A terahertz solid-state source interferometer-polarimeter designed for long pulse discharges on EAST.

A 0.65 THz Solid-state Source Interferometer-Polarimeter (SSIP) with vertical viewing has been installed for line-integrated density and Faraday rotation measurements on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The SSIP utilizes three independent solid-state diode sources based on frequency multiplier (X48) to provide the probing beam at a fixed frequency of 0.65 THz with ∼2.5 mW output power, which provide an Intermediate Frequency (IF) with wide range, and the highest IF is up to ∼10 MHz. The mixers optimized for high sensitivity, ∼750 mV/mW, are used in the SSIP system, which permits multichannel interferometer-polarimeter on EAST with a low phase noise. The resolution of the integrated density is 3.3 × 1017 m-2, and the Faraday rotation is about 1.5°. The density measurement has been implemented with IF ∼0.85 MHz, in a plasma with plasma current ∼300 kA on EAST. The line-averaged density, 3.5 × 1019 m-3, measured by the SSIP shows good agreement with the results measured by the POlarimeter-INTerferometer (POINT) system and the CO2 dispersion interferometer system in the same discharge.

[Preparation and in vitro evaluation of FDM 3D printed theophylline tablets with personalized dosage].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of preparing different doses of tablets for personalized treatment by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology, and to evaluate the in vitro quality of the FDM 3D printed tablets. METHODS: Three different sizes of hollow tablets were prepared by fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments. Theophylline was chosen as the model drug. In the study, 20 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg of theophylline was filled into the cavity of the tablets, respectively. The microscopic morphology of the tablets was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The weight variation of the tablets was investigated by weighing method. The hardness of the tablets was measured by tablet hardness tester. The contents of the drugs in the tablets were determined by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and the dissolution apparatus was used to assay the in vitro drug release of the tablets. RESULTS: The prepared FDM 3D printed tablets were all in good shape without printing defects. And there was no leakage phenomenon. The diameter and thickness of the tablets were consistent with the design. The layers were tightly connected, and the fine structure of the formulation could be clearly observed without printing defects by scanning electron microscopy. The average weight of the three sizes of tablets was (150.5±2.3) mg, (293.6±2.6) mg and (456.2±5.6) mg, respectively. The weight variation of the three sizes of tablets were boss less than 5%, which met the requirements; The hardness of the tablets all exceeded 200 N; The contents of theophylline in the three tablets were 98.0%, 97.2% and 97.9% of the dosage (20 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.06%, 1.15% and 0.63% respectively; The time for 80% drug released from the three dosage of tablets was within 30 min. CONCLUSION: Three different dosages of theophylline tablets were successfully prepared by FDM 3D printing technology in this study. The exploration may bring beneficial for the preparation of personalized dose preparations. We expect that with the development of 3D printing technology, FDM 3D printed personalized tablets can be used in the clinic as soon as possible to provide personalized treatment for patients.

[Relationship between parental reproductive age and the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring].

Objective: To explore the role of parental reproductive age on the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring. Methods: The participants were derived from physical examination data of students aged 6-18 years in seven provinces in China, and questionnaire survey was used to collect demographic characteristics and lifestyle information of the students and their parents. A total of 41 567 children with complete data were included. According to the restricted cubic spline curve, maternal reproductive age was divided into three categories, 14-23, 24-28, and 29-38 years, and paternal reproductive age was divided into 14-23, 24-30, and 31-42 years. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between parental reproductive age and parental nutritional status and the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring. Results: The mean age of 41 567 children was (10.6±3.2) years, and the mean paternal and maternal age were (27.9±4.4) years and (25.8±4.0) years, respectively. The detection rate of overweight and obesity was 23.4%. After adjusting factors of children diet and behaviors, the OR(95%CI)of offspring overweight and obesity in groups of fathers aged 24-30 years and mothers aged 24-28 years was 1.11 (1.04-1.18) and 1.16 (1.08-1.24), respectively. When none parents were overweight and obese, the difference of obesity risk was not statistically significant. When both parents were overweight and obese, the OR(95%CI)of offspring overweight and obesity in groups of fathers aged 24-30 years and mothers aged 14-28 years old was 1.27 (1.00-1.62) and 1.33 (1.07-1.65) respectively. Conclusion: Parental reproductive age and parental overweight and obesity status may both increase the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring, with a significant interaction effect.

[Epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases of group A, B and C among Chinese students' population].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the secular trend, ranking change, age- and regional- characteristics of leading infectious diseases among Chinese students population aged 6 to 22 years from 2008 to 2017. METHODS: Data were drawn from the national surveillance from 2008 to 2017, and the participants were students aged from 6 to 22 years who were diagnosed with notifiable infectious diseases. A total of 40 infectious diseases were classified into three groups based on national notifiable infectious diseases classification of A, B and C. The morbidity and mortality rates from infectious diseases were calculated using the numbers of students published by the ministry of education as the denominator. The age- and province-specific infectious diseases with the highest incidence were selected as the leading infectious diseases for analysis. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2017, the incidence rate, the number of cases and the number of deaths of infectious diseases among the boys aged 6-22 years in China were higher than that of the girls, and the overall trend was downward during the study period. The incidence rates in the boys and girls decreased from 2008 to 2015 with decrease of 43.4% and 40.1%, respectively. However, by 2017, the increase rate rebounded with the increases of 47.1% and 53.8%. The rebound trend was mainly caused by the increase of group C of infectious diseases. During the past decade, the top leading three diseases of groups A and B of infectious diseases were viral hepatitis, tuberculosis and dysentery in 2018, respectively, which changed to tuberculosis, scarlet fever and viral hepatitis in 2017. The top leading three infectious diseases in terms of mortality were rabies, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 2008, which were transformed into HIV/AIDS, rabies, and tuberculosis in 2017. There was no significantly obvious change in the incidence and mortality order of group C of infectious diseases during the decade. In the analysis of age groups and regions, the leading infectious diseases in groups A and B transferred from viral hepatitis to scarlet fever and tuberculosis, while in group C, mumps and infectious diarrhoea almost always dominated the leading infectious diseases. But in recent years, influenza and hand-foot-and-mouth disease increased significantly in the eastern region. CONCLUSION: During the past decade, China has got remarkable achievements in the prevention and control of children infectious disease. However, the change patterns and characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among children and adolescents show the urgent need for prevention and control of respiratory tract infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases as well as new emerging infectious diseases in China in the future. This study provides important basis for policy making of Chinese national school-based infectious disease prevention and control mechanism.

MiRNA-324-5p inhibits inflammatory response of diabetic vessels by targeting CPT1A.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the regulatory role of microRNA-324-5p (miRNA-324-5p) in inhibiting inflammatory response of diabetic vessels by regulating CPT1A level, thus alleviating the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Arterial vessels (splenic artery) and serum exosomes were extracted from 30 T2DM patients and 30 non-T2DM subjects treated in Binzhou People's Hospital from 2015 to 2019. Relative levels of miRNA-324-5p and CPT1A in each subject were detected. Then, VSMCs were induced with high-glucose, followed by detection of inflammatory factor levels. Next, the regulatory effects of miRNA-324-5p and CPT1A on viability, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-positive ratio, and release of inflammatory factors in VSMCs were determined. Finally, Dual-Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the interaction between miRNA-324-5p and CPT1A. RESULTS: The results revealed that compared with non-T2DM subjects, miRNA-324-5p was downregulated in splenic arteries and exosomes in T2DM patients. High-glucose treatment in VSMCs triggered the release of the inflammatory factors. In addition, the overexpression of miRNA-324-5p in VSMCs reduced viability and inflammatory factor levels, and the inhibited trends were partially reversed by overexpression of CPT1A. CPT1A was indicated to be the target gene binding miRNA-324-5p. CONCLUSIONS: MiRNA-324-5p exerts an inhibitory effect on T2DM-induced inflammation in blood vessels by negatively regulating CPT1A level and reducing the release of inflammatory factors. MiRNA-324-5p might be a promising therapeutic target for T2DM.

[Application of molecular analysis in differential diagnosis of ovarian adult granulosa cell tumors].

