Chronic pain following inguinal herniorrhaphy: perceptions of children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perceptions of children and adolescents about chronic postsurgical pain, experienced for three years after outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHOD: Descriptive, exploratory study, with a qualitative approach. Children and adolescents who reported chronic postsurgical pain were invited from previous quantitative research. The interviews with a semi-structured script were recorded, transcribed, and coded according to content analysis, thematic modality. RESULTS: Twenty children and teenagers participated. They attributed different meanings to chronic persistent postsurgical pain, configuring a bad, uncomfortable, intermittent and limiting experience, which socially isolates, interferes with daily, school, and leisure activities. The report of pain was underestimated and neglected by the children's and adolescents' healthcare team, family members, teachers, and friends. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents recognize postsurgical pain as persistent pain and seem to perceive that their report is underestimated and neglected by parents and teachers. Additionally, they feel responsible for the presence of pain that affects psychological and social dimensions and imposes damage and fear that leads to the return of the hernia and to death.

Structural validity of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-Brazilian version.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI) has been widely used to measure coping with pain, however, the psychometric properties of the Brazilian CPCI are unknown. AIM: To verify the validity and reliability of the CPCI-Brazilian version. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 705 outpatients with chronic pain participated in the study. Cronbach's alpha, corrected item-total correlations, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, using the method of Diagonally Weighted Least Squares. RESULTS: Construct validity was supported with a factor loading range of 0.36-0.90 (9 factors) corroborating original loads. The final model had adequate fit with items 42 and 54 excluded, D.F = 2174, TLI = 0.96; CFI = 0.96 and RMSEA = 0.051(p = 0.067). Eight of the nine CPCI scales showed satisfactory reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.70 to 0.92). The Relaxation scale obtained a low alpha value (0.53). CONCLUSION: The CPCI-Brazilian version, after exclusion of items 42 and 54, is valid to measure chronic pain coping in Brazilian adults.

Chronic pain following inguinal herniorrhaphy: perceptions of children and adolescents / Dolor crónico tras hernia inguinal: percepciones de niños y adolescentes / Dor crônica após herniorrafia inguinal: percepções de crianças e adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the perceptions of children and adolescents about chronic postsurgical pain, experienced for three years after outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. Method: Descriptive, exploratory study, with a qualitative approach. Children and adolescents who reported chronic postsurgical pain were invited from previous quantitative research. The interviews with a semi-structured script were recorded, transcribed, and coded according to content analysis, thematic modality. Results: Twenty children and teenagers participated. They attributed different meanings to chronic persistent postsurgical pain, configuring a bad, uncomfortable, intermittent and limiting experience, which socially isolates, interferes with daily, school, and leisure activities. The report of pain was underestimated and neglected by the children's and adolescents' healthcare team, family members, teachers, and friends. Conclusion: Children and adolescents recognize postsurgical pain as persistent pain and seem to perceive that their report is underestimated and neglected by parents and teachers. Additionally, they feel responsible for the presence of pain that affects psychological and social dimensions and imposes damage and fear that leads to the return of the hernia and to death.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las percepciones de niños y adolescentes sobre dolor crónica posoperatoria, vivenciada durante tres años tras hernia inguinal ambulatoria. Método: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y de abordaje cualitativo. Niños y adolescentes que relataron dolor crónico posoperatorio fueron invitados desde investigación cualitativa anterior. Las entrevistas con texto semiestructurado fueron grabadas, transcriptas y codificadas según el análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: Participaron 20 niños y adolescentes. Ellos atribuyeron diferentes significados al dolor crónico posoperatorio persistente, lo configuraron como una experiencia mala, incomoda intermitente y limitante, que genera aislamiento social, interfiere en las actividades cotidianas, escolares y de ocio. El relato de dolor fue subestimado y negligenciado por el equipo de salud, familiares, profesores y amigos de los niños y adolescentes. Conclusión: Niños y adolescentes reconocen el dolor posoperatorio como dolor persistente y parecen percibir que su relato es subestimado y negligenciado por los padres y profesores. Además, se sienten responsables por la presencia del dolor que afecta dimensiones psicológicas y sociales e impone perjuicios y miedo que remite al regreso de la hernia y la muerte.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as percepções de crianças e adolescentes sobre dor crônica pós-operatória, vivenciada durante três anos após herniorrafia inguinal ambulatorial. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa. Crianças e adolescentes que referiram dor crônica pós-operatória foram convidados a partir de pesquisa quantitativa anterior. As entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado foram gravadas, transcritas e codificadas segundo a análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: Participaram 20 crianças e adolescentes. Eles atribuíram diferentes significados à dor crônica pós-operatória persistente, configurando uma experiência ruim, incômoda, intermitente e limitante, que isola socialmente, interfere nas atividades cotidianas, escolares e de lazer. O relato de dor foi subestimado e negligenciado pela equipe de saúde, familiares, professores e amigos das crianças e adolescentes. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes reconhecem a dor pós-operatória como dor persistente e parecem perceber que seu relato é subestimado e negligenciado pelos pais e professores. Adicionalmente, sentem-se responsáveis pela presença da dor que afeta dimensões psicológicas e sociais e impõe prejuízos e medo que remete ao retorno da hérnia e à morte.

