A comparison of ultrafast and conventional spectral Doppler ultrasound to measure cerebral blood flow velocity during inguinal hernia repair in infants.

BACKGROUND: Ultrafast cerebral Doppler ultrasound enables simultaneous quantification and visualization of cerebral blood flow velocity. The aim of this study is to compare the use of conventional and ultrafast spectral Doppler during anesthesia and their potential to show the effect of anesthesiologic procedures on cerebral blood flow velocities, in relation to blood pressure and cerebral oxygenation in infants undergoing inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: A single-center prospective observational cohort study in infants up to six months of age. We evaluated conventional and ultrafast spectral Doppler cerebral ultrasound measurements in terms of number of successful measurements during the induction of anesthesia, after sevoflurane induction, administration of caudal analgesia, a fluid bolus and emergence of anesthesia. Cerebral blood flow velocity was quantified in pial arteries using conventional spectral Doppler and in the cerebral cortex using ultrafast Doppler by peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and resistivity index. RESULTS: Twenty infants were included with useable conventional spectral Doppler images in 72/100 measurements and ultrafast Doppler images in 51/100 measurements. Intraoperatively, the success rates were 53/60 (88.3%) and 41/60 (68.3%), respectively. Cerebral blood flow velocity increased after emergence for both conventional (end diastolic velocity, from 2.01 to 2.75 cm/s, p < 0.001) and ultrafast spectral Doppler (end diastolic velocity, from 0.59 to 0.94 cm/s), whereas cerebral oxygenation showed a reverse pattern with a decrease after the emergence of the infant (85% to 68%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: It is possible to quantify cortical blood flow velocity during general anesthesia using conventional and ultrafast spectral Doppler cerebral ultrasound. Cerebral blood flow velocity and blood pressure decreased, while regional cerebral oxygenation increased during general anesthesia. Ultrafast spectral Doppler ultrasound offers novel insights into perfusion within the cerebral cortex, unattainable through conventional spectral ultrasound. Yet, ultrafast Doppler is curtailed by a lower success rate and a more rigorous learning curve compared to conventional method.

Early brain magnetic resonance imaging findings and neurodevelopmental outcome in children with congenital heart disease: A systematic review.

AIM: To investigate the association between early brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and neurodevelopmental outcome (NDO) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHOD: A search for studies was conducted in Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Observational and interventional studies were included, in which patients with CHD underwent surgery before 2 months of age, a brain MRI scan in the first year of life, and neurodevelopmental assessment beyond the age of 1 year. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included. Thirteen found an association between either quantitative or qualitative brain metrics and NDO: 5 out of 7 studies showed decreased brain volume was significantly associated with worse NDO, as did 7 out of 10 studies on brain injury. Scanning protocols and neurodevelopmental tests varied strongly. INTERPRETATION: Reduced brain volume and brain injury in patients with CHD can be associated with impaired NDO, yet standardized scanning protocols and neurodevelopmental assessment are needed to further unravel trajectories of impaired brain development and its effects on outcome.

Neuropsychological outcome in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia at 5 years of age, what does it tell?

Previous studies have frequently reported neurocognitive deficits in children born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) at school age, which may contribute to academic difficulties. Yet, age at onset of these deficits is currently unknown. We evaluated neurocognitive skills with possible determinants in preschool children born with CDH. Eligible 5-year-old children born with CDH (2010-2015) who participated in our prospective structural follow-up program were included. We used the WPPSI-III to assess intelligence, subtests of the Kaufman-ABC for memory, and NEPSY-II to assess inhibition and attention. We included 63 children. Their test scores generally were within or significantly above normal range: total IQ = 103.4 (15.7) (p = 0.13); Verbal memory = 10.2 (2.8) (p = 0.61); Visuospatial memory = 11.4 (2.6) (p < 0.01); Inhibition = 10.5 (2.2), (p = 0.10). In univariable analyses, length of ICU-stay was negatively associated with IQ, and maximum vasoactive inotropic score and open repair were negatively associated with inhibition skills. In multivariable regression analysis, the latter association remained (B = 5.52, p = 0.04 (CI 0.32-10.72)).   Conclusions: In these tested 5-year-old children born with CDH, neuropsychological outcome was normal on average. While problems in 8-year-olds are common, we did not detect onset of these problems at age 5. Yet, we cannot rule out that this cohort had a relatively mild level of disease severity; therefore, conclusions should be interpreted with caution. However, given the growing-into-deficit hypothesis, meaning that deviant brain development in early life is revealed once higher cognitive brain functions are demanded, follow-up should be conducted up to school age, and preferably beyond. What is Known: • Children born with CDH are at risk for academic difficulties at school age. • Whether these difficulties can be detected already before school age is unknown. What is New: • At age 5 years, intelligence, inhibition, attention, and memory skills were all within normal range, or even above, in children with CDH. This is supportive of the growing-into-deficit hypothesis in this patient population. • Those who underwent open surgical correction had poorer inhibition skills than those who were corrected with minimal access surgery.

Persisting Motor Function Problems in School-Aged Survivors of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

Background and Objectives: Children born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), are at risk for motor function impairment during childhood. We hypothesized that all children born with CDH are at risk for persistent motor function impairment, irrespective of ECMO-treatment. We longitudinally assessed these children's motor function. Methods: Children with CDH with and without ECMO-treatment, born 1999-2007, who joined our structural prospective follow-up program were assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) at 5, 8, 12 years. Z-scores were used in a general linear model for longitudinal analysis. Results: We included 55 children, of whom 25 had been treated with ECMO. Forty-three (78%) were evaluated at three ages. Estimated mean (95% CI) z-scores from the general linear model were -0.67 (-0.96 to -0.39) at 5 years of age, -0.35 (-0.65 to -0.05) at 8 years, and -0.46 (-0.76 to -0.17) at 12 years. The 5- and 8-years scores differed significantly (p = 0.02). Motor development was significantly below the norm in non-ECMO treated patients at five years; -0.44 (-0.83 to -0.05), and at all ages in the ECMO-treated-patients: -0.90 (-1.32 to -0.49), -0.45 (-0.90 to -0.02) and -0.75 (-1.2 to -0.34) at 5, 8, and 12 years, respectively. Length of hospital stay was negatively associated with estimated total z-score M-ABC (p = 0.004 multivariate analysis). Conclusion: School-age children born with CDH are at risk for motor function impairment, which persists in those who received ECMO-treatment. Especially for them long-term follow up is recommended.