Caregiver Expressed Emotion and Psychiatric Symptoms in African-Americans with Schizophrenia: An Attempt to Understand the Paradoxical Relationship.

Expressed emotion (EE) is a family environmental construct that assesses how much criticism, hostility, and/or emotional over-involvement a family member expresses about a patient (Hooley, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2007, 3, 329). Having high levels of EE within the family environment has generally been associated with poorer patient outcomes for schizophrenia and a range of other disorders. Paradoxically, for African-American patients, high-EE may be associated with a better symptom course (Rosenfarb, Bellack, & Aziz, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2006, 115, 112). However, this finding is in need of additional support and, if confirmed, clarification. In line with previous research, using a sample of 30 patients with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers, we hypothesized that having a caregiver classified as low-EE would be associated with greater patient symptom severity. We also aimed to better understand why this pattern may exist by examining the content of interviews taken from the Five-Minute Speech Sample. Results supported study hypotheses. In line with Rosenfarb et al. (2006), having a low-EE caregiver was associated with greater symptom severity in African-American patients. A content analysis uncovered some interesting patterns that may help elucidate this finding. Results of this study suggest that attempts to lower high-EE in African Americans may, in fact, be counterproductive.

La alfabetización informacional en las universidades cubanas y la visualización de los niveles de incorporación a partir de la información publicada en los sitios Web de sus bibliotecas / Information literacy in Cuban Universities and viewing levels of incorporation from the information published on the websites of their libraries

INTRODUCCIÓN. La formación en competencias informacionales o alfabetización informacional (ALFIN) es uno de los retos actuales de las bibliotecas ante las posibilidades de acceso a enormes recursos de información que facilitan los medios digitales. OBJETIVOS: Identificar desde la información disponible en los sitios Web de las bibliotecas de las universidades/instituciones de enseñanza superior (IES) de Cuba, los niveles de incorporación de ALFIN como servicio fundamental y transversal de toda biblioteca. MÉTODOS: Partiendo de los postulados del análisis de contenidos Web, se realiza un proceso investigativo registrando la información recopilada, en primer lugar, en una ficha de contenidos, y posteriormente, en una base de datos que permite realizar el análisis comparativo y la presentación gráfica de los resultados. RESULTADOS: Se identificó que en la actualidad desde la información que se presenta en los sitios Web de las universidades-IES de Cuba, un porcentaje no tan amplio de bibliotecas universitarias se encontrarían realizando acciones de un nivel 1 o 2 de incorporación de ALFIN, ya que una gran mayoría se encuentra desarrollando todavía programas muy enfocados a la formación de usuarios tradicional, mientras que otra gran mayoría, desafortunadamente, aún no presenta ninguna acción-información sobre trabajos desde la perspectiva formadora que debe tener toda biblioteca. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario aunar esfuerzos entre las bibliotecas de las universidades-IES cubanas para que las más adelantadas apoyen los avances de las otras bibliotecas, y así en el tema de ALFIN poder trabajar colaborativamente en acciones de formación-autoformación, bechmarking, intercambio de recursos y objetos de aprendizaje, etcétera.

INTRODUCTION: Training in information competencies or information literacy is one of the current challenges of university libraries at the possibilities of access to vast information resources that facilitate digital media. OBJECTIVES: Identify from the information available on the websites of the libraries of universities/higher-education institutions (HEI) in Cuba, the levels of incorporation, which would have the information literacy (Information Literacy) as a core and cross service of every library. METHODS: Based on the postulates of Web content analysis, an investigative process is done by recording the information gathered, first in a content tab, and then in a database that allows comparative analysis and graphical presentation results. RESULTS: It was identified that, at present, from the information displayed on Web sites of universities-HEI in Cuba, a very small percentage of university libraries would find taking actions in a level 1 or 2 of incorporating information literacy, since a large most developed is still very focused programs and processes to the traditional user training, while another large majority, unfortunately, has no action-information about actions from the forming perspective that should be any library. CONCLUSIONS: Require joint efforts among university libraries Cubans to support the more advanced the progress of the other libraries, and so the issue of information literacy, to work collaboratively in self-training activities, benchmarking, resource and learning objects sharing, among others.

A análise de conteúdo como forma de tratamento dos dados numa pesquisa qualitativa em Educação Física escolar / The content analysis as data treatment way in a school Physical Education qualitative research

Muitas vezes, em livros e periódicos, se dá menor ênfase à elucidação da metodologia investigativa, favorecendo o não reconhecimento dos procedimentos e instrumentos de coleta e análise dos dados como construto da elaboração do pesquisador. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma reflexão acerca de uma das fases da metodologia científica, focalizando a análise de conteúdo categorial temática como uma das formas de tratamento dos dados. Tomamos como exemplo, para discutir e fundamentar o ato de pesquisa, uma investigação desenvolvida no âmbito da Educação Física escolar, na intenção de colaborarmos na consolidação da rigorosidade científica das pesquisas nessa área.

Many times, in books and periodicals, the elucidation of the investigative methodology is less emphasized, without favoring the data collection analysis procedures and instruments recognition as constructor of the researcher elaboration. In this article, we present a reflection concerning one of the scientific methodology phases, focalizing the thematic categorical content analysis as one of the data treatment ways. We take like example, to discuss and base the research act, an investigation developed under the school Physical Education scope, aiming to collaborate with the researches scientific rigorousness consolidation in this area.

Muchas veces, libros y periódicos, ofrecen pocos énfasis a la eludición de la metodología investigativa, favorable o no al reconocimiento de los procedimientos e instrumentos de colección y análisis de los datos como construcción de elaboración del investigador. En este artículo, presentamos una reflexión sobre una de las fases de la metodología científica, centrándose en el análisis del contenido de categoría temático como una de las maneras de tratamiento de los datos. Tenemos como ejemplo, para discutir y fundamentar el hecho de este trabajo, una investigación desarrollada en el ámbito de la Educación Física escolar, con atención de colaborar en la consolidación del rigor científico de las investigaciones en esa área.