Gastric granular cell tumor: A case report and literature review.

Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are neoplasms of uncertain histopathological etiology and therefore there are no universally accepted treatment strategies. GCTs are characterized by abundant eosinophilic granules. Since they are predominantly located in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, gastric GCTs are exceedingly rare. The present study documents the case of a 52-year-old man who visited the Gastroenterology Clinic of the People's Hospital of Putuo District (Zhoushan, China) due to upper abdominal fullness. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a well-defined hypoechoic nodule in the submucosal layer of the stomach body. The lesion was completely excised using endoscopic submucosal dissection and the patient made a full postoperative recovery. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for S100 and CD68, with CD34 expression surrounding the tumor cells. At telephone follow-up until May 2024, the patient's fullness and discomfort were noted to be relieved. The characteristics of the CD34 expression pattern may serve as a novel basis for the pathological diagnosis of gastric GCTs. Endoscopic resection is a feasible option for gastric GCTs smaller than 2 cm.

Transcriptome Analysis of Beta-Catenin-Related Genes in CD34+ Haematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells from Patients with AML.

Background: Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a disease of the haematopoietic stem cells(HSCs) that is characterised by the uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of normal haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Several pathways that control the proliferation and differentiation of HSCs are impaired in AML. Activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway has been shown in AML and beta-catenin, which is thought to be the key element of this pathway, has been frequently highlighted. The present study was designed to determine beta-catenin expression levels and beta-catenin-related genes in AML. Methods: In this study, beta-catenin gene expression levels were determined in 19 AML patients and 3 controls by qRT-PCR. Transcriptome analysis was performed on AML grouped according to beta-catenin expression levels. Differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were investigated in detail using the Database for Annotation Visualisation and Integrated Discovery(DAVID), Gene Ontology(GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG), STRING online tools. Results: The transcriptome profiles of our AML samples showed different molecular signature profiles according to their beta-catenin levels(high-low). A total of 20 genes have been identified as hub genes. Among these, TTK, HJURP, KIF14, BTF3, RPL17 and RSL1D1 were found to be associated with beta-catenin and poor survival in AML. Furthermore, for the first time in our study, the ELOV6 gene, which is the most highly up-regulated gene in human AML samples, was correlated with a poor prognosis via high beta-catenin levels. Conclusion: It is suggested that the identification of beta-catenin-related gene profiles in AML may help to select new therapeutic targets for the treatment of AML.

CD34-Negative Malignant Renal Solitary Fibrous Tumor: Case Report and Diagnostic Insights.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare fibroblastic neoplasms with diverse biological behaviors and widespread distribution. Primary renal SFTs are uncommon, and their malignant variants, especially those that are CD34 negative, are even rarer. This study presents a case of malignant renal SFT in a 57-year-old female, focusing on its immunomