Deficiency of vitamin D is associated with antenatal depression: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 6 to 13% of women suffer from antenatal depression (AD) around the world. AD can lead to several health problems for mother-baby. Vitamin D is a molecule that appears to have great preventive/therapeutic potential against neuropsychiatric disorders. The present study aimed to analyze the association between deficiency of vitamin D and AD in pregnant women in a city in the south of Brazil (Pelotas, RS). We hypothesize that pregnant women with a positive AD diagnosis have deficient levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort study (CEP/UCPEL 47807915.4.0000.5339). From this cohort, 180 pregnant women at up to 24 weeks gestation were selected (130 non-depressed and 50 depressed), and the diagnosis of depression was made using the MINI-Plus. Blood was collected and stored for the later analysis of vitamin D (25(OH)D) by chemiluminescence method. The SPSS program was used for data analysis, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In our study, we showed a significant association between Major Depressive Episode current in the antenatal period and vitamin D deficiency (OR: 0.9; CI 95%: 0.9;1.0, p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency may be involved in major depressive disorder in the antenatal period, in this way it advised a follow-up of vitamin D levels in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle to minimize mental health problems in women and prevent developmental deficits in children.

Randomised control trial indicates micronutrient supplementation may support a more robust maternal microbiome for women with antenatal depression during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We investigated the effects of high dose dietary micronutrient supplementation or placebo on the human gut microbiome in pregnant women who had moderate symptoms of antenatal depression. There is a significant absence of well-controlled clinical studies that have investigated the dynamic changes of the microbiome during pregnancy and the relationship among diet, microbiome and antenatal depression. This research is among the first to provide an insight into this area of research. METHODS: This 12 - week study followed a standard double blinded randomised placebo-controlled trial (RCT) design with either high dose micronutrients or active placebo. Matching stool microbiome samples and mood data were obtained at baseline and post-treatment, from participants between 12 and 24 weeks gestation. Stool microbiome samples from 33 participants (17 in the placebo and 16 in the treatment group) were assessed using 16s rRNA sequencing. Data preparation and statistical analysis was predominantly performed using the QIIME2 bioinformatic software tools for 16s rRNA analysis. RESULTS: Microbiome community structure became increasingly heterogenous with decreased diversity during the course of the study, which was represented by significant changes in alpha and beta diversity. This effect appeared to be mitigated by micronutrient administration. There were less substantial changes at the genus level, where Coprococcus decreased in relative abundance in response to micronutrient administration. We also observed that a higher abundance of Coprococcus and higher alpha diversity correlated with higher antenatal depression scores. CONCLUSIONS: Micronutrient treatment appeared to support a more diverse (alpha diversity) and stable (beta diversity) microbiome during pregnancy. This may aid in maintaining a more resilient or adaptable microbial community, which would help protect against decreases or fluctuations that are observed during pregnancy.

The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring of mothers with perinatal depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The existing epidemiological evidence on the link between maternal depression and the risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children lacks consistency. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively synthesise the existing evidence on the relationship between maternal depression during the antenatal and postnatal periods and the risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsychINFO to identify relevant articles. Random-effects meta-analysis models were employed to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) along with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane's Q-test and I2-test. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore potential sources of variation within the included studies. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test for regression asymmetry. RESULTS: Twenty-one observational studies, comprising 796,157 mother-offspring pairs, were included in the final analysis. Our meta-analysis found a 67 % (OR = 1.67, 95 % CI = 1.35-2.00) and a 53 % (OR = 1.53, 95 % CI = 1.27-1.78) increased risk of ADHD symptoms in the offspring of mothers experiencing antenatal and postnatal depression, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our systematic review and meta-analysis identified an elevated risk of ADHD symptoms in the offspring of mothers who experienced both antenatal and postnatal depression. These findings underscore the importance of early screening and targeted intervention programs for at-risk children and adolescents.

