Religion, relationships and reproduction: correlates of desire for a child among mothers living with HIV.

Despite challenges facing HIV-positive women in the U.S., some maintain strong desires and intentions for motherhood. We explore correlates of desire for another child-particularly current parenting experiences (number of children, parenting efficacy, parenting satisfaction, parenting practices, parental distress, and child-related quality of life), age, spirituality/religiosity, stress, coping, hopelessness, partner's desire for a child, social support, and stigma-among a sample of HIV-positive mothers (n = 96) in Alabama. Partner's desire for a child, participation in private religious practices, avoidant coping, and parity were significantly associated with desire for a child in multivariate models. Such findings indicate a need for reproductive counseling and education that is sensitive to the role of religious norms and values in fertility decision-making and suggest opportunities for partnership with faith-based organizations. Further studies examining the impact of relationship dynamics on childbearing desires among U.S. women living with HIV/AIDS are also needed.

Using downloadable songs from Apple iTunes as a novel incentive for college students participating in a Web-based follow-up survey.

PURPOSE: Compare the impact of offering two versus four downloadable songs on response rates to a Web-based survey. DESIGN: One month after participation in a sexual health workshop, students (N  =  138) were invited by e-mail to complete a Web-based posttest. The initial incentive of two downloadable songs was increased to four songs midway through data collection. SETTING: University of Alabama at Birmingham. SUBJECTS: Undergraduate participants in a peer education workshop. MEASURES: Response rates were monitored to assess the impact of varying incentive levels on study attrition. ANALYSIS: Frequencies and Pearson's χ(2) statistics were used to compare response rates between individuals offered two songs and individuals offered four. Response rates were also examined to assess the impact of doubling the incentive among individuals who were nonrespondents when offered only two songs. RESULTS: Of respondents offered two songs (n  =  61), 18% completed the survey. When the incentive was increased to four songs, 26% of those who had not responded to the invitation for two songs (n  =  50) completed the survey. Of respondents only offered four songs (n  =  77), 57% completed the survey. CONCLUSION: Increasing incentives from two to four songs significantly improved response rates (p < .001). Determining an acceptable level of incentives for Web-based research has the potential to impact high attrition rates. Downloadable songs could become a mainstream incentive in Web-based research with young adults.

Teens in trouble: cigarette use and risky behaviors among private, high school students in La Paz, Bolivia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking and to identify risky behaviors associated with smoking among adolescents attending high schools in a district of La Paz, Bolivia. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a sample of 394 males and 182 females, from 13-18 years of age, at six, randomly-selected schools in District II of La Paz. Frequencies, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were employed to identify factors associated with cigarette use during the 30 days prior to the survey. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the sample (39.4% of males and 33.7% of females) had smoked cigarettes in the 30 days prior to interview. For both males and females, consumption of alcohol was the single greatest risk factor associated with cigarette use. The males and females who reported consuming at least one alcoholic beverage on three or more occasions in the previous 30 days were 22.3 and 58.5 times (95% CIs: 6.7, 74.1 and 6.8, 502.6, respectively) more likely to smoke tobacco than those who reported no alcohol consumption. Additional risk factors included having participated in a physical fight, having carried a weapon, having had sexual intercourse, and having used illicit drugs during the previous 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Because teenagers who smoke are also likely to engage in a variety of other risky behaviors, parents, school administrators, and health educators may wish to use smoking to identify at-risk individuals. Among Bolivian teenagers, interventions should focus on preventing cigarette use and associated risk behaviors.

Teens in trouble: cigarette use and risky behaviors among private, high school students in La Paz, Bolivia / Adolescentes en problemas: consumo de cigarrillos y conductas de riesgo en estudiantes de escuelas privadas de enseñanza media superior de La Paz, Bolivia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking and to identify risky behaviors associated with smoking among adolescents attending high schools in a district of La Paz, Bolivia. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a sample of 394 males and 182 females, from 13-18 years of age, at six, randomly-selected schools in District II of La Paz. Frequencies, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were employed to identify factors associated with cigarette use during the 30 days prior to the survey. RESULTS: Approximately 40 percent of the sample (39.4 percent of males and 33.7 percent of females) had smoked cigarettes in the 30 days prior to interview. For both males and females, consumption of alcohol was the single greatest risk factor associated with cigarette use. The males and females who reported consuming at least one alcoholic beverage on three or more occasions in the previous 30 days were 22.3 and 58.5 times (95 percent CIs: 6.7, 74.1 and 6.8, 502.6, respectively) more likely to smoke tobacco than those who reported no alcohol consumption. Additional risk factors included having participated in a physical fight, having carried a weapon, having had sexual intercourse, and having used illicit drugs during the previous 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Because teenagers who smoke are also likely to engage in a variety of other risky behaviors, parents, school administrators, and health educators may wish to use smoking to identify at-risk individuals. Among Bolivian teenagers, interventions should focus on preventing cigarette use and associated risk behaviors.

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillos e identificar las conductas de riesgo asociadas con el hábito de fumar en adolescentes de enseñanza media superior de un distrito de La Paz, Bolivia. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó la Encuesta sobre Conductas de Riesgo en los Jóvenes a una muestra de 394 varones y 182 mujeres de 13-18 años de edad de seis escuelas del Distrito II de La Paz seleccionadas al azar. Se identificaron los factores asociados con el consumo de cigarrillos durante los 30 días previos a la encuesta, mediante el análisis de frecuencias, la prueba de la ji al cuadrado y la regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente 40 por ciento de la muestra (39,4 por ciento de los varones y 33,7 por ciento de las mujeres) había fumado cigarrillos en los 30 días previos a la encuesta. Tanto para ellos como para ellas, el consumo de alcohol fue el mayor factor de riesgo asociado con el consumo de cigarrillos. Los varones y las mujeres que informaron haber consumido al menos una bebida alcohólica en tres ocasiones o más durante los 30 días previos presentaron 22,3 y 58,5 veces (IC95 por ciento: 6,7 a 74,1 y 6,8 a 502,6, respectivamente) mayor probabilidad de fumar que los que informaron no haber consumido alcohol. Otros factores de riesgo adicionales fueron haber participado en una pelea física, haber portado un arma, haber tenido relaciones sexuales y haber tomado alguna droga ilícita durante los 30 días anteriores. CONCLUSIONES: Debido a que los adolescentes que fuman tienden también a incurrir en otras conductas de riesgo, los padres, los responsables escolares y los educadores sanitarios podrían utilizar el hábito de fumar para identificar a los adolescentes en riesgo. Las intervenciones dirigidas a adolescentes bolivianos deben enfocarse en la prevención del consumo de cigarrillos y de las conductas de riesgo asociadas.

Youth at risk: identifying correlates of violence in Bolivia.

BACKGROUND: Although violence is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, in Latin America the prevalence of violence and factors associated with violent behavior among youth are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: We describe the prevalence of carrying a weapon among Bolivian adolescent males and identify risk factors associated with weapon carrying. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a sample of teenagers 13-18 years of age (394 males and 182 females) from randomly selected schools in La Paz, Bolivia. The study is limited to males because of the small sample size for females. Frequencies and chi-square tests were calculated and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with carrying a weapon in the past 30 days. RESULTS: Among the sample population, one-quarter of adolescent boys reported carrying a weapon in the previous 30 days. Ever having used cigarettes was the risk factor most strongly associated with weapon carrying. Additional risk factors included having participated in a physical fight, having used cocaine, and sniffing glue or other inhalants. CONCLUSION: Our results showed a link between weapon carrying and other risk behaviors, including smoking, drug use and fighting. Understanding the factors associated with carrying weapons among youth is an essential step in determining which risk behaviors should be included in comprehensive programs focused on youth violence prevention.

Public health perspectives on the family: an ecological approach to promoting health in the family and community.

The family, as a setting of practice, is increasingly recognized as critical to health promotion. A better understanding of the nature and process through which families take an active part in their own health can serve as the basis for designing and linking health interventions with public health programs. The integrating function of the family, viewed through an ecological context, makes it an effective entry point and central focus in health promotion.