Objective: To investigate the application value of molecular detection in the differential diagnosis of ovarian adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCT) by analyzing FOXL2, AKT1 and DICER1 mutations in these tumors. Methods: A total of 48 cases of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumor (SCST) were selected from July 2012 to June 2019 in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, including 21 adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCT), 15 fibromas/fibrothecomas, 8 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCT) and 4 other types of ovarian SCST. Genomic DNA was extracted from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Polymerase chain reaction amplification for FOXL2, AKT1 and DICER1 genes was performed, followed by sequencing using capillary electrophoresis. Fisher exact test was used to compare the prevalence difference of FOXL2, AKT1 and DICER1 mutations among the groups. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Eighteen of the 21 (85.7%) AGCT harbored FOXL2 mutation. Compared with other SCST (13.0%, 3 of 23; including fibromas/fibrothecomas and SLCT), FOXL2 mutation was significantly higher in AGCT (P<0.001). In addition, FOXL2 mutation was also detected in one fibrothecoma, two SLCT and two gynandroblastomas. DICER1 mutation was identified in four of eight SLCT, and these cases were moderately to poorly differentiated. FOXL2 mutation was found in one SLCT with DICER1 mutation. There was no DICER1 mutation in other ovarian SCST. No AKT1 mutation was detected in all the patients. Conclusions: FOXL2 mutation is a highly specific biomarker for adult AGCT and may be helpful to resolve problematic cases. Diagnosis should also be taken into consideration of the clinical and histological features as FOXL2 mutation is also found in other SCST. The detection of DICER1 mutation is helpful for the differential diagnosis of ovarian SLCT. Synchronous DICER1 and FOXL2 mutation in the SLCT has been observed, and its significance needs to be further studied.

[A study on the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity among children and adolescents in China].

Objective: To analyze the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity or central obesity in Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 9-18 years. Methods: A total of 172 710 students who participated in the 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health with complete data of sleep duration and physical examination, were selected as study subjects. Insufficient sleep was defined, according to the amount of sleep for pediatric populations recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Obesity and central obesity of children and adolescents were judged by experts from the Group of China Obesity Task Force and Health Industry Standards in China. Differences between groups were compared by using the t test or χ(2) test. Logistic regression method was applied to assess the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity or central obesity. Results: In 2014, numbers of students with insufficient sleep, obesity and central obesity among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 9-18 years appeared as 133 410 (77.2%), 11 145 (6.5%), and 12 603 (17.8%), respectively. Among the students with insufficient sleep, 8 358 (6.3%) were with obesity and 12 244 (17.9%) were with central obesity. The prevalence of obesity and central obesity among boys with insufficient sleep was higher than that in girls. Pupils with insufficient sleep showed the highest prevalence of obesity and central obesity. After controlling for potential confounders, the risk of obesity appeared an increase of 14.5% (OR=1.145, 95%CI: 1.092-1.200) and the risk of central obesity increased by 12.7% (OR=1.127, 95%CI: 1.078-1.178) in students with insufficient sleep, when compared with those with adequate sleep. Compared with those whose daily sleep duration was less than 6 hours, the ones who slept 7-10 hours per day showed significantly reduction on the risk of obesity and central obesity in students. Conclusions: Insufficient sleep significantly increase the risk of obesity and central obesity in children and adolescents while adequate sleep of 7-10 hours per day would reduce the risk of obesity and central obesity in students.

Horner Syndrome Caused by Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization.

THE RISK FACTORS, clinical manifestation, and preventive measures of Horner syndrome (HS) caused by internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization were explored. Electronic databases were searched to identify all case reports of HS caused by IJV catheterization. Two authors independently extracted literature characteristics, IJV catheterization method, clinical manifestations, and prognosis data. Twenty case reports (22 patients in total) were included, 18 of which were written in English and the other 2 in Chinese. Patients were between 19 months to 65 years old, and clinical manifestations included ptosis (n = 22), miosis (n = 21), anhidrosis (n = 8), enophthalmos (n = 3), and hoarseness (n = 1). Onset of HS manifestation ranged from a few hours to 19 days after the procedure. Eight patients with ptosis, 6 patients with miosis, and 1 patient with hoarseness recovered during follow-up. Of the 22 patients, 8 underwent more than 1 attempt of IJV catheterization. Six patients experienced accidental carotid artery puncture or hematoma formation during or after IJV catheterization. Ultrasound guidance was applied in 4 patients and anatomic landmark technique was used in the other 18 patients. The left IJV was catheterized in 3 patients, and the right IJV was catheterized in 19 patients. Repeated attempts of puncture, anatomic landmark technique, accidental carotid artery puncture, or hematoma formation may increase the possibility of HS. Ptosis and miosis are the most common manifestations of HS caused by IJV catheterization.

[Comparison between hybrid surgery and transabdominal preperitoneal surgery in treatment of irreducible inguinal hernia: A case-control study].

