Health consultations at a performing arts health centre among classical music students based on electronic health record data: a cross-sectional study.

Physical and mental health problems in music students are usually identified using self-reported data. The use of an Electronic Health Record database can avoid biases to give an overview of the extent of health problems in this population. Therefore, the aim of this study is to gain insight into both physical and mental health related issues in classical music students using this type of data collection. An Electronic Health Record database including five years of data from a Performing Arts Health Centre (PAHC) of a university or the arts, was used to analyze the number and characteristics of health consultations in music students. The total number of students, health consultations and the average number of visits per health consultation were calculated over five years. Furthermore, numbers and percentages of both physical and mental health consultations were registered. Also, the number and percentage of health consultations per instrument group were compared to the proportion of each instrument group within the specific sample. Over a period of five years, 230 students visited the PAHC and 417 health consultations were reported. 43.5% of the students who visited a health professional indicated at least one physical health consultation, 29.1% at least one mental health consultation and 27.4% at least one in both categories. An injury was the most frequently registered physical health consultation (40.2%), followed by performance improvement (9.8%) and stress (9.6%). Voice students registered relatively most health consultations. As far as we know, this is the first cross-sectional study using Electronic Health Record data from a PAHC to gain insight into both physical and mental health related issues in a population of classical music students. Looking at the variety of health consultations registered in the database, a multidisciplinary team and multidisciplinary approach are necessary to meet the needs of the students in terms of physical and mental health support and performance improvement.

Post-traumatic and OA-related lesions in the knee at baseline and 2 years after traumatic meniscal injury: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of early degenerative changes on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 24 months after a traumatic meniscal tear and to compare these changes in patients treated with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy or physical therapy plus optional delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. DESIGN: We included patients aged 18-45 years with a recent onset, traumatic, MRI verified, isolated meniscal tear without radiographic osteoarthritis. Patients were randomized to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy or standardized physical therapy with optional delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. MRIs at baseline and 24 months were scored using the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS). We compared baseline MRIs to healthy controls aged 18-40 years. The outcome was the progression of bone marrow lesions (BMLs), cartilage defects and osteophytes after 24 months in patients. RESULTS: We included 99 patients and 50 controls. At baseline, grade 2 and 3 BMLs were present in 26% of the patients (n = 26), compared to 2% of the controls (n = 1) (between group difference 24% (95% CI 15% to 34%)). In patients, 35% (n = 35) had one or more cartilage defects grade 1 or higher, compared to 2% of controls (n = 1) (between group difference 33% (95% CI 23% to 44%)). At 24 months MRI was available for 40 patients randomized to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and 41 patients randomized to physical therapy. At 24 months 30% (n = 12) of the patients randomized to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy showed BML worsening, compared to 22% (n = 9) of the patients randomized to physical therapy (between group difference 8% (95% CI -11% to 27%)). Worsening of cartilage defects was present in 40% (n = 16) of the arthroscopic partial meniscectomy group, compared to 22% (n = 9) of the physical therapy group (between group difference 18% (95% CI -2% to 38%)). Of the patients who had no cartilage defect at baseline, 33% of the arthroscopic partial meniscectomy group had a new cartilage defect at follow-up compared to 14% of the physical therapy group. Osteophyte worsening was present in 18% (n = 7) of the arthroscopic partial meniscectomy group and 15% (n = 6) of the physical therapy group (between group difference 3% (95% CI -13% to 19%)). CONCLUSIONS: Our results might suggest more worsening of BMLs and cartilage defects with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy compared to physical therapy with optional delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy at 24-month follow-up in young patients with isolated traumatic meniscal tears without radiographic OA.

