Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.

OBJECTIVE: The role of ADIPOQ gene variants on weight loss and serum lipid changes after a dietary intervention is an important topic area with little scientific evidence. We designed a study in order to analyze the effects of rs3774261 of ADIPOQ gene on metabolic response and adiposity parameters after a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months and with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 133 patients with obesity were enrolled. Adiposity parameters, blood pressure, and serum parameters (lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR; glucose, C reactive protein, adiponectin, resistin, and leptin levels) were measured, at basal time and after dietary intervention (3 and 9 months). All patients were genotyped rs3774261 and evaluated in a dominant model (AA vs. GA+AA). RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were 46 (34.6%) AA, 66 (49.6%) AG, and 21 (15.8%) GG. After dietary intervention and in both genotypes, BMI, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin decreased. In patients with the AA genotype, there was a significant improvement at (3 and 9 months) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (-10.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -5.6±1.7 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-19.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -6.9±0.7 mg/dl, p=0.03), total cholesterol (-9.4±0.8 mg/dl vs. -5.8±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.02) (-17.4±1.8 mg/dl vs. -9.8±1.9 mg/dl, p=0.02), triglycerides (-12.3±0.8 mg/dl vs. -8.0±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-26.1±0.8 mg/dl vs. -11.0±0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01), C reactive protein (CRP) (-0.8±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.4± 0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-1.1±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.7±0.1 mg/dl, p=0.01) and adiponectin (28.2±11.1 ng/ml vs. 4.1±2.8 ng/ml, p=0.02) (30.1±8.1 ng/ml vs. 7.1±4.8 ng/ml, p=0.02). Finally, higher values of adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio were detected at 3- and 9-months post-treatment in patients with AA genotype. CONCLUSIONS: G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) showed no improvement in serum levels of adiponectin, adiponectin/leptin ratio, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP after weight loss with a hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet.

FTO variant RS 1121980 interact with metabolic response after weight loss with a meal replacement hypocaloric diet in Caucasian obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: One genetic variant (rs1121980) of FTO gene has been related with body mass index and visceral adiposity. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of rs1121980 genetic variant of FTO gene on weight loss and metabolic changes secondary to a partial meal replacement (pMR) hypocaloric diet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an interventional study on 219 obese Caucasian subjects with body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2. The subjects received two intakes per day of a normocaloric hyperproteic formula for 12 weeks. Adiposity and biochemical parameters (lipid profile, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and glucose) were determined. RESULTS: After the pMR diet, body weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, blood pressure, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR decreased in both genotype groups. The improvements in adiposity parameters and some biochemical parameters (insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride levels) were bigger in non-T allele carriers than in T allele carriers. The percentage of patients who achieved 7.5% weight loss was higher in the non-T carriers (76.7% vs. 48.4%), also with a different average of weight loss (-12.3±0.3 kg vs. -5.9±0.5 kg: p=0.01). The odds ratio to achieve 7.5% of weight loss was (OR= 2.22, 95% CI=1.24-4.01; p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Non-T allele carriers of rs1121980 show a higher magnitude of weight loss and improvement in adiposity parameters, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglyceride levels resulting from a pMR diet than T allele carriers.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein rs5833 genetic variant affect HDL-cholesterol levels and ratio total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol in postmenopausal obese female patient.