Objective: To compare the effects between hybrid surgery and transabdominal preperitoneal surgery in treatment of irreducible inguinal hernia. Methods: A total of 60 patients who underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair between June 2011 and December 2017 were included in the study. Patients were divided into two group: hybrid surgery group (observation group, n=30) and transabdominal preperitoneal group (control group, n=30). The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, hospital stay, hospital cost and complications were analyzed. Results: The operative time of observation group and control group was 45 (35-65) minutes and 50(35-70) minutes, respectively. Intraoperative blood loss of two groups was 10(5-15) ml and 5(2-10) ml. The length of postoperative hospital stay was 2(1-4) days and 2(1-3) days in the two groups, respectively. And the hospitalization cost of two groups was 9 646 (9 066-11 560) yuan and 9 494(8 989-10 660) yuan, respectively. The intraoperative complications occurred in 4 cases in control group, including 1 case of vas deferens injury, 2 cases of spermatic vessel injury and 1 case of inferior epigastric artery injury. No intraoperative complications occurred in observation group. Perioperative complications in observation group and control group included dysuria (6.7% vs 10.0%), scrotum hematoma (3.4% vs 0%), wound pain (46.7% vs 6.7%) and fever (16.7% vs 20.0%). Twelve months of follow-up was completed in all the patients, and no recurrence or infections occurred in the two groups. The incidence of seroma in observation group and control group was 26.7%, 33.3%, respectively. One case of foreign body sensation and one case of chronic pain occurred in control group. The incidence of perioperative wound pain in patients undergoing hybrid surgery was higher than those undergoing transabdominal preperitoneal surgery (P<0.05), but no statistical differences were observed for other variables between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Hybrid surgery is safe and feasible for the treatment of irreducible inguinal hernia. Though with a higher incidence of postoperative acute pain, it may have advantages of avoiding injuries of the vas deferens and spermatic vessels.

MiRNA-488-3p suppresses acute myocardial infarction-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via targeting ZNF791.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential function of microRNA-488-3p (miRNA-488-3p) in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: AMI mice constructed by ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were administrated with miRNA-488-3p mimics or negative control, respectively. Infarct size and risk region of AMI mice were determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The serum level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in mice was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, primary cardiomyocytes were isolated from AMI mice administrated with miRNA-488-3p mimics or negative control. LDH release in both hypoxia-preconditioning primary cardiomyocytes and MCM cells was detected. Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the potential target of miRNA-488-3p. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of miRNA-488-3p and its target ZNF791 on AMI-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS: MiRNA-488-3p was lowly expressed in AMI mice. Meanwhile, miRNA-488-3p expression decreased in hypoxia-preconditioning primary cardiomyocytes or MCM cells in a time-dependent manner. AMI mice overexpressing miRNA-488-3p showed significantly smaller infarct size and risk region, as well as lower LHD release in serum. Overexpression of miRNA-488-3p markedly down-regulated the protein level of caspase3 in MCM cells. ZNF791 was predicted as the direct target of miRNA-488-3p, which was negatively regulated by miRNA-488-3p. Overexpression of ZNF791 reversed the protective role of miRNA-488-3p in AMI-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: MiRNA-488-3p is down-regulated in AMI mice, which alleviates AMI-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via down-regulating ZNF791.

[Helical tomotherapy using simultaneously integrated boost and simultaneous integrated protection technique for unresectable biliary tract cancer].

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of helical tomotherapy using simultaneously integrated boost and simultaneous integrated protection technique in the treatment of unresectable biliary tract cancers. Methods: The data of 23 patients with unresectable biliary tract cancer who received tomotherapy-based hypofractionated radiotherapy at Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital,the Affiliated Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University between February 2015 and October 2017 were analyzed. There were 10 males and 13 females, aged from 40 to 85 years(median:58 years). Pathological type included intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas(n=11), gallbladder cancers(n=6),extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas(n=6). The irradiated sites covered primary tumors and areas of local invasion,including metastatic lymph nodes which were confined to the abdominal or retroperitoneal space. Dose escalation was achieved using simultaneously integrated boost(SIB) technique, and simultaneous integrated protection(SIP)technique was used to protect gastrointestinal tracts and other adjacent organs. Cox regression modal and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to analyze the associations between patients' characteristics and overall survival(OS). Results: The median total radiation dose was 54 Gy(range: 28-72 Gy)and median biologically effective dose(BED)was 74.4 Gy(range: 37.8-115.2 Gy).The median planning target volume(PTV)was 445.79 cm(3)(range:126.02-950.12 cm(3)). Based on the various PTV,patients received 2.4-6.0 Gy/fraction with 8-28 fractions. The local control rate was 65.2% and the median OS was 11.3 months(range:2.1-31.9 months).The most common cause of death was out-field failure and only 3 patients died of in-field failures. The longest survival was 31.9 months. BED≥70 Gy significantly improved OS,compared to BED<70 Gy(16.8 months vs.5.1 months)(HR=0.146, 95%CI:0.028-0.762, P=0.022). No patients developed grade ≥4 toxicities. Conclusions: Helical tomotherapy-based hypofractionated radiotherapy is effective and well tolerated for patients with unresectable biliary tract cancer. The dose escalation with higher BED could improve the survival for such patients.