Weight-Bearing Physical Activity, Lower-Limb Muscle Mass, and Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Importance: It has been demonstrated that total physical activity is not associated with risk of osteoarthritis. However, the association of different types of physical activity with incident knee osteoarthritis remains unclear. Objective: To determine whether weight-bearing recreational physical activities are associated with increased risk of incident knee osteoarthritis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study used data from the Rotterdam Study (1996 to 2009), including participants with knee x-ray measurements at baseline and follow-up examinations. Participants with knee osteoarthritis at baseline were excluded. Residents aged 45 years and older of the Ommoord district in the city of Rotterdam in The Netherlands were invited to join the Rotterdam Study (78% response rate). Analysis was conducted in June 2023. Exposure: Total, weight-bearing, and non-weight-bearing recreational physical activities collected by questionnaires at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis measured by knee x-ray was the primary outcome, and incident symptomatic knee osteoarthritis defined by x-ray and knee pain questionnaire was the secondary outcome. The association of different types of recreational physical activity with radiographic knee osteoarthritis was examined using logistic regression within generalized estimating equation framework after adjusting for potential confounders. A prespecified stratification analysis was planned on the basis of lower-limb muscle mass index (LMI) tertiles, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: A total of 5003 individuals (2804 women [56.0%]; mean [SD] age, 64.5 [7.9] years) were included. The knee osteoarthritis incident rate was 8.4% (793 of 9483 knees) for a mean (SD) follow-up time of 6.33 (2.46) years. Higher weight-bearing activity was associated with increased odds of incident knee osteoarthritis (odds ratio [OR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10-1.35; P < .001), but non-weight-bearing activity was not (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.95-1.15; P = .37). In the analysis stratified by LMI tertiles, the association of weight-bearing activity with incident osteoarthritis was found only among 431 patients in the lowest LMI tertile (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.15-2.04; P = .003), but not among patients in the middle or high LMI tertile. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study suggest that weight-bearing activity is associated with incident knee osteoarthritis in people with low levels of lower-limb muscle mass, which might be a promising avenue for tailored advice for physical activity.

Corrigendum to "Effect of exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis: A systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis" [Osteoarthr Cartil Open 5 (2023) 100338].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2023.100338.].

Musculoskeletal pain in 13-year-old children: the generation R study.

ABSTRACT: Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is a common reason for consultation in general practice and frequently reported in children and adolescents. This study examined the prevalence of MSK pain in 13-year-old children and assessed associations with physical and psychosocial factors. Data from the Generation R Study, a population-based birth cohort, was used. Prevalence and characteristics of MSK pain were assessed, using a pain mannequin, at 13 years of age (N = 3062). Demographics and data on physical activity, sedentary behaviors, previous reported MSK pain, and behavioral problems were extracted from questionnaires. The body mass index (BMI) SD-score was calculated from objectively measured weight and height. A prevalence of 23.3% was found for MSK pain in children of which 87.2% persisted for more than 3 months (ie, chronic), 45.5% experienced pain daily. More physically active children and children with a higher BMI reported MSK pain more frequently compared with non-MSK pain and no pain. The knee was the most often reported location. Children with MSK pain were more likely to have reported MSK pain at 6 years. Multivariable analyses showed significant associations for male sex (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.98), high maternal educational (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49-0.96), higher BMI (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.35), being physically active (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.91), and behavioral problems (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.33-2.59) with the presence of MSK pain. The chronic nature of MSK pain in combination with the relatively high prevalence of MSK pain in this study shows that MSK pain is already an important problem at a young age.

Comparison of weekly training load and acute:chronic workload ratio methods to estimate change in training load in running.