Metabolic profiling of blood plasma in depression in pregnant women during early pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to perform metabolic profiling of serum samples using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and to explore potential biomarkers of early trimester depression. METHOD: Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), participants were randomly divided into study and control groups. Serum metabolic profiles of the two groups were analysed by using LC-MS. Differential metabolite and pathway analysis were identified by using orthogonal projections to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Additionally, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were also conducted to explore potential biomarkers of antenatal depression (AD). RESULTS: The study included 41 participants, consisting of 16 subjects with AD and 25 controls. A total of 22 different metabolites were identified (p < .005), mainly affecting glycerophospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, phenylalanine metabolism, and butanoate metabolism. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the LysoPC (24:0) was 0.858. This suggests that LysoPC (24:0) may be a potentially effective predictor of risk factors for AD. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that LysoPC (24:0) may be an effective and specific lipid biomarker for early trimester depression.

Risk factors of the antenatal depression in a sample of Italian pregnant women: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal depression is characterized by low mood, insomnia, disorganised behaviour, irritability, and agitation during the pregnancy. If underestimated, antenatal depression is untreated during the pregnancy. It is associated to higher levels of suicide, higher risk of depression after childbirth, preeclampsia, preterm birth, low birth weight, poor interactions between child and mother and severe obstetric outcomes. New data underlined the importance to prevent the risk of depression during the pregnancy. This study examines the predictive validity of potential risk factors, such as socio-demographic and psychological factors, in developing the antenatal depression. METHODS: The sample was composed by Italian pregnant women (N = 247, mean age of 33.77, SD = 4.78 years). This sample completed the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Teate Depression Inventory (TDI) and questionnaires about demographic variables. To study associations among variables examined bivariate correlations were computed. To analyse the role of socio-demographic factors and the psychological dimension to predict the severity of the antenatal depression a logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: Results showed significantly positive correlations between the EPDS and the TDI, and no associations among the EPDS and all socio-demographic factors. Therefore, only the psychological factors were significant predictive risk factors of antenatal period. Finally, higher score of the depression measured via TDI predicted higher score of the EPDS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results had implications in clinical field. Indeed, the early diagnosis of depression during the pregnancy can help operators in the gynaecological field to prevent the depression in the post-partum period.

Effectiveness of the mom supports mom peer support intervention in treating antenatal mental health difficulties in women.

PROBLEM: Up to 75 % of at-risk perinatal women do not receive treatment in Czechia. BACKGROUND: Pregnant women with mental health difficulties are more likely to undergo less controversial nonpharmaceutical treatment during pregnancy, but structural and psychological barriers interfere with their capacity to seek professional help. AIM: We tested the effectiveness of the telephone-based peer support intervention Mom Supports Mom (MSM) in Czech pregnant women at risk of mental disorder. METHODS: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess risk in women (EPDS ≥ 10). Women at risk were randomized into two groups; the intervention group received the MSM, while the control group received the care as usual, which did not contain any psychological support intervention. One month after completing the EPDS, the women's mental statuses were again measured and compared, this time with data before and after the intervention, using the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) to measure anxiety, the EPDS to measure depression, the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP) to measure stress, and the Prenatal Attachment Inventory - Revised (PAI-R) to measure attachment. The trial was registered under the name Pregnancy without psychosocial stress (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04853693). FINDINGS: A total of 167 women were included in the study and randomized into two groups. Depressive symptoms did not decrease (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.48; 0.17-0.79; p = .002), but levels of anxiety (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.44; 0.13-0.75; p = .005) and psychosocial stress (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.55; 0.20-0.82; p = .002) were reduced in women in the intervention group compared with women in the control. In addition, prenatal attachment increased among intervened women (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.48; 0.17-0.79; p = .002). DISCUSSION: The telephone-based peer support intervention MSM is effective in reducing stress and anxiety and increasing prenatal attachment but does not reduce depression among high-risk women.

