Navigating fertility dilemmas across the lifespan in girls with Turner syndrome-a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Girls with Turner syndrome (TS) lack a partial or complete sex chromosome, which causes an accelerated decline of their ovarian reserve. Girls have to deal with several dilemmas related to their fertility, while only a limited number of them are referred to a fertility specialist and counselled about options of family planning on time. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: This scoping review provides an update of the literature on fertility in girls with TS throughout their lifespan and aims to propose a clinical practice guideline on fertility in TS. SEARCH METHODS: Databases of PubMed, Embase, and Web of science were searched using the following key terms: Turner syndrome, fertility, puberty, pregnancy, sex-hormones, karyotype, fertility preservation, assisted reproductive techniques, and counselling, alongside relevant subject headings and synonymous terms. English language articles published since 2007 were critically reviewed. Pregnancies after using donated oocytes and data about girls with TS with Y-chromosomal content were excluded. OUTCOMES: This search identified 1269 studies of which 120 were extracted for the review. The prevalence of natural conception ranged from 15% to 48% in women with 45,X/46,XX, 1% to 3% in women with 45,X, and 4% to 9% in women with other TS karyotypes. When assessing a girl's fertility potential, it was crucial to determine the karyotype in two cell lines, because hidden mosaicism may exist. In addition to karyotype, assessment of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) played a significant role in estimating ovarian function. Girls with AMH above the detection limit were most likely to experience spontaneous thelarche, menarche, and ongoing ovarian function during the reproductive lifespan. Fertility preservation became more routine practice: vitrification of oocytes was reported in 58 girls with TS and a median of five oocytes were preserved per stimulation. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has demonstrated the presence of follicles in approximately 30% of girls with TS, mostly in girls with mosaic-TS, spontaneous puberty, and AMH above the detection limit. Although girls and their parents appreciated receiving counselling on fertility in TS, only one in ten girls with TS received specialized counselling. Unfamiliarity with fertility preservation techniques or uncertainties regarding the eligibility of a girl for fertility preservation constituted barriers for healthcare professionals when discussing fertility with girls with TS. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: There currently is a high demand for fertility preservation techniques in girls with TS. A reliable prognostic model to determine which girls with TS might benefit from fertility preservation is lacking. Only a minority of these girls received comprehensive fertility counselling on the full spectrum of fertility, including uncertainties of fertility preservation, pregnancy risks, and alternatives, such as adoption. Fertility preservation could be a viable option for girls with TS. However, the question remains whether enough oocytes can be obtained for a realistic prospect of a live birth. It is important that girls and parents are empowered with the necessary information to make a well-informed decision.

Reproductive Outcomes of Women with Turner Syndrome Undergoing Oocyte Vitrification: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS) is accompanied with premature ovarian insufficiency. Oocyte vitrification is an established method to preserve fertility. However, data on the oocyte yield in women with TS who vitrify their oocytes and the return rate to utilize the oocytes are scarce. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter cohort study. Data was collected from medical records of women with TS who started oocyte vitrification between 2010 and 2021. RESULTS: Thirty-three women were included. The median cumulative number of vitrified oocytes was 20 per woman. Complications occurred in 4% of the cycles. Significant correlations were found between the cumulative number of vitrified oocytes and AMH (r = 0.54 and p < 0.01), AFC (r = 0.49 and p < 0.01), percentage of 46,XX cells (r = 0.49 and p < 0.01), and FSH (r = -0.65 and p < 0.01). Spontaneous (n = 8) and IVF (n = 2) pregnancies occurred in 10 women ± three years after vitrification. So far, none of the women have returned to utilize their vitrified oocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Oocyte vitrification is a feasible fertility preservation option for women with TS, particularly in those with 46,XX cell lines or sufficient ovarian reserve. Multiple stimulation cycles are recommended to reach an adequate number of vitrified oocytes for pregnancy. It is too early to draw conclusions about the utilization of vitrified oocytes in women with TS.