Titanium-coated mesh versus standard polypropylene mesh in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the clinical outcome of titanium-coated mesh and polypropylene mesh in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: A total of 102 patients who received laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in January-June 2016 in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, receiving either titanium-coated mesh (n = 50) or standard polypropylene mesh (n = 52). Multiple clinical parameters were collected and analyzed, including clinical manifestations, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, hospital cost, recovery time, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: All procedures were completed. A statistical difference between two groups was not identified in regards to operative time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, and recovery time (P > 0.05). Three cases with seroma and 15 with foreign body sensation were reported in the titanium-coated mesh group; 9 cases with seroma and 17 with foreign body sensation were reported in the standard polypropylene mesh group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of seroma and/or foreign body sensation. A lower hospital cost but longer recovery period was documented in the standard polypropylene mesh group (P < 0.05). No recurrence, infection or chronic pain was observed during 1-year follow-up in both groups. CONCLUSION: Titanium-coated mesh possesses comparable clinical qualities as the standard polypropylene mesh but with a shorter recovery period. Therefore, this mesh is promising for clinical practice though the cost is higher than the standard polypropylene mesh.

Non-inductive vertical position measurements by Faraday-effect polarimetry on EAST tokamak.

Vertical instability control in an elongated plasma is highly desirable for a tokamak reactor. A multi-channel 694 GHz far-infrared laser-based polarimeter-interferometer system has been used to provide a non-inductive vertical position measurement in the long-pulse EAST tokamak. A detailed comparison of vertical position measurements by polarimetry and external inductive flux loops has been used to validate Faraday-effect polarimetry as an accurate high-time response vertical position sensor.

[The association between the malnutrition and blood pressure in Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years in 2014].

Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between malnutrition and the level of blood pressure (BP) as well as elevated BP (EBP) in Han students aged 7 to 18 years in China. Methods: 170 037 subjects with normal nutritional status and malnutrition were enrolled in this study from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health with a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling framework covering 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities after the exclusion of 44 317 overweight and obese students. According to the standard of "Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents" (WS/T456-2014), the nutritional status of children were classified into two categories, normal nutritional status and malnutrition containing stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting. The level of BP and prevalence of EBP were compared between students with normal nutritional status and malnutrition. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between malnutrition and EBP. Results: The levels of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years who were non-overweight and non-obesity status were (103.4±12.3) and (64.7±9.5) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively. The prevalence of EBP, systolic EBP and diastolic EBP in Chinese Han malnourished students (N=21 012) were 3.1% (n=649), 1.5% (n=324) and 2.1% (n=445), respectively, which was significantly lower than those (N=148 320) with normal nutritional status (4.5% (n=6 707), 2.6% (n=3 872) and 2.7% (n=3 959)), and the corresponding differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The OR (95%CI) between malnutrition and EBP was 0.68 (0.62-0.73), which were 0.65 (0.58-0.72) and 0.68 (0.60-0.77) for boys and girls. The OR (95%CI) between EBP and stunting as well as mild wasting and moderate severe wasting were 0.69 (0.62-0.77), 0.63 (0.55-0.72) and 0.79 (0.60-1.05), respectively. Conclusion: The level of BP and prevalence of EBP in Chinese Han students with malnutrition were lower than those with normal nutritional status. The negative correlation existed between malnutrition and EBP in Chinese Han students aged 7 to 18 years.