CONTEXT: Before examining the impact of training load on injury risk in runners, it is important to gain insight in the differences between methods that are used to measure change in training load. OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences between four methods to calculate change in training load: (1) weekly training load; (2) acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), coupled rolling average (RA); (3) ACWR, uncoupled RA; (4) ACWR, exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA). DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: This study is part of a randomized-controlled trial on running injury prevention among recreational runners. Runners received a baseline questionnaire and a request to share GPS training data. PARTICIPANTS: Runners who registered for running events (distances 10-42.195 kilometers) in the Netherlands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measure was the predefined significant increase in training load (weekly training loads ≥30% progression and ACWRs ≥1.5), based on training distance. Proportional Venn diagrams visualized the differences between the methods. RESULTS: 430 participants (73.3% men; age 44.3 years) shared their GPS training data with in total 22,839 training sessions. For the weekly training load, coupled RA, uncoupled RA, and EWMA method, respectively 33.4% (95% CI 32.8-34.0), 16.2% (95% CI 15.7-16.6), 25.8% (95% CI 25.3-26.4), and 18.9% (95% CI 18.4-19.4) of the training sessions were classified as significant increase in training load. Of the training sessions with significant increase in training load, 43.0% expressed in the weekly training load method showed a difference with the coupled RA and EWMA method. Training sessions with significant increase in training load based on the coupled RA method showed 100% overlap with the uncoupled RA and EWMA method. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in change in training load measured by weekly training load and ACWR methods was high. To validate an appropriate measure of change in training load in runners, future research on the association between training loads and RRI risk is needed.

Predictors of Placebo Response to Local (Intra-Articular) Therapy In Osteoarthritis: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this study to evaluate potential predictors of placebo response with intra-articular (IA) injections for knee/hip osteoarthritis (OA) using individual participant data (IPD) from existing trials. METHODS: Randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating IA glucocorticoid or hyaluronic acid published to September 2018 were selected. IPD for disease characteristics and outcome measures were acquired. Potential predictors of placebo response included participant characteristics, pain severity, intervention, and trial design. Placebo response was defined as at least a 20% reduction in baseline pain. Logistic regression models and odds ratios were computed as effect measures to evaluate patient and pain mechanisms and then pooled using a random effects model. Generalized mixed-effect models were applied to intervention and trial characteristics. RESULTS: Of 56 eligible trials, 6 shared data, and these were combined with the existing 4 OA Trial Bank studies, yielding 10 studies with IPD of 621 placebo participants for analysis. In the total placebo population, at short-term follow-up, the use of local anesthetic and ultrasound guidance were associated with reduced odds of placebo response. At midterm follow-up, mid- to long-term trial duration was associated with increased odds of placebo response, and worse baseline function scores were associated with reduced odds of a placebo response. CONCLUSION: The administration of local anesthetics or ultrasound guidance may reduce IA placebo response at short-term follow-up. At midterm follow-up, participants with worse baseline function scores may be less likely to respond to IA placebo, and mid- to long-term trial duration may enhance the placebo response. Further studies are required to corroborate these potential predictors of IA placebo response.

Epidemiology of insertional and midportion Achilles tendinopathy in runners: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a common problem among runners. There is only limited evidence for risk factors for AT, and most studies have not defined the AT subcategories. No study has compared the incidence and risk factors between insertional AT and midportion AT, though they are considered distinct. This study aimed to assess incidence and risk factors of AT based on data from a large prospective cohort. The secondary aim was to explore differences in risk factors between insertional and midportion AT. METHODS: Participants were recruited from among registered runners at registration for running events. Questionnaires were completed at baseline, 1 month before the event, 1 week before the event, and 1 month after the event. Information concerning demographics, training load, registered events, and running-related injuries were collected at baseline. The follow-up questionnaires collected information about new injuries. A pain map was used to diagnose midportion and insertional AT. The primary outcome was the incidence of AT. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to identify risk factors for the onset. RESULTS: We included 3379 participants with a mean follow-up of 20.4 weeks. The incidence of AT was 4.2%. The proportion of insertional AT was 27.7% and of midportion AT was 63.8%; the remaining proportion was a combined type of insertional and midportion AT. Men had a significantly higher incidence (5%, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 4.1%-6.0%) than women (2.8%, 95%CI: 2.0%-3.8%). AT in the past 12 months was the most predominant risk factor for new-onset AT (odds ratio (OR) = 6.47, 95%CI: 4.27 -9.81). This was similar for both subcategories of AT (insertional: OR = 5.45, 95%CI: 2.51-11.81; midportion: OR = 6.96, 95%CI: 4.24-11.40). Participants registering for an event with a distance of 10/10.55 km were less likely to develop a new-onset AT (OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.36-0.97) or midportion AT (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.23 -0.93). Higher age had a significant negative association with insertional AT (OR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.94-1.00). CONCLUSION: The incidence of new-onset AT among recreational runners was 4.2%. The proportion of insertional and midportion AT was 27.7% and 63.8%, respectively. AT in the past 12 months was the predominant risk factor for the onset of AT. Risk factors varied between insertional and midportion AT, but we could not identify clinically relevant differences between the 2 subtypes.

E-health intervention for preventing recurrent ankle sprains: a randomised controlled trial in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprains are frequent injuries in general practice. However, no effective treatment is available yet. AIM: To examine the effectiveness of an unsupervised e-health-supported neuromuscular training programme in combination with usual care compared with usual care alone in patients with acute lateral ankle sprains in general practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomised controlled trial with 1-year follow-up among patients (14-65 years) who visited the GP with an acute lateral ankle sprain within 3 weeks of injury. METHOD: The intervention group received, in addition to usual care, an unsupervised e-health-supported neuromuscular training programme and the control group received usual care alone. The primary outcome was self-reported re-sprains during 52 weeks of follow-up. Secondary outcomes were ankle function, pain in rest and during activity, subjective recovery, and return to the same type and level of sport. RESULTS: In total, 165 participants (mean age 38.3 years and 69 [41.8%] male) were included. No statistically significant difference in the occurrence of a re-sprain were found between the intervention 20.7% (17/82) and control group 24.1% (20/83) (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.59 to 2.21). Also, no statistically significant differences in secondary outcomes were found between groups. The adherence rate to the programme was low (6.1%, 5/82). CONCLUSION: The rate of re-sprains was relatively high and an unsupervised e-health-supported neuromuscular training programme does not yield meaningful effects and does not encourage adherence in preventing re-sprains in patients in general practice. More research is necessary to indicate the best treatment modality and way of delivery for these patients.

Patellofemoral pain in general practice: the incidence and management.

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a nontraumatic knee problem primarily observed in physically active adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and management of PFP in children and adolescents in general practice. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a regional primary care database containing full electronic health records of over 300,000 patients. Patients with a new PFP diagnosis between the years 2013 and 2019 were extracted using a search algorithm based on International Classification of Primary Health Care coding and search terms in free text. Data on the management of PFP were manually checked and analysed. In addition, a sub-analysis for chronic and nonchronic PFP patients was performed. RESULTS: The mean incidence of PFP over the study period was 3.4 (95% CI 3.2-3.6) per 1,000 person years in the age group of 7-24 years. Girls had a higher incidence rate (4.6 [95% CI 4.3-5.0]) compared to boys (2.3 [95% CI 2.1-2.5]). Peak incidence was at age 13 years for both sexes. The most commonly applied management strategy was advice (55.1%), followed by referral to physiotherapy (28.2%), analgesics prescription (10.4%), and referral to the orthopaedic surgeon (8.9%). No differences were found in age, sex, and treatment between chronic and nonchronic PFP patients. CONCLUSIONS: The average Dutch general practitioner sees approximately 1.4 new child or adolescent with PFP per year. Overall management strategies were in concordance with current Dutch general practice guideline on nontraumatic knee problems. More insight should be gained in the population with chronic complaints.

Exploring the pain and disability continuum in adolescents with non-traumatic anterior knee pain: a mediation analysis using individual participant data of prospective studies.