TurnerFertility trial: fertility preservation in young girls with Turner syndrome by freezing ovarian cortex tissue-a prospective intervention study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate which girls with Turner syndrome (TS) could benefit from fertility preservation by ovarian tissue cryopreservation on the basis of karyotype, puberty status, and hormonal data. DESIGN: Prospective intervention study; participants were included between 2018 and 2020. SETTING: Tertiary hospital in the Netherlands. PATIENTS: In total, 106 girls with TS aged between 2 and 18 years were included. Girls with minor X chromosome deletions, Y chromosomal content, active infections, or contraindications for surgery were excluded. INTERVENTION: A laparoscopic unilateral ovariectomy was performed to obtain ovarian cortical tissue for cryopreservation. One tissue fragment per participant was used to determine the number of follicles per ovary by serial sectioning and staining. Chromosome analysis was performed on lymphocytes and buccal cells. A blood sample was taken before the ovariectomy for hormonal analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence of follicles in ovarian cortex tissue from girls with TS in relation to karyotype, puberty status, and hormonal data. RESULTS: A unilateral ovariectomy was performed on 93 girls with TS. Complications after surgery occurred in 5 girls, including luxation of psychological symptoms in 2 girls. In 13 (14%) girls, a 46,XX cell line was found in buccal cells that was absent in lymphocytes. Follicles were observed in 30 (32%) of the 93 girls and were found mainly in girls with a 46,XX cell line in lymphocytes or buccal cells (Phi coefficient = 0.55). Spontaneous onset of puberty (Phi coefficient = 0.59), antimüllerian hormone (AMH; point-biserial correlation [r] = 0.82), inhibin B (r = 0.67), and follicle-stimulating hormone (r = -0.46) levels were also correlated strongly with the presence of follicles. Furthermore, AMH levels had a significant correlation with the number of follicles per ovary (r = 0.66). CONCLUSION: Favorable predictive markers for the presence of follicles included either a 46,XX cell line, spontaneous onset of puberty, or a combination of measurable AMH and normal follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Karyotyping of two peripheral cell lines in girls with TS is recommended to reveal hidden mosaicisms. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation should be offered with caution in a research setting to those with a sufficient ovarian reserve, considering the significant loss of follicles after ovarian tissue cryopreservation and autotransplantation. Physicians should pay attention to the mental health of the girls during the whole process. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Trial registration number: NCT03381300- Preservation of Ovarian Cortex Tissue in Girls With Turner Syndrome - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Registered on: December 21, 2017. First patient recruited on January 1, 2018.

Deciding on future fertility: considerations of girls with Turner syndrome and their parents to opt for or against ovarian tissue cryopreservation.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the considerations of girls with Turner syndrome and their parents to opt for or against ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC)? DESIGN: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with girls with Turner syndrome and their parents until data saturation was reached. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: Thirteen parents and five girls who opted for OTC, and seven parents and three girls who declined OTC, were interviewed. Parents and girls mentioned that OTC offered hope, an opportunity to have genetic offspring and clarity about their current fertility status. Most participants were not afraid of the risks of surgery and trusted healthcare providers with this procedure. In contrast, families had to deal with uncertainties, owing to the lack of information on the success rate and long-term consequences of OTC in this group. Families indicated that they had to go through an important decision-making process in a short period of time, because of the limited number of participants in the OTC study. CONCLUSION: A new opportunity and hope for future fertility were considerations for opting for OTC. However, OTC also came with uncertainties owing to the experimental nature of this procedure in girls with Turner syndrome. Healthcare providers could share these experiences with girls with Turner syndrome and their parents to improve fertility-preservation counselling in this group.

The Decision-Making Process regarding Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation in Girls with Turner Syndrome by Patients, Parents, and Healthcare Providers: A Mixed-Methods Study.

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) has proven to be effective in other patient groups, but the effectiveness in girls with Turner syndrome (TS) is still unclear. Guidelines for counselling about OTC in TS are lacking. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the experiences of patients, parents, and healthcare providers with the decision-making process regarding OTC in girls with TS. METHODS: Within a year after counselling, a survey was sent to 132 girls with TS and their parents. Furthermore, focus groups were conducted with (1) gynaecologists with subspeciality reproductive medicine, (2) paediatric endocrinologists, (3) parents of girls aged 2-12, and (4) parents of girls aged 13-18. Transcripts were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: The response rate of the survey was 45%. Of the survey respondents, 90% appreciated counselling regarding their future parenting options and considered it an addition to existing healthcare. Girls with TS and their parents indicated that the option of OTC raised hope for future genetic offspring and instantly made them feel that their only option was to seize this opportunity. Gynaecologists and paediatricians found it challenging to truly make families grasp a realistic perspective of OTC in girls with TS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Offering young girls with TS the possibility of fertility preservation in an experimental setting raised high hopes and led to challenges for healthcare providers in ensuring a considered decision. The appropriate moment for counselling should be tailored to the individual and discussed with patient, parents, and paediatrician.

Predictors of Long-Term NovaSure Endometrial Ablation Failure.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Endometrial ablation using the NovaSure system (Hologic Inc., Marlborough, MA) is 1 of the treatment options for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), which has a reported success rate of 81% to 90%. We aimed to identify predictors for NovaSure endometrial ablation failure. This will contribute to a more effective and individualized preoperative counseling. DESIGN: A retrospective multicenter cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: One university hospital and 1 large teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Four hundred eighty-six patients with HMB who had undergone NovaSure endometrial ablation between 2008 and 2014. INTERVENTIONS: The NovaSure endometrial ablation system for patients with HMB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In total, the required characteristics of 486 patients were collected and analyzed. With a median follow-up of 45 months, 19.3% (n = 94) required a secondary treatment and thus were considered NovaSure failures. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (p = .019), a history of sterilization (p = .002), the presence of dysmenorrhea (p < .001) and the presence of an intramural leiomyoma on transvaginal sonography (p = .005) were independent predictors of NovaSure ablation failure. Preoperative hysteroscopy appeared to be a protective factor (p = .001). CONCLUSION: Within a median follow-up of 45 months, 19.3% of patients required a secondary treatment. Identification of specific predictive factors for endometrial ablation failure is important in preoperative counseling and patient selection. In the current era of personalized medicine, doctors and patients will ideally choose the therapy that results in the highest chance of success in the individual case.