[The epidemiological characteristics and related factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years from 7 provinces in China, 2012].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and related factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 7 provinces in China. Methods: Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning provinces, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin municipalities and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, 2012. A total of 16 434 students aged 6-17 years old with completed physical and lipid profiles parameters were selected into this study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. Dyslipidemia was determined by the definition of Expert Advice on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents in 2009. Logistic regression model was used to explore the factors related to dyslipidemia. Results: The prevalence of elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and dyslipidemia was 5.4% (887 cases), 15.7% (2 578 cases), 3.0% (492 cases), 13.5% (2 221 cases) and 28.5% (4 679 cases) among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, respectively. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.05-1.24), sedentary time >10 hours per day (OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.01-1.28), overweight (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.33-1.70), and obesity (OR=2.62, 95%CI: 2.31-2.96) were significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in 7 provinces in China, 2012. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week, sedentary time >10 hours per day, overweight and obesity might be the risk factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents.

[Analysis on prevalence of physical fitness and related influencing factors among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years in 2014].

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years in 2014, and explore related influencing factors. Methods: This study recruited 106 881 Han students aged 13-18 years who had taken physical fitness test from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2014. After the exclusion of 1 047 students without complete records of physical fitness test, 105 834 students were included in the final analysis. According to the National Student Physical Health Standard modified in 2014, seven indicators including body mass index, vital capacity, 50-m run, sit-and-reach, standing broad jump, pull-ups/curl-ups and endurance run were tested to calculate the total score of students' physical fitness. Students with score ≥60 were regarded as qualified students. Multivariate non-conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze influencing factors of physical fitness. Results: Among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years, the total score was 70.1±10.7 and the qualified rate was 83.9% (n=88 813). Boys (83.5% (44 197/52 910)) had a lower qualified rate of physical fitness than girls (84.3% (44 616/52 924)) (P<0.001), and 13-15 age group (86.5% (46 255/53 465)) was higher than the 16-18 age group (81.3% (42 558/52 369)) (P<0.001). Except for 16-18-year-old boys from central region, normal body mass index, eastern region, good socioeconomic status, enough PE class, exercise time ≥1 h/d, homework time ≥2 h/d, TV time <1 h/d were all related to high qualified rates of physical fitness (P<0.05). Conclusion: Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years were in good physical condition. The qualified rates of physical fitness were significantly different by gender and age groups. Nutritional status, region, socioeconomic status, PE class, exercise time per day, homework time per day, and TV time per day were related factors of physical fitness.

[Association between the blood pressure status and nutritional status among Chinese students aged 7-18 years in 2014: based on the national blood pressure reference for Chinese children and adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemic situation of blood pressure (BP) status and its association with nutritional status among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old in 2014, and to provide important scientific basis for the control of students' hypertension. METHODS: All the subjects aged 7 to 18 years in both genders were sampled from 2014 Chinese national surveys on students' constitution and health. BP status was evaluated according to Chinese national gender-, age- and height-specific references, including hypertension (HTN), elevated hypertension (elevated HTN), isolated systolic HTN (SHTN), isolated diastolic HTN (DHTN) and mix HTN. Their nutritional status was evaluated using the international obesity task force (IOTF) definition, including thinness (severe thinness and moderate thinness), normal, overweight and obesity (severe obesity and moderate obesity). The Logistics method was used to analyze the association between BP status and nutritional status. The population attributable risk (PAR%) of overweight and obesity for BP status was calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of HTN and elevated HTN among the Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in 2014 was 14.9% and 9.2%, respectively. And the prevalence of isolated SHTN, isolated DHTN and mix HTN was 3.1%, 8.8% and 3.0%, respectively. The prevalence estimates for HTN differed the greatest for the boys, those in rural, those with high age, those in the East, and those with high BMI. The highest prevalence of HTN was detected in those with severe obesity with 44.2% and 38.8% in the boys and girls respectively, which was 2.8-fold and 3.7-fold than those with normal groups. The negative association was detected between HTN and thinness, but the positive association with overweight and obesity. The PAR% of HTN due to overweight and obesity was 16.2%, and the expected prevalence of HTN was 12.5% if controlling for overweight and obesity. Higher PAR% of isolated SHTN and mix HTN due to overweight and obesity was detected in the Chinese children and adolescents with proportions of 28.7% and 35.1%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HTN among the Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years was still high, whose components mainly focused on isolated DHTN. Overweight and obesity can increase the risk of HTN in children and adolescents significantly, especially for isolated SHTN and mix HTN. Controlling for overweight and obesity can decrease the risk of HTN among Chinese national children and adolescents largely, which can play an important role in preventing the occurrence of chronic disease in adults.

