Basic Principles for Setting MRLs for Pesticides in Food Commodities in Japan.

The Committee on Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs of the Food Sanitation Council under the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council set the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residual pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities according to the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides in food commodities in Japan. The basic principles consist of the following seven concepts: 1. Outline of setting Japanese MRLs for pesticide residue in food commodities; 2. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in livestock commodities; 3. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in fish and shellfish; 4. Technical guideline for setting MRLs for pesticides, etc., in honey; 5. Methods of setting standards for chemical substances used as pesticides in the past that are now detected as contaminants; 6. Concept of setting MRLs for pesticides at an extremely low level; and 7. Commodity groups and representative commodities regarding MRLs based on international harmonization. The present paper introduces and explains the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities.

From bench to bedside: Overview of magnetoencephalography in basic principle, signal processing, source localization and clinical applications.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive technique that can precisely capture the dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of the brain by measuring the magnetic fields arising from neuronal activity along the order of milliseconds. Observations of brain dynamics have been used in cognitive neuroscience, the diagnosis of neurological diseases, and the brain-computer interface (BCI). In this study, we outline the basic principle, signal processing, and source localization of MEG, and describe its clinical applications for cognitive assessment, the diagnoses of neurological diseases and mental disorders, preoperative evaluation, and the BCI. This review not only provides an overall perspective of MEG, ranging from practical techniques to clinical applications, but also enhances the prevalent understanding of neural mechanisms. The use of MEG is expected to lead to significant breakthroughs in neuroscience.

Updating an Overview of Teratology.

In this chapter, the authors aim to update an overview of the principles of teratology, beginning with the definition of teratology, the critical point at which this process occurs, and some of the most common etiological agents that improve our understanding of teratology.Modern teratology has greatly improved in recent years with advances in new methods in molecular biology, toxicology, animal laboratory science, and genetics, increasing our knowledge of ambient influences. Nevertheless, there is a lot to do to reduce the influence of hazardous intervening agents, whether they target our genetics or not, that can negatively affect pregnancy and induce congenital development disorders, including morphological, biochemical, or behavioral defects.Certain agents might indeed be related to certain defects, but we have not been able to identify the cause of most congenital defects, which highlights the importance of finding and testing out new genetics techniques and conducting laboratory animal science to unravel the etiology and pathogenicity of each congenital defect.

Principles for establishment of the stem cell bank and its applications on management of sports injuries.

BACKGROUND: The stem cells of the stem cell banks have prominent problems for insufficient sources, easy contamination, unstable biological characteristics after serial subcultivations, and high cost. METHODS: After collecting the construction processes of the existing stem cell banks and suggestions from authoritative experts in the past 10 years, 230 reference principles were obtained, and finally, the principles of "5C" for the establishment of modern standardized stem cell banks were summarized, and their related applications on the management of sports injuries were reviewed as well. RESULTS: The basic principles of "5C" for the establishment of modern standardized stem cell banks include (1) principle of informed consent, (2) confidentiality principle, (3) conformity principle, (4) contamination-free principle, and (5) commonweal principle. The applications of stem cells on repairs, reconstructions, and regenerations of sports injuries were also reviewed, especially in tissue-engineered cartilage, tissue-engineered meniscus, and tissue-engineered ligament. CONCLUSIONS: The proposal of the basic principles of "5C" is conducive to relevant stem cell researchers and clinical medical experts to build modern stem cell banks in a more standardized and efficient manner while avoiding some major mistakes or problems that may occur in the future. On this basis, stem cells from stem cell banks would be increasingly used in the management of sports injuries. More importantly, these days, getting stem cell samples are difficult in a short time, and such banks with proper legal consent may help the scientific community.

The Okabayashi Radical Hysterectomy: Basic Principle and Step-by-Step Procedure.

Abdominal radical hysterectomy is the standard operation for stage IB-IIB cervical cancer in the world, which was established by Professor Hidekazu Okabayashi in 1921. In this article, the basic principle and step-by-step procedure of Okabayashi radical hysterectomy are presented, especially for young doctors to understand clearly the important points of this surgery and to realize its radicality and safety for better survival and quality of life of patients with cervical cancer.