Using inflammatory biomarkers in early pregnancy to predict subsequent antenatal depression.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal depression (AD) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Recent studies indicated that immune responses during pregnancy may contribute to development of AD. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify possible inflammatory biomarkers in early pregnancy to predict maternal depressive symptoms before delivery. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted within the Maternal and Infant Health (MI-Health) birth cohort (Beijing, China) and depressive symptoms were assessed by Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) in both second and third trimesters. By using immune multi-factors kits, we tested 26 inflammatory factors in the serum of 38 cases with antenatal depression symptoms in both trimesters (SDS ≥ 53) and 38 controls. Logistic regression was used to identify candidate biomarkers, and the predictive capabilities were evaluated by using Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The concentrations of ln(CCL24) (p = 0.020), IL-7 (p = 0.006) and IL-10 (p = 0.014) were higher in early pregnancy among women with depressive symptoms comparing to healthy controls. The difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for maternal age, education level, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weeks of blood sampling (OR(ln(CCL24)) = 4.625, OR(IL-7) = 1.414, OR(IL-10) = 1.151). In ROC analysis, ln(CCL24), IL-7, and IL-10 achieved discrimination for depressive symptoms antepartum, with the values of AUC estimated at 0.75. LIMITATIONS: The sample size is limited, and the infectious disease infection records were not collected for control. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of CCL24, IL-7 and IL-10 may indicate the higher risk of antenatal depression and are potential biomarkers indicating pathogenesis of antenatal depression.

Associations between antenatal depressive symptoms in different trimesters and perinatal outcomes: A prospective multicenter cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that maternal antenatal depression may have adverse impacts on perinatal outcomes. However, the results of those studies are inconsistent and mainly focus on maternal depressive symptoms in the second or third trimester. METHODS: This prospective cohort study used a sub-sample of participants from the Sino-Canadian Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative trial. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for depressive symptoms in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Infant growth indicator measurements were conducted in the first year of life. Logistic regression, Spearman correlation analyses and Generalized estimation equation (GEE) models were used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS: 2053 participants were recruited in this study, 326 of whom had at least one EPDS score ≥ 10 during pregnancy. A higher EPDS score in the first (aOR=1.053, 95 % CI: 1.004-1.103) or in the second trimester (aOR=1.060, 95 % CI: 1.007-1.115) was associated with greater risk of macrosomia. A higher EPDS score in the third trimester was associated with higher risks of preterm birth (aOR=1.079, 95 % CI: 1.006-1.157) and the infant being small for gestational age (aOR=1.097, 95 % CI: 1.015-1.185). GEE models showed that a greater EPDS score in the third trimester was associated with higher infant subscapular skinfold thickness (adjusted ß=0.026, 95 % CI: 0.003-0.050). CONCLUSION: Maternal depressive symptoms in different trimesters were differentially associated with infant weight and growth parameters at birth and postnatally. The present study further highlights the importance of depression screening in all trimesters of pregnancy, including the first trimester.

Neuropsychological performance in women at risk of postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis.

PURPOSE: While neuropsychological deficits are commonly observed in affective and psychotic disorders, this remains unexplored in these disorders when they occur during pregnancy and the postpartum period. METHODS: A neuropsychological test battery was administered to women defined at risk of postpartum depression (PD, N = 53) because having either a current or past diagnosis of major depressive disorder, women at risk of postpartum psychosis (PP, N = 43) because of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder and/or a previous episode of PP and women not at risk (NR, N = 48) in the third trimester of pregnancy. Generalized and specific cognitive abilities were compared between groups. RESULTS: Women at risk of PP presented worse executive functions and processing speed compared to NR and worse performance compared to women at risk of PD across all cognitive domains. In addition, women at risk of PP who developed a psychiatric relapse in the first four weeks post-partum showed worse verbal learning and memory, visual memory, executive functions and processing speed in pregnancy compared to NR, whereas women at risk of PP who remained well presented neuropsychological performance that was intermediate between that of the women NR and those at risk of PP who developed symptoms. There were no differences in performance between women at risk of PD and the NR women, even if 31 women at risk of PD presented depressive symptoms at the time of cognitive assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings in women at risk of PP align with neuropsychological findings in individuals with, or at risk of psychosis unrelated to pregnancy. In addition, initial evidence that women at risk of PP who develop a psychiatric relapse in the postpartum show a particularly poor neuropsychological performance in pregnancy suggests that this could be considered part of a phenotype for the disease and help guiding future preventive strategies in this clinical population. In women at risk of PD, the presence of depressive symptoms did not influence cognitive performance.