Effects of stray lights on Faraday rotation measurement for polarimeter-interferometer system on EAST.

A double-pass radially view 11 chords polarimeter-interferometer system has been operated on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak and provides important current profile information for plasma control. Stray light originating from spurious reflections along the optical path (unwanted reflections from various optical components/mounts and transmissive optical elements such as windows, waveplates, and lens as well as the detectors) and also direct feedback from the retro-reflector used to realize the double-pass configuration can both contribute to contamination of the Faraday rotation measurement accuracy. Modulation of the Faraday rotation signal due to the interference from multiple reflections is observable when the interferometer phase (plasma density) varies with time. Direct reflection from the detector itself can be suppressed by employing an optical isolator consisting of a λ/4-waveplate and polarizer positioned in front of the mixer. A Faraday angle oscillation during the density ramping up (or down) can be reduced from 5°-10° to 1°-2° by eliminating reflections from the detector. Residual modulation arising from misalignment and stray light from other sources must be minimized to achieve accurate measurements of Faraday rotation.

[Analysis on geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China, 2014].

Objective: To understand and evaluate the characteristics of geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China in 2014, and provide evidence for the prevention of hypertension in children and adolescents. Methods: The data of 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health conducting 31 provinces (except Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) were collected. A total of 216 299 children and adolescents who had complete blood pressure records were selected as study subjects. The low, middle and high prevalence areas were identified according to their high blood pressure detection rates in the children and adolescents,<4%, 4%-7% and >7%, to analyze the geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in the children and adolescents. The environmental data in the capitals of 31 provinces in 2014 were collected to analyze the correlation between environmental factors and blood pressure Z score in the children and adolescents. Results: The average detection rates of high blood pressure was 6.4% in 31 provinces (1.5%-14.2%). The high prevalence areas were mainly distributed in the eastern China, especially the Circum-Bohai sea area, low prevalence areas were mainly distributed in the central and western areas of China and some provinces in the east. Correlation analysis results showed that the annual average temperature, annual average air humidity and local altitude were negatively correlated with blood pressure Z score, including diastolic and systolic blood pressure, in both boys and girls. The annual average sunshine time, PM(2.5) and PM(10) concentrations, content of SO(2) were positively correlated with blood pressure Z score in both boys and girls. Conclusions: There was a significant difference in high blood pressure of children and adolescents among 31 provinces. More attention should be paid to the children and adolescents living high prevalence area. And it is necessary to understand environmental factors which can affect the blood pressure of children and adolescents.

[Epidemic status and secular trends of malnutrition among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014 in China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand and analyze the current situation and secular trends for prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014, and to provide important scientific basis for students' nutrition improvement. METHODS: All the subjects aged 7-18 years in both sexes were sampled from 2005, 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health. According to the new students' health standard of "Screening Standard for Malnutrition of school-age children and adolescents"(WS/T456-2014) in 2014 of China, the nutritional status of children in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan province) were analyzed and compared in different ages, genders, regions and provinces from 2005 to 2014. The Tibetan students was used with the data of Tibetan minority and all the other students from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) were Han minority. RESULTS: The prevalence of malnutrition of children and adolescents of Han minority aged 7-18 years in 2014 was 10.0%. The prevalence of malnutrition components, including stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting, were 0.8%, 3.7%, and 5.5%. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition of Han children and adolescents in 2014 had declined with 5.0 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively, and its components had declined with 1.0, 1.8, 2.2 and 0.4, 1.1, 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition of 2014 in boys was higher than in girls (11.1% vs.8.9%), the rural was higher than the urban (11.0% vs.9.1%) and the west (11.7%) was higher than the east (9.0%) and the middle (9.2%). Mild wasting of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years was the main component in malnutrition and the stunting in the Han and Tibetan children and adolescents only accounted for 8.0% and 7.5%, respectively. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in 2014 had declined with various extents constantly, and there was a statistically significant difference among three surveys (P<0.05). Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China from 2005 to 2014. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition declined in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2014. The number of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition decreased constantly and increased for the number of province (autonomous regions, municipalities) with low prevalence. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years had declined from 2005 to 2014, but the total prevalence of malnutrition was still high. Mild wasting was the main component in malnutrition and the prevalence of stunting was low. Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China.