OBJECTIVE: To use individual patient data (IPD) to investigate if the effect of pain on sports-related disability is mediated through physical (lower extremity isometric strength) or psychological (depression/anxiety and knee confidence) factors in adolescents with non-traumatic anterior knee pain. METHODS: This study included four datasets from a previously harmonised IPD dataset. Prior to analysis, the protocol and analysis approach were predefined and published on Open Science Framework. Potential mediators were pre-sepcified as isometric knee and hip strengths, self-reported anxiety/depression and confidence in the knee, allmeasured at 12 weeks after baseline evaluation. Mediation analyses were undertaken using the CMAVerse package in RStudio using the regression-based approach to decompose the total effect of the exposure (pain at baseline evaluation) on the outcome (sports-related disability at 6 months) into the 'indirect effect' (the portion of the total effect acting through the mediators) and the 'direct effect'. RESULTS: Two-hundred and seventy-nine adolescents with non-traumatic knee pain were included in the analysis. Median age was 13 (range 10-19), and 72% were women. Baseline pain was associated with sports-related disability at 6 months. There was no evidence of the association being mediated by any of the proposed mediators (total natural indirect effect for strength 0.01 (-1.14 to 1.80) and psychological factors 0.00 (-0.66 to 2.02)). CONCLUSION: We found an effect of pain on sports-related disability at 6 months which appears to be independent of lower extremity muscle strength, or depression/anxiety and knee confidence in adolescents with non-traumatic anterior knee pain.

Do physical tests have a prognostic value in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy?

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether baseline physical tests have a prognostic value on patient-reported outcomes in Achilles tendinopathy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study, secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial. METHODS: Patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy performed a progressive calf muscle exercise program. At baseline and after 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, patients completed the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles questionnaire and performed the following physical tests: ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with a bent knee or an extended knee, calf muscle strength, jumping height and pain on palpation (Visual Analogue Scale; 0-100) and after 10 hops (Visual Analogue Scale-10-hops). Associations between baseline test results and improvement (Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles scores) were determined using a Mixed Linear Model. RESULTS: 80 patients were included. The mean Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles score improved 20 points (95 % confidence interval, 16-25, P < .001) after 24 weeks. There were significant associations between the baseline ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with a bent knee (ß 0.2, 95 % confidence interval 0.001 to 0.3, P = .049), the baseline pain provocation tests (Visual Analogue Scale palpation: ß -0.2; 95 % confidence interval: -0.4 to -0.1; P < .001, Visual Analogue Scale-10-hops: ß -0.3; 95 % confidence interval: -0.4 to -0.2; P < .001) and the change in the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles score. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy, easy-to-perform pain provocation tests have a clinically relevant prognostic value on patient-reported improvement. Patients with less pain during pain provocation tests at baseline have a better improvement in pain, function and activities after 24 weeks than patients with high baseline pain scores.

The OA Trial Bank: Update of individual patient data meta-analysis of intra-articular glucocorticoids in persons with knee and hip osteoarthritis.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of intra--articular (IA) glucocorticoid for knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA) in specific subgroups of patients according to the baseline severity of pain and inflammatory signs using individual patient data (IPD) from existing trials. Furthermore, this study aims to assess if a baseline pain cut-off was associated with clinically important effectiveness of IA glucocorticoid. This is an update of an IA glucocorticoid IPD meta-analysis by the OA Trial Bank. Method: Randomized trials evaluating one or more IA glucocorticoid preparations in hip and knee OA, published to May 2018 were selected. IPD of patient and disease characteristics and outcome measures were acquired. The primary outcome was pain severity at short-term follow-up (up to 4 weeks). Potential interaction effect of severe pain (≥70 points, 0-100 scale) and signs of inflammation at baseline were studied using a two-stage approach with general liner model followed by random effects model. Analysis of trend was conducted, assessing if a baseline pain cut-off was associated with the threshold for clinically important treatment effect of IA glucocorticoid compared to placebo. Results: Four out of 16 eligible randomized clinical trials (n â€‹= â€‹641) were combined with the existing OA Trial Bank studies (n â€‹= â€‹620), yielding 1261 participants from eleven studies. Participants with severe baseline pain compared to those with less severe pain had greater pain reduction at mid-term (around 12 weeks) (mean reduction: -6.90 (95%CI -10.91; -2.90)), but not at short- and long-term. No interaction effects were found between inflammatory signs and IA glucocorticoid injections compared to placebo at all follow-up time-points. Analysis of trend demonstrated treatment response to IA glucocorticoid from baseline pain levels >50 (0-100 scale) and above. Conclusion: This updated IPD meta-analysis demonstrated that participants with severe pain compared to those with less severe pain at baseline experienced significantly more pain relief with IA glucocorticoid compared with placebo at mid-term.

A systematic review of patient barriers and facilitators for implementing lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss in primary care.

Numerous barriers are experienced by people with overweight and obesity that play a role in the implementation of lifestyle interventions. This systematic review aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators for children and adults with overweight or obesity when implementing lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss in primary care. A systematic review was conducted by searching four databases to identify eligible studies (1969-2022). The Critical Appraisal Skills Program was used to assess the study quality. A total of 28 studies were included, of which 21 focused on adults and seven on children and their parents. Thematic synthesis of the 28 studies included identified nine key themes, of which support, role of the general practitioner, structure of the lifestyle intervention program, logistics, and psychological factors were the most common. This review shows that a strong support system and a personalized lifestyle intervention are essential components for successful implementation. Additional research is needed to identify whether future lifestyle interventions can take these barriers and facilitators into account and still be feasible for losing weight.

Anterior Tibiotalar Fat Pad Involvement in Ankle Osteoarthritis: MRI Features in Patients 1 Year After a Lateral Ankle Sprain.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of the anterior tibiotalar fat pad (ATFP) in the ankle joint in a population of patients 1 year after an ankle sprain and its correlation with systemic factors and local articular pathology. DESIGN: The study is a secondary analysis of an observational case-control study. We included 206 patients who were followed 6-12 months after ankle sprain. T1 MRI scans were assessed for signal intensity and area of ATFP by mapping the fat pad using dedicated imaging software (Mimics 18.0). Quantitative values of intensity and area were generated. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between both local and systemic factors and the ATFP. Variables with a P value <0.2 were entered in 5 stepwise multivariate models: (1) age-sex-body mass index (BMI); (2) anamnesis; (3) physical examination; (4) radiographic findings; and (5) MRI findings. Predictors in these separate models were entered in the final model. RESULTS: The final multivariate model showed a significant positive association between age (P = 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13 ± 1.06), BMI (P = 0.05; 95% CI = 3.61 ± 3.53), and sex (P < 0.01; 95% CI = -49.26 ± 30.04) with T1 intensity. The final model also showed a significant negative association between age (P < 0.01; 95% CI = -0.57 ± 0.34), diffuse cartilage loss in the lateral talus (P = 0.03; 95% CI = -0.71 ± 0.63), and Kellgren and Lawrence score in the tibiotalar joint (P < 0.01; 95%CI = -21.61 ± 7.24) and ATFP area. A positive association was found between BMI (P < 0.01; 95% CI = 2.25 ± 1.15) and ATFP area. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a correlation between ATFP and both systemic factors and local pathology in the ankle joint.

Effect of exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis: A systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the existing evidence on the effect of exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) compared to no treatment and explore whether a further trial will change the current evidence. Design: Systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis using randomized controlled trials (RCT) to determine the effect on pain and function post-treatment, and at 6-9 months after treatment. Standardized mean difference (SMD) â€‹≤ â€‹-0.37 was considered clinically worthwhile. Extended funnel plots were used to simulate the impact of a new trial on the pooled effect size of pain and function. Results: 18 RCTs were included. Post-treatment we found a beneficial effect of exercise therapy on pain (SMD -0.38, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.55 to -0.22) and function (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.11). A beneficial effect of exercise therapy on pain (SMD -0.23, 95% CI: 0.41 to -0.05) and function (SMD -0.29, 95% CI: 0.45 to -0.12) was found 6-9 months after treatment. Most effect estimates were small, and it is unclear whether these are clinically meaningful. Extended funnel plots and a simulation of a new trial showed that only a new trial with a larger effect than the current pooled effect or a trial including 74,843 participants would change the pooled effect estimate from an unclear to a clearly clinically worthwhile effect. Conclusions: We found a beneficial effect of exercise therapy on pain and function in hip OA. It is unlikely a new trial added to current evidence will change the conclusion.

Factors Associated With Running-Related Injuries in Recreational Runners With a History of Running Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence and characteristics associated with a higher injury risk in recreational runners who suffered a running-related injury (RRI) in the previous 12 months. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study among recreational runners who registered for a Dutch running event (5-42.2 km) and suffered an RRI in the 12 months before inclusion. SETTING: Open population. PARTICIPANTS: Recreational runners with a previous reported injury. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: At baseline, information on demographics, training characteristics, health complaints, and RRI history was collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: With 3 follow-up questionnaires (2 weeks before, 1 day after, and 1 month after the running event), the occurrence of new RRIs was registered. RESULTS: In total, 548 participants (55.1%) sustained a new RRI during follow-up. In total, 20.5% of the new RRIs was located at the same anatomical location as the previous RRI. Runners who registered for a marathon had a higher chance to sustain a new RRI [odd ratio (OR) 1.72; 95% confidence intervals (CIs), 1.17-2.53]. Also previous RRIs in the upper leg (OR 1.59; 95% CI, 1.15-2.19) and lower leg (OR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.18-2.21) were associated with an increased injury risk. CONCLUSIONS: Especially being a marathon runner and the anatomical location of previous RRIs seem to be associated with the injury risk in recreational runners with a previous RRI.

Physical Activity and Features of Knee Osteoarthritis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Individuals Without Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all studies that have evaluated the association between physical activity (PA) levels and features of knee osteoarthritis (OA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for subjects without OA. METHODS: The inclusion criteria for prospective studies were as follows: 1) subjects without OA; 2) average age 35-80 years; and 3) any self-reported PA or objective measurement of PA. The eligible MRI outcomes were OA-related measures of intraarticular knee joint structures. Exclusion criteria were evaluations of instant associations with transient structural changes after PA. RESULTS: Two randomized controlled trials and 16 observational studies were included. One of 11 studies found that PA was harmfully related to cartilage volume or thickness, but 4 studies found a significant protective association. Four of 10 studies found that PA was harmfully related to cartilage defects, while others showed no significant associations. Two of 3 studies reported a significantly increased cartilage T2 value in individuals with more PA. All 3 studies reported no significant association between PA and bone marrow lesions. Two studies assessed the association between PA and meniscus pathology, in which only occupational PA involving knee bending was associated with a greater risk of progression. CONCLUSION: Within the sparse and diverse evidence available, no strong evidence was found for the presence or absence of an association between PA and the presence or progression of features of OA on MRI among subjects without OA. Therefore, more research is required before PA in general and also specific forms of PA can be deemed safe for knee joint structures.

Determinants of dropout and compliance of children participating in a multidisciplinary intervention programme for overweight and obesity in socially deprived areas.

BACKGROUND: Children with overweight and obesity in socially deprived areas (SDAs) are less likely to complete and be compliant to a weight-loss programme. OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with dropout and compliance of a multidisciplinary weight-loss programme in SDA. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal cohort study included children (6-12 years) with overweight and obesity in a 12-week multidisciplinary intervention living in SDA in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Potential predictive variables for dropout and compliance included were age, sex, the weight of the child and parents, quality of life, and referral status (self-registration or referral). A Cox proportional hazards model was performed to study the association between dropout and its potential predictive variables, whereas logistic regression analyses were used for the potential predictors for compliance. RESULTS: A total of 121 children started the intervention programme. Forty-one (33.9%) children dropped out and 68 (56.2%) were compliant with the intervention. The risk of dropping out of the intervention was significantly lower for a child with overweight parents than for those with parents with normal weight (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.22 [95% confidence interval, CI 0.063-0.75]), and for those with parents with obesity (adjusted HR 0.18 [95% CI 0.060-0.52]). No other potential predictive variables were associated with dropout or compliance. CONCLUSION: Children from SDA participating in a weight-loss programme have a relatively high dropout and a low compliance rate. Parental weight seems to be an important predictor for dropout of children from SDA, where children with normal weight or obese parents have the highest risk of dropout compared with children of overweight parents.