OBJECTIVE: One SNP in exon 9 (r5883) has been involved with high risk of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive subjects. The goal of the present study was to test the role of this genetic variant on lipid levels and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in menopausal obese females. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled a sample of 112 menopausal obese females. Measurements of adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C reactive protein and prevalence of MS were recorded. Genotype of CETP gene polymorphism (rs5883) was studied. RESULTS: The distribution of the rs5883 polymorphism in this menopausal obese population was 83.9% (n=94) (CC), 15.2% (n=17) (CT) and 0.9% (n=1) (TT). Adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, C reactive protein, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were similar in both genotype groups (CC vs. CT+TT). Moreover, HDL cholesterol (8.5+1.2 mg/dl; p=0.01) and ratio total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (0.5±0.2; p=0.04) were higher in T allele carriers (dominant model). MS percentage was similar in both genotypes (37.6% vs. 27.2%; p=0.43). Logistic regression analysis showed a decreased risk of low-HDL cholesterol in T allele carriers (OR=0.18, 95% CI=0.02-0.77, p=0.03) after adjusting by dietary fatty acid intakes, body mass index and age. CONCLUSIONS: The results reported here support that CETP variant rs5883 is related with HDL-cholesterol levels and ratio total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism rs 10767664 affects metabolic parameters after weight loss secondary to high fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of the genetic variant rs10767664 of BDNF gene on anthropometric and biochemical changes after weight loss secondary to a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 277 obese subjects was recruited. After subjects met the inclusion criteria, they received a nutritional intervention with a high-fat hypocaloric diet [36% of carbohydrates, 40% of fats (60.0% of monounsaturated fats, 25.0% of saturated fats and 15.0% of polyunsaturated fats) and 24% of proteins]. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured at basal and 3 months. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-nine subjects (64.6%) had the genotype AA (wild group) and 98 (35.4%) subjects had the next genotypes; AT (81 patients, 29.2%) or TT (17 patients, 6.2%) (Mutant group). The improvement of BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, leptin, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was similar in both genotypes after dietary intervention. Secondary to weight loss and only in non-T allele, insulin levels (AA vs. At+TT) (-5.2+0.2 UI/L vs. -2.9+0.3 UI/L: p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-2.1+0.2 units vs. -1.1+0.1 units: p=0.02) decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: T allele carriers of the BDNF variant rs10767664 may be an independent predictor of the lack of improvement induced by weight loss on insulin levels and insulin resistance after a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern.

The lactase rs4988235 is associated with obesity related variables and diabetes mellitus in menopausal obese females.

OBJECTIVE: Some studies showed specific associations of the Lactase persistence (LP) genotype (CT/TT) with obesity and its related comorbidities. The aim of the present investigation was to describe the association of rs4988235 with metabolic parameters, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), dairy product consumption in menopausal obese females. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study involved a population of 86 menopausal obese females. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, bone metabolism biomarkers, and prevalence of (DM2) were recorded. The genotype of the Lactase gene polymorphism (rs48988235) was evaluated. RESULTS: The distribution of the rs48988235 polymorphism was 16.3% (n=14) (CC), 38.4% (n=33) (CT) and 45.3% (n=39) (TT). The allele frequency was C (0.35) and T (0.65). In the recessive model, serum 25-OH Vitamin D, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were better in CC+CT genotype than TT genotype. In a dominant model, 25-OH Vitamin D, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were better in CC genotype than CT+TT genotype. In both genetic models, calcium, vitamin D, and milk intakes were higher in T allele carriers. In the dominant model (CT+TT genotype), logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hyperglycemia (OR=3.63, 95% CI=1.10-13.26, p=0.03) and prevalence of DM2 (OR=3.93, 95% CI=1.07-14.4, p=0.03), after adjusting by milk intake, BMI, and age. This association remained in recessive model (TT genotype); risk of hyperglycemia (OR=4.26, 95% CI=1.12-16.23, p=0.02) and prevalence of DM2 (OR=5.35, 95% CI=1.12-15.8, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: T allele of rs48988235 variant in Lactase gene is associated with better glucose metabolism and lower risk of DM2 in menopausal obese females. In addition, dietary intakes of milk, calcium, and 25-OH vitamin D were higher too.

Relation of a variant in adiponectin gene (rs266729) with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2 in adult obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Some studies in the literature indicate that ADIPOQ rs266729 polymorphism functionally regulates adiponectin promoter activity and secondarily adiponectin levels. The aim of the present investigation was to describe the association of rs266729 with diabetes mellitus (DM2), components of Metabolic syndrome (MS) and serum adiponectin levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study involved a population of 1004 adult obese subjects. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, adipokines levels and prevalence of MS and DM2 were recorded. The genotype of ADIPOQ gene polymorphism (rs266729) was evaluated. RESULTS: The distribution of the rs266729 polymorphism in this population was 56.7% (n=569) (CC), 33.1% (n=332) (CG) and 10.2% (n=103) (GG). Insulin and HOMA-IR levels were higher in G allele carriers than non G allele carriers. Adiponectin levels were lower in G allele carriers than non G allele carriers. In total group carriers of G allele, logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hyperglycaemia (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.19-2.76, p=0.03) and prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.13-5.14, p=0.04), after adjusting by body mass index and age CONCLUSIONS: G allele of SNP (rs266729) of the ADIPOQ gene showed high values of insulin and HOMA-IR, and low values of adiponectin levels than non G allele carriers. G allele carriers showed higher rate of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia.

RS9939609 FTO gene variant modified weight loss and insulin resistance after a partial meal-replacement hypocaloric diet.

OBJECTIVE: Some studies have demonstrated that the allele A of FTO rs9939609 is related to both higher waist circumference and body mass index. Subsequently, some designs related biochemical variables and body weight changes with this genetic variant. We decide to analyze the effects of rs9939609 genetic variant of FTO gene on metabolic parameters and weight loss secondary to partial meal replacements hypocaloric diets (pMRHDs) in obese subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a non-randomized, single-treatment study with a formula-diet in 44 obese subjects. The patients received nutritional education and a pMRHDs with two intakes of normocaloric hyperproteic formula during 12 weeks. Anthropometric parameters and biochemical profiles were measured at basal time and after 12 weeks. The variant of FTO gene rs9939609 was determined. RESULTS: Genotype distribution (n=44) was (16 TT (36.4%), 17 TA (38.6%) and 11 AA (25.0%)). After the pMRHD, body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference, serum leptin levels and systolic blood pressure improved in both genotypes without statistical differences in both branches. After dietary intervention with pMRHD, subjects with A allele showed a significant improvement in total cholesterol levels (TT vs. TA+AA) (-3.8±1.4 md/dL vs. -12.6±1.7 mg/dl: p=0.01), LDL-cholesterol (-0.2±1.5 md/dL vs. -10.5±1.9 mg/dl: p=0.02), insulin levels (-1.9±0.2 mU/L vs. -3.8±0.3 mU/L: p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-0.6±0.2 units vs. -1.1±0.1 units: p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the genetic variant (rs9939609) of FTO gene showed better improvement of LDL-cholesterol, insulin and HOMA-IR in subjects with A allele.

Effect of two different dietary fatty acid profiles and variant rs266729 in ADIPOQ on weight loss and adiponectin concentrations.

BACKGROUND: The role of ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of the ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variant n weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and adiponectin levels after two hypocaloric diets with different dietary fatty profiles. DESIGN: A population of 362 obese patients was enrolled in a randomized clinical trial with two diets (Diet M, monounsaturated fat-enriched diet, and Diet P, polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet). Anthropometric measurements, an assessment of nutritional intake, and biochemical tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS: Weight loss was similar with both diets. After Diet M, only subjects with CC genotype showed significant improvements in total cholesterol (CC vs. CG±GG) (-9.0±1.1mU/L vs. -4.5±2.4mg/dL, p=0.01), LDL cholesterol (-6.0±1.1mg/dL vs. -3.0±0.9mg/dL, p=0.03), glucose (-4.7±1.1mg/dL vs. -0.6±0.5mg/dL, p=0.01), and insulin levels (-2.6±1.0mU/L vs. -0.7±0.3mU/L, p=0.02) and in HOMA-IR (-0.5±0.2 units vs. -0.2±0.4 units, p=0.03). The same improvement was reported after Diet P in all parameters, including total cholesterol (CC vs. CG±GG) (-8.0±1.2mU/L vs. -2.1±1.4mg/dL, p=0.02), LDL cholesterol (-7.3±1.2mg/dL vs. -2.1±0.8mg/dL, p=0.02), glucose (-3.2±0.1mg/dL vs. -0.2±0.5mg/dL, p=0.01), and insulin levels (-2.5±1.0mU/L vs. -1±0.6mU/L, p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-0.5±0.1 units vs. -0.3±0.4 units, p=0.02). Only subjects with CC genotype showed significant increases in adiponectin levels after both diets: (Diet M: 10.3±2.0ng/dL vs. Diet P: 9.3±2.9ng/dL, p=0.43). CONCLUSION: The CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variant is associated to increased adiponectin levels and decreases in LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels after weight loss.

Correction to: AdNut study: effectiveness of a high calorie and protein oral nutritional supplement with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate in an older malnourished population in usual clinical practice.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s41999-018-0109-4.].

Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 interact with different type of dietary fatty acids in two hypocaloric diets.

OBJECTIVE: Some adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been related to adiponectin levels and metabolic parameters. Few studies of interaction gene-nutrient have been realized in this topic area. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of the rs1501299 ADIPOQ gene polymorphism, and the dietary intake on total adiponectin levels and the insulin resistance changes after an enriched-monounsaturated fat (Diet M) vs. an enriched-polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet (Diet P). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A Caucasian population of 363 obese patients was enrolled in a randomized clinical trial with two hypocaloric diets. Before and after 12 weeks on each hypocaloric diet, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake and a biochemical analysis were realized. The statistical analysis was performed for the combined GT and TT as a group (mutant) and GG as second group (wild). RESULTS: With both caloric restriction strategies, body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and leptin levels decreased. After Diet P, only subjects with GG genotype showed a significant improvement in the insulin levels (GG vs. GT±TT) (-3.2±1.0 mU/L vs. -0.6±0.4 mU/L: p=0.01) and in the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) (-1.1±0.2 units vs. -0.3±0.4 units: p=0.02). The same improvement in both parameters was reported after Diet M: insulin levels (-3.7±0.9 mU/L vs. -0.4±0.5 mU/L: p=0.01) and HOMA-IR (-1.0±0.2 units vs. -0.4±0.3 units: p=0.03). After weight loss with diet M, both genotypes (GG vs. GT±TT) showed similar decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Only subjects with GG genotype showed a significant increase of the adiponectin levels after both diets: (Diet P: 9.3±3.0 ng/dl vs. Diet M: 8.2±2.9 ng/dl: p=0.38). CONCLUSIONS: The GG genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs1501299) is associated to a significant improvement in the adiponectin levels and a decrease of insulin and HOMA-IR after two different hypocaloric diets with different profile of unsaturated dietary fats.

In vitro approach for evaluation of carob by-products as source bioactive ingredients with potential to attenuate metabolic syndrome (MetS).

The potential bioactivities for alleviating Metabolic Syndrome associated risk factors were evaluated in carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) fruit by-products, i.e. seed peel, germ and pod. Carob germ and seed peel showed higher phenolic content than pod (99.72, 80.24 and 47.06 µmol GAE g-1, respectively). Pod mostly contained gallic acid and gallotannins; seed peel and germ's showed as most abundant polyphenols quercetin and apigenin derivatives. Carob pod and seed peel revealed stronger antioxidant capacities compared to germ. The strongest antihypertensive activity was found in seed peel, followed by pod and germ. Anti-inflammatory activity showed inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced macrophages, although only pod was able of reducing pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α andPGD2). Finally, fat accumulation on mature adipocytes was reduced by carob seed peel and pod extracts. This work shows the potential use of pod carob by-products as food ingredients with special relevance of carob pod for attenuating metabolic syndrome.

Common polymorphism in the cannabinoid receptor gene type 2 (CB2R) rs3123554 are associated with metabolic changes after two different hypocaloric diets with different dietary fatty profiles.

BACKGROUND: The role of CB2R gene variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention has been investigated in few studies. OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the effect of this genetic variant (rs3123554) of CB2R gene on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss secondary to high monounsaturated fat vs a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets. DESIGN: A Caucasian population of 362 obese patients was enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to one of two diets (Diet P high polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fat hypocaloric diet vs, Diet M high monounsaturated (MUFAs) fat hypocaloric diet). RESULTS: In both genotype groups (GG vs GA+AA), body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased after diet P and M. Body weight, BMI, fat mass and waist circumference were higher in A allele carriers than non A allele carriers. The improvement of these parameters was higher in non A allele carriers than A allele carriers. In non A allele carriers with both diets, the decrease of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, insulin and HOMA-IR was higher than A allele carriers after both diets. After diet P, triglyceride levels decrease in non A allele carriers. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that carriers of the minor allele of rs3123554 variant of CB2R gene lose less body weight during to different hypocaloric diets with different fatty acid. Moreover, non A-allele carriers showed a better response of LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR and insulin levels than A-carriers with both hypocaloric diets.

The association of the rs670 variant of APOA1 gene with insulin resistance and lipid profile in morbid obese patients after a biliopancreatic diversion surgery.

OBJECTIVE: A common G-to-A transition (rs670) of the Apoprotein subtype 1 APOA1 gene has been evaluated. The presence of the A allele has been related with increased activity. We investigated the role of this genetic variant (rs670) on lipoprotein levels and anthropometric parameters after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) surgery in morbid obese patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients with morbid obesity without diabetes mellitus type 2 were enrolled. Biochemical and anthropometric evaluation were registered before and after one, two and three years follow-up. RESULTS: Genotype distribution was 73% (n=46) GG, 25.6% (n=16) GA and 1.4% (n=1) AA for the rs670 polymorphism. Percent excess weight loss, anthropometric and biochemical parameters improved in both groups (GG vs. GA±AA). The decrease of fasting insulin levels at 1 years (delta: -3.7±1.4 mUI/L vs. -2.9±1.2 mUI/L; p=0.02), 2 years (delta: -4.8±0.3 mUI/L vs. -4.0±0.2 mUI/L; p=0.01) and 3 years (delta: -6.7±3.1 mUI/L vs. -3.9±2.1 mUI/L; p=0.03) was higher in A allele carriers than in non carriers. The improvement of HOMA-IR levels at 1 years (delta: -3.7±1.4 mUI/L vs. -2.9±1.2 mUI/L; p=0.02), 2 years (delta: -4.8±0.3 mUI/L vs. -4.0±0.2 mUI/L; p=0.01) and 3 years (delta: -6.7±3.1 mUI/L vs. -3.9±2.1 mUI/L; p=0.03) was also higher in A allele carriers than non-carriers. Finally, the increase of HDL-cholesterol levels at 1 years (delta: 2.2±0.6 mg/dl vs. -1.2±0.2 mg/dl; p=0.001), 2 years (delta: 2.5±0.4 mg/dl vs. 0.3±0.1 mg/dl; p=0.01) and 3 years (delta: 2.4±0.6 mg/dl vs. 0.4±2.3 mg/dl; p=0.02) was higher in A allele carriers than non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS: This variant of the APOA1 gene showed important effects on HDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR and insulin resistance after DBP for 3 years.

Effect of the rs1862513 variant of resistin gene on insulin resistance and resistin levels after two hypocaloric diets with different fat distribution in subjects with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Polymorphisms of a single nucleotide in resistin gene (RETN) have been associated with insulin resistance. We decide to investigate the role of this polymorphism on insulin resistance and resistin levels after two hypocaloric diets. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 361 obese non-diabetic Caucasian was enrolled. Biochemical evaluation and anthropometric data were measured at the start of the trial and repeated after 3 months of both diets (Diet P, Polyunsaturated vs. diet M, Monounsaturated). RESULTS: With both diets and in both genotype groups, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure decreased. After diet P, insulin levels (GG vs. GC+CC genotypes) (-1.2±3.8 UI/L vs. -0.7±2.1 UI/L; p<0.05), HOMA-IR (-0.6±1.0 units vs. -0.4±0.9 units; p<0.05), total cholesterol (-10.5±20.1 mg/dl vs. -6.1±15.1 mg/dl; p<0.05) and LDL-total cholesterol (-8.6±10.1 mg/dl vs. -2.2±9.1 mg/dl; p<0.05) decreased in subjects with GG genotype. After diet M, insulin levels (-1.8±2.1 UI/L vs. -0.6±3.0 UI/L: p>0.05), HOMA-IR (-0.5±1.0 units vs. -0.3±1.1 units: p>0.05), total cholesterol (-9.5±13.1 mg/dl vs. -4.4±8.1 mg/dl; p<0.05) and LDL-total cholesterol (-8.1±6.1 mg/dl vs. -2.9±9.1 mg/dl; p<0.05) decreased, too. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that GG genotype of RETN rs1862513 could be a predictor of the reduction of HOMA-IR, insulin, and LDL cholesterol secondary to two hypocaloric diet in obese subjects.

Effects of polymorphism rs3123554 in the cannabinoid receptor gene type 2 (CB2R) on metabolic and adiposity parameters after weight loss with two hypocaloric diets.

BACKGROUND: The role of CB2R gene variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention remained unclear. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to analyze the effects of rs3123554 of CB2R receptor gene on metabolic and adiposity parameters after two different hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. DESIGN: A Caucasian population of 280 obese patients was enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to one of two diets (Diet I - moderate in carbohydrate. Vs Diet II - normal in carbohydrate). RESULTS: In both genotype groups (GG vs GA + AA), body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased after diet I and II. The decrease of these parameters was higher in non A allele carriers than A allele carriers. Pre- and post-dietary intervention, body weight, BMI, fat mass and waist circumference were higher in A allele carriers than non A allele carriers. In non A allele carriers, the decrease of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and Interleukin-6 levels was higher than A allele carriers after both diets. CONCLUSION: Carriers of the minor allele of rs3123554 variant of CB2R gene loose less body weight during two different hypocaloric diets. The improvement of metabolic parameters was better in no A allele carriers than A allele carriers.

AdNut study: effectiveness of a high calorie and protein oral nutritional supplement with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate in an older malnourished population in usual clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a high calorie and protein, ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate containing oral nutritional supplement (HP-HMB-ONS), on nutritional status, activities of daily living and quality of life (QoL) in old malnourished subjects. METHODS: We conducted an observational, prospective, open label, multicenter study. Participants were > 65 years, undernourished or at nutritional risk [Nutrition Risk Score (NRS) ≥ 3] and had been included on an ONS (HP-HMB-ONS twice daily for 12 weeks) per standard of care. Visits at baseline (V1), 6 weeks (V2) and 12 weeks (V3) were performed. The primary endpoints were gain of body weight, change in body mass index (BMI) and NRS 2002 index. Data from QoL (EQ-5D-3L) and activities of daily living (Katz index) were also collected. RESULTS: A total of 235 participants were included in the study. Of these 148 took at least a 75% of the HP-HMB-ONS and were included in the analysis (per protocol); median age was 80.0 (SD:8.3) years, 65.5% (n = 97) were female, 67.6% (n = 100) had 2 or more diseases. At V3, a statistically significant increase in weight (2.1 kg; SD: 3.8) (p < 0.001) and BMI (0.8 kg/m2; SD: 1.45) were found compared to V1, whereas NRS 2002 values decreased by 0.9 (SD: 1.2). A significant (p < 0.001) improvement in Katz index (mean change = 0.3; SD:1.4) and EQ-5D scoring (mean change = 0.5; SD:1.9) compared to V1, were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that administration of a HP-HMB-ONS improve the nutritional status and may led to a significant improvement in patients' activities of daily living and QoL, independent of baseline BMI.

rs6923761 gene variant in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor: Allelic frequencies and influence on cardiovascular risk factors in a multicenter study of Castilla-Leon.

BACKGROUND: Some GLP-1 receptor studies have identified polymorphisms in the GLP-1 receptor gene that might be related to different cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the allelic distribution of rs6923761 GLP-1 receptor polymorphism in a geographic area of Spain (Community of Castilla y Leon) and to evaluate the influence of this polymorphism on obesity anthropometric parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in the fasted state in obese patients. DESIGN: A sample of 341 obese subjects (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) was analyzed. Fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile were determined. Anthropometric parameters, dietary intake and blood pressure were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and forty three patients (42.0%) had the genotype GG (wild-type group) and one hundred and ninety eight (58.0%) patients were A carriers: GA (164 patients, 48.1%) or AA (34 patients, 9.9%) (mutant-type group). Valladolid and Segovia health areas had the lowest percentage of wild type genotype and G allelic (than other Health Areas). Burgos Health Area had a higher percentage of wild-type genotype. In wild-type group (GG genotype), BMI (0.9 ± 1.3 kg/m2; p < 0.05), weight (3.3 ± 1.1 kg; p < 0.05), fat mass (2.5 ± 1.1 kg; p < 0.05), waist to hip ratio (0.02 ± 0.005 cm; p < 0.05), waist circumference (2.8 ± 1.1 cm; p < 0.05), triglycerides (14.4 ± 3.3 mg/dl; p < 0.05) insulin (3.1 ± 1.0 mg/dl; p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (1.2 ± 0.9 mg/dl; p < 0.05) were higher than A allele carriers. In non A allele carriers, lower HDL cholesterol levels than A allele carriers (6.4 ± 2.3 mg/dl; p < 0.05) were found. CONCLUSION: Data from our study revealed different allelic distribution in this geographic area, with better parameters (Body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR and HDL cholesterol) in A allele carriers than in non A allele carriers.

Polymorphism of neuropeptide Y gene rs16147 modifies the response to a hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular risk biomarkers and adipokines.

BACKGROUND: The main genetic variant described in NPY gene is rs16147 (G-399A) and it is located within the promoter region upstream of the gene for neropeptide Y (NPY). We evaluate the effects of the rs16147 NPY gene polymorphism on metabolic changes secondary to weight loss after 3 months of a hypocaloric diet in adult obese patients. METHODS: A population of 82 obese patients was analysed in an interventional design of one arm. Before and after 3 months on a hypocaloric diet, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake and a biochemical analysis were performed. The statistical analysis was performed for combined GA and AA as a group (minor allele group) and GG as second group (major allele group) (dominant model). RESULTS: In A allele carriers, the mean (SD) decrease in weight was -2.8 (2.2) kg [decrease in non A allele carriers -2.6 (1.1) kg, P > 0.05), body mass index was -1.2 (0.6) kg m-2 [decrease in non A allele carriers -1.1 (0.8) kg m-2 , P > 0.05], fat mass was -1.7 (1.4) kg [decrease in non A allele carriers -1.9 (1.3) kg, P > 0.05], waist circumference was -5.5 (3.4) cm [decrease in non A allele carriers -3.7 (4.1) cm, P = 0.006], C-reactive protein (CRP) was -0.7 (0.6) mg dL-1 [decrease in non A allele carriers -0.1 (0.3) mg dL-1 , P = 0.02], insulin was -1.5 (0.4) mUI L-1 [decrease in non A allele carriers -0.8 (2.0) mUI L-1 , P = 0.001] and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was -0.4 (0.5) [decrease in non A allele carriers -0.2 (0.1), P = 0.005]. interleukin (IL)-6 changes were significant in A allele carriers [-0.7 (0.2) pg mL-1 ] versus non A allele carriers [-0.1 (0.3) pg mL-1 ] (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We found that the rs164147 genotype affected the reduction of waist circumference, HOMA-IR, insulin, CRP and IL-6 levels in response to weight loss diet in obese subjects.

Polymorphism G1359A of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1): allelic frequencies and influence on cardiovascular risk factors in a multicentre study of Castilla-Leon.

BACKGROUND: A polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the CNR1 gene was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations and was related to cardiovascular risk factors. The present study aimed to investigate the allelic distribution of polymorphism (G1359A) of the CB1 receptor gene in a geographical area of Spain (Community of Castilla y Leon) and to evaluate the influence of this polymorphism on obesity anthropometric parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in the fasted state in obese patients. METHODS: A population of 341 obese subjects was analysed. Tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance measurement, blood pressure measurement, a serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days of written food records and a biochemical analysis were all performed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-seven patients (51.9%) had the genotype G1359G (wild-type group) and 164 (48.1%) patients were A carriers: G1359A (136 patients; 39.9%) or A1359A (28 patients; 8.2%) (mutant type group). The Health Area of Palencia had a lower frequency of wild-type genotype and G allelic frequency than all the other Health Areas. Segovia and Burgos Areas had a higher frequency of wild-type genotype and G allelic frequency than the other Health Areas. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was higher in the mutant type group and blood tryglicerides were lower in the same group. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the novel finding of the present study is the association of the mutant type group G1359A and A1359A with a better lipid profile (triglycerides and HDL cholesterol) than the wild-type group. The frequencies of this polymorphism are different among Health Areas of Castilla y Leon (Spain).

Association of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) with macronutrient intakes in obese females.

BACKGROUND: The endogenous cannabinoid system plays a role in metabolic aspects of body weight and feeding behaviour. A polymorphism (1359 G/A) (rs1049353) of the CB1 gene was reported as a common polymorphism in the Caucasian population. The present study aimed to investigate the association of the polymorphism (G1359A) of the CB1 receptor gene on macronutrient intake in females with obesity. METHODS: A sample of 896 females was analysed. A bioimpedance measurement, a blood pressure measurement, a serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days of written food records, and a biochemical analysis were all performed. The genotype of the CNR1 receptor gene polymorphism (rs1049353) was studied. RESULTS: Five hundred and sixteen patients (57.6%) had the genotype G1359G (non-A carriers) and 380 (42.4%) patients had G1359A (328 patients, 36.6%) or A1359A (52 patients, 5.8%) (A carriers). Triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were higher in A non-A allele carriers than non-A allele carriers. The intakes of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat for the upper tertile (T3) compared to the baseline tertile were inversely associated with the CB1-R 1359 G/A polymorphism [odds ratio (OR) = 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.92 and OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.39-0.91, respectively]. These data were observed in the second tertile (T2) (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.29-0.94 and OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.31-0.90, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study reports an association of the A allele with a better lipid profile (triglycerides and HDL cholesterol) than non-A allele carriers. In addition, this polymorphism is associated with a specific macronutrient intake, as well as with low cholesterol and fat saturated intakes.