The incidence of chronic pain following Cesarean section and associated risk factors: A cohort of women followed up for three months.

BACKGROUND: Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is one of the post-surgical complications of a Cesarean section. Despite the high rates of Cesarean section worldwide, the incidence of CPSP and the risk factors for this condition remain relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to calculate the incidence of CPSP in women submitted to Cesarean section and to analyze the associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of 621 women undergoing Cesarean section was recruited preoperatively. Potential presurgical (sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle-related characteristics) and post-surgical risk factors (the presence and intensity of pain) risk factors were analyzed. Pain was measured at 24 hours and 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery. Following discharge from hospital, data were collected by telephone. The outcome measure was self-reported pain three months after a Cesarean section. The risk factors for chronic pain were analyzed using the log-binomial regression model (a generalized linear model). RESULTS: A total of 462 women were successfully contacted 90 days following surgery. The incidence of CPSP was 25.5% (95%CI: 21.8-29.7). Risk factors included presurgical anxiety (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01-1.05), smoking (adjusted RR 2.22; 95%CI: 1.27-3.88) and severe pain in the early postoperative period (adjusted RR 2.79; 95%CI: 1.29-6.00). CONCLUSION: One in four women submitted to Cesarean section may develop CPSP; however, the risk factors identified here are modifiable and preventable. Preventive strategies directed towards controlling anxiety, reducing smoking during pregnancy and managing pain soon after hospital discharge are recommended.

Predictors for Moderate to Severe Acute Postoperative Pain after Cesarean Section.

Background. Moderate to severe postoperative pain affects performance of daily activities and it contributes to persistent postoperative pain. In patients submitted to cesarean section, this pain can also interfere with women's ability to care for their babies, to effectively breastfeed, and to satisfactorily interact with their children. Factors influencing the pain perception during the immediate postoperative period have not been widely pursued. Objective. To investigate the incidence and predicting factors of postoperative pain after cesarean section. Methods. A prospective longitudinal study with 1,062 women submitted to cesarean section. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, surgical, and health behavior data. We used the 11-point Numerical Pain and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales. We performed logistic analysis to identify predictors of moderate to severe postoperative pain. Results. The incidence of moderate-severe postoperative pain was 78.4% (CI: 95%: 75.9%-80.8%). The preoperative anxiety (OR = 1.60; CI 95%: 1.22-2.30) and intrathecal morphine with fentanyl (OR = 0,23; CI 95%: 0.08-0.66) were significantly associated with moderate-severe postoperative pain report. Conclusion. The preoperative anxiety increases the risk of moderate-severe postoperative pain in women submitted to cesarean section. The intrathecal morphine with fentanyl added to bupivacaine was a protective factor against this pain.

[Postoperative pain in children: a gender approach]. / Dor pós-operatória em crianças: uma abordagem de gênero.

The objective of this study was to verify and describe, from a gender focus, the associations between gender and specific postoperative pain variables in pediatrics. This is a cross-sectional study of 77 children between 6 and 13 years of age (M=9 years; sd=2.2 years), ASA I and II, 77.9% from low-income classes, 68.8% boys and 32.8% girls. Data were collected on the first postoperative (1st PO) day through semi-structured interviews and four measurement scales. The main baseline diseases were adenotonsillitis and fractures. Prevalence of pain on the 1st PO was 91.7% for girls and 75.5% for boys (p>0.05). No association was found between pain intensity and gender. The most used pain descriptors were it cuts and it squeezes. The preferred scale was the EFMC (with faces from a Brazilian cartoon: Monica's Gang). Pediatric pain management is still inadequate and gender may influence the pain response.