatographic fingerprint analysis and simultaneous quantification or identification of nine compounds of SGT. All the validation data conformed to the acceptable requirements. For the fingerprint analysis, 31 peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities of SGT from 10 different manufacturers using heatmap, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results demonstrated that the combinations of the quantitative and chromatographic fingerprint analysis offer an efficient way to evaluate the quality consistency of SGT.