Prevalence and risk factors of perinatal depression among mothers and fathers in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Perinatal mental health issues affect approximately 10% of women in high-income countries and 30% in low- or middle-income countries. This review aims to determine the prevalence of perinatal depression among mothers and fathers in Pakistan and identify associated risk factors. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We included quantitative studies on the prevalence or incidence of maternal and paternal perinatal depression, including antenatal or postnatal depression in Pakistan, with or without associated risk factors. We performed an electronic search, dual-title/abstract and full-text screening, and data extraction. Analysis was conducted on Revman and JBI SUMARI software. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the NHLBI tool. This review updated a previously published review that included 43 studies, with the last search date of 31st May 2019, now extended to literature published up to June 30, 2023. Results: Consistent with the previous review, our analysis of 61 studies indicated a pooled prevalence of 37% (95% confidence interval (CI): 30.6-43.6) for maternal antenatal depression. Postnatal depression at different time points, revealed rates of 34.2% (95% CI: 22.7-46.7), 40.9% (95% CI: 0-97.4), and 43.1% (95% CI: 24.4-62.9) at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Paternal postnatal depression was observed at 40.5% (95% CI: 14.9-69) based on two studies. Risk factors for maternal perinatal depression include multiparity, contraceptive failure, inadequate antenatal care, pregnancy-induced hypertension, previous psychiatric illness, passive smoking, drug abuse, low socio-economic status, marital problems, family hardships, recent bereavement, housing difficulties, food insecurity, husband's illiteracy, his unemployment, and being blamed for child disability. Conclusion: The findings reveal a high prevalence of perinatal depression among mothers with very limited evidence of fathers residing in Pakistan, emphasising the need for prospective studies addressing mental health challenges. Registration: This review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023442581).

The impact of relationship factors on antenatal depression in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal depression is the most prevalent pregnancy-associated mental health disorder. Previous studies have identified several risk factors for antenatal depression, including partner support. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many relationship dynamics changed. This study examined the extent to which relationship factors had an impact on antenatal depression in comparison with other well-researched factors in the context of the pandemic. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the P3 Cohort in Calgary, a longitudinal cohort study based in Alberta, Canada. Pregnant people (n = 872) completed self-report questionnaires and validated scales about sociodemographic, psychological, and relationship characteristics. Antenatal depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of reported characteristics on antenatal depression. Tests of model fit were used to examine whether the inclusion of variables related to relationship quality improved model fit after accounting for other known risk factors. RESULTS: Overall, 18.23% of participants experienced antenatal depression. Relationship factors including relationship unhappiness (OR = 1.98 [95% CI: 1.06-3.69]), having an upsetting partner (OR = 2.00 [95% CI: 1.17-3.40]), and having a lower quality of relationships with close friends and family (OR = 1.76 [95% CI: 1.14-2.73]) were associated with antenatal depression; however, inclusion of these relationship factors did not improve model fit after accounting for other known predictors. CONCLUSION: Overall, relationship factors were not associated with antenatal depression during the pandemic after accounting for other known risk factors. Stress and anxiety caused by the pandemic may have overshadowed the impact of relationship factors, or relationship factors may have contributed to higher levels of stress and anxiety more generally within our sample.

Maternal Antenatal Depression Is Associated With Metabolic Alterations That Predict Birth Outcomes and Child Neurodevelopment and Mental Health.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding metabolic alterations associated with maternal antenatal depression (AD) is limited, and their role as potential biomarkers that improve the prediction of AD and adverse childbirth, neurodevelopmental, and mental health outcomes remains unexplored. METHODS: In a cohort of 331 mother-child dyads, we studied associations between AD (a history of medical register diagnoses and/or a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score during pregnancy ≥ 20) and 95 metabolic measures analyzed 3 times during pregnancy. We tested whether the AD-related metabolic measures increased variance explained in AD over its risk factors and in childbirth, neurodevelopmental, and mental health outcomes over AD. We replicated the findings in a cohort of 416 mother-child dyads. RESULTS: Elastic net regression identified 15 metabolic measures that collectively explained 25% (p < .0001) of the variance in AD, including amino and fatty acids, glucose, inflammation, and lipids. These metabolic measures increased the variance explained in AD over its risk factors (32.3%, p < .0001 vs. 12.6%, p = .004) and in child gestational age (9.0%, p < .0001 vs. 0.7%, p = .34), birth weight (9.0%, p = .03 vs. 0.7%, p = .33), developmental milestones at the age of 2.3 to 5.7 years (21.0%, p = .002 vs. 11.6%, p < .001), and any mental or behavioral disorder by the age of 13.1 to 16.8 years (25.2%, p = .03 vs. 5.0%, p = .11) over AD, child sex, and age. These findings were replicated in the independent cohort. CONCLUSIONS: AD was associated with alterations in 15 metabolic measures, which collectively improved the prediction of AD over its risk factors and birth, neurodevelopmental, and mental health outcomes in children over AD. These metabolic measures may become biomarkers that can be used to identify at-risk mothers and children for personalized interventions.

Prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depressive symptoms across trimesters: a study of 110,584 pregnant women covered by a mobile app-based screening programme in Shenzhen, China.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal depression is a significant public health issue affecting pregnant women both globally and in China. Using data from a mobile app-based screening programme, this study explored the prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depressive symptoms across different trimesters in Shenzhen. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant women who gave birth in any hospital in Shenzhen between July 2021 and May 2022 and underwent depression screening using an official maternal and infant health mobile app at least once during pregnancy. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with cut-off scores of 5 and 10 for mild and high level of symptoms, respectively. The prevalence for each trimester was determined by calculating the proportion of women scoring 5 or higher. A variety of sociodemographic, obstetric, psychological, and lifestyle factors were assessed for their association with depressive symptoms. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify significant predictors. RESULTS: A total of 110,584 pregnant women were included in the study, with an overall prevalence of depressive symptoms of 18.0% and a prevalence of high-level symptoms of 4.2%. Depressive symptoms were most prevalent in the first trimester (10.9%) and decreased in the second (6.2%) and third trimesters (6.3%). Only a small proportion (0.4%) of women showed persistent depressive symptoms across all trimesters. Anxiety symptoms in early pregnancy emerged as the most significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Other factors linked to an increased risk throughout pregnancy include lower marital satisfaction, living with parents-in-law, experience of negative life events, as well as drinking before and during pregnancy. Factors associated with a reduced risk throughout pregnancy include multiparity and daily physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depressive symptoms in Shenzhen. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions for high-risk groups and the integration of mental health care into routine antenatal services. Continuous, dynamic monitoring of depressive symptoms for pregnant women and ensuring at-risk women receive comprehensive follow-up and appropriate psychological or psychiatric care are crucial for effectively addressing antenatal depression and improving maternal and infant health outcomes.

Prevalence and risk factors of antenatal depression in the first trimester: A real-world cross-sectional study in a developed district in South China.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal depression may result in adverse outcomes for both the mother and the offspring. However, few studies have focused on the screening of pregnant women at a higher risk for antenatal depression in the first trimester. The present study aimed to assess the effect of lifestyle and family relationships on antenatal depression in the first trimester in a large Chinese population. METHODS: Cross-sectional population data were obtained from a real-world cross-sectional survey conducted in Shenzhen, China from 2020 to 2024. The data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and family relationships were obtained using self-reported questionnaires. Antenatal depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with a score of ≥13 indicating the presence of probable antenatal depression. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors of antenatal depression. RESULTS: A total of 42,363 pregnant women in the first trimester were recruited in the cross-sectional survey, among whom 3107 (7.3 %) had probable antenatal depression. We found (1) age < 25 years, (2) low or moderate economic status, (3) smoking, (4) partner smoking, (5) alcohol use, (6) lack of physical exercise, (7) poor or moderate living environment, (8) low or moderate marital happiness, and (9) never talking about problems were associated with antenatal depression. However, level of education, employment status, partner alcohol use, and living alone were not significantly related to antenatal depression in the first trimester. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design and the use of self-report measures must be considered while interpreting the results. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the prevalence of antenatal depression in the first trimester was 7.3 %. Public health prevention efforts aimed at reducing the prevalence of antenatal depression are recommended. Early identification of women at a higher risk in early pregnancy is necessary for preventing antenatal depression and improving quality of life.

Antenatal and postpartum depression in women who conceived after infertility treatment: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Although the association between a history of infertility treatment and perinatal depression has been investigated, most research has been cross-sectional and has not used diagnostic assessment tools. AIMS: This study investigates longitudinally the association between a history of infertility treatment and perinatal depression using WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 (WHO-CIDI 3.0) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). METHODS: This study used data (N = 2,435) from the control group of a randomised controlled trial on a sample of pregnant women. Survival analysis was used to examine the influence of infertility treatment on perinatal depressive disorder evaluated by WHO-CIDI 3.0. The EPDS scores at four time points (T1 [baseline]: 18 ± 2 weeks gestation, T2: 32 weeks gestation, T3: 1 week postpartum, T4: 3 months postpartum) were analysed using generalised mixed model analysis. RESULTS: The risk of experiencing a major depressive episode evaluated by WHO-CIDI 3.0 did not significantly differ between women conceiving through infertility treatment and those conceiving spontaneously (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.64, p = 0.109). The longitudinal analysis demonstrated that EPDS scores significantly increased at T3 and T4 among women conceiving through infertility treatment compared with those conceiving spontaneously (adjusted estimates of fixed effect from T1 to T3: 1.17, p < 0.01; from T1 to T4: 0.71, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Women conceiving through infertility treatment were not found to have a higher risk of diagnosable perinatal depressive disorder than those conceiving naturally. However, a history of infertility treatment can marginally increase sub-clinical postpartum depressive symptoms.

Prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal depression: Combined effects on brain aging and mental health in young adulthood.

INTRODUCTION: Both maternal depression problems during pregnancy and prenatal exposure to air pollution have been associated with changes in the brain as well as worse mood and anxiety in the offspring in adulthood. However, it is not clear whether these effects are independent or whether and how they might interact and impact the brain age and mental health of the young adult offspring. METHODS: A total of 202 mother-child dyads from a prenatal birth cohort were assessed for maternal depression during pregnancy through self-report questionnaires administered in the early 90s, exposure to air pollutants (Sulfur dioxide [SO2], nitrogen oxides [NOx], and suspended particle matter [SPM]) during each trimester based on maternal address and air quality data, mental health of the young adult offspring (28-30 years of age; 52% men, all of European ancestry) using self-report questionnaires for depression (Beck Depression Inventory), mood dysregulation (Profile of Mood States), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and psychotic symptoms (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire), and brain age, estimated from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and previously published neuroanatomical age prediction model using cortical thickness maps. The brain age gap estimate (BrainAGE) was computed by subtracting structural brain age from chronological age. Trajectories of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy were assessed using Growth Mixture Modeling. The interactions of prenatal depression and prenatal exposure to air pollutants on adult mental health and BrainAGE were assessed using hierarchical linear regression. RESULTS: We revealed two distinct trajectories of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy: "early exposure," characterized by high exposure during the first trimester, followed by a steady decrease, and "late exposure," characterized by low exposure during the first trimester, followed by a steady increase in the exposure during the subsequent trimesters. Maternal depression during the first half of pregnancy interacted with NOX exposure trajectory, predicting mood dysregulation and schizotypal symptoms in young adults. In addition, maternal depression during the second half of pregnancy interacted with both NOx and SO2 exposure trajectories, respectively, and predicted BrainAGE in young adults. In those with early exposure to NOx, maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with worse mental health and accelerated brain aging in young adulthood. In contrast, in those with early exposure to SO2, maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with slower brain aging in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide the first evidence of the combined effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal depression on mental health outcomes and brain age in young adult offspring. Moreover, they point out the importance of the timing and trajectory of the exposure during prenatal development.

Antenatal depression and its predictors among HIV positive women in Sub-Saharan Africa; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Antenatal depression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive pregnant women can have significant adverse effects on both the mother and newborns, yet it is often overlooked in pregnancy care in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite this, there is limited data on the combined prevalence of antenatal depression and its predictors among HIV-positive women in the region. Objective: To assess the pooled prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated factors among HIV-positive women in SSA. Methods: All primary cross-sectional studies published before 1st January/2024, were included. We conducted searches in relevant databases; PubMed, HINARI, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Psychiatry Online, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to critically appraise the selected studies. To assess heterogeneity among the studies, we utilized the I2 test. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's test. The forest plot was used to present the combined proportion of antenatal depression and odds ratio, along with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The pooled prevalence of antenatal depression among HIV-positive women in Sub-Saharan Africa was found to be 30.6% (95% CI, 19.8%-41.3%). Factors significantly associated with antenatal depression among HIV-positive women in SSA included being unmarried (AOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.57 - 6.07), having a previous history of depression (AOR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.79 - 4.91), experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) (AOR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.44 - 3.09), and experiencing stigma (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.76). Conclusion: High prevalence of antenatal depression among HIV-positive women in SSA underscores the need for prioritizing identification and management. Interventions addressing factors like IPV and stigma, along with training for healthcare providers in recognizing symptoms and providing support, are recommended. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024508236.

Efficacy and safety of a mineral and vitamin treatment on symptoms of antenatal depression: 12-week fully blinded randomised placebo-controlled trial (NUTRIMUM).

BACKGROUND: Broad-spectrum micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) have shown benefit for treatment of depressive symptoms. AIMS: To determine whether additional micronutrients reduce symptoms of antenatal depression. METHOD: Eighty-eight medication-free pregnant women at 12-24 weeks gestation, who scored ≥13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), were randomised 1:1 to micronutrients or active placebo (containing iodine and riboflavin), for 12 weeks. Micronutrient doses were generally between recommended dietary allowance and tolerable upper level. Primary outcomes (EPDS and Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale (CGI-I)) were analysed with constrained longitudinal data analysis. RESULTS: Seventeen (19%) women dropped out, with no group differences, and four (4.5%) gave birth before trial completion. Both groups improved on the EPDS, with no group differences (P = 0.1018); 77.3% taking micronutrients and 72.7% taking placebos were considered recovered. However, the micronutrient group demonstrated significantly greater improvement, based on CGI-I clinician ratings, over time (P = 0.0196). The micronutrient group had significantly greater improvement on sleep and global assessment of functioning, and were more likely to identify themselves as 'much' to 'very much' improved (68.8%) compared with placebo (38.5%) (odds ratio 3.52, P = 0.011; number needed to treat: 3). There were no significant group differences on treatment-emergent adverse events, including suicidal ideation. Homocysteine decreased significantly more in the micronutrient group. Presence of personality difficulties, history of psychiatric medication use and higher social support tended to increase micronutrient response compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the benefits of active monitoring on antenatal depression, with added efficacy for overall functioning when taking micronutrients, with no evidence of harm. Trial replication with larger samples and clinically diagnosed depression are needed.

Association of trajectories and cumulative exposure of antenatal depression with high birth weight.

BACKGROUND: Inconsistent associations between antenatal depression and fetal birth weight were reported previously, and little is known about the dynamic changes and long-term cumulative effect of antenatal depression during pregnancy. METHODS: Participants were from the Tongji-Huaxi-Shuangliu Birth Cohort. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in early, middle, and late pregnancy respectively. Trajectories of antenatal depression were assessed using the latent class mixed model. The percentage of days with depression (PDD) and frequency of antenatal depression were measured to assess the cumulative exposure. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of antenatal depression with macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA). RESULTS: We identified four distinct trajectories, including the low stable group (n = 1,327, 27.99 %), the moderate stable group (n = 2,610, 55.05 %), the peak group (n = 407, 8.58 %), and the valley group (n = 397, 8.37 %). Compared with the low stable group, the valley group showed a higher risk of macrosomia (OR, 1.98; 95 % CI, 1.17, 3.38) and LGA (OR, 1.44; 95 % CI, 1.002, 2.09); the peak group showed a higher risk of LGA (OR, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.07, 2.16), but the association was not significant for macrosomia (OR, 1.47; 95 % CI, 0.85, 2.55). Consistently, cumulative antenatal depression was also positively associated with the risks of macrosomia and LGA. LIMITATION: The antenatal depression was self-reported using a screening scale and information bias could not be ruled out. CONCLUSION: Certain trajectories and cumulative exposure of antenatal depression were associated with higher risks of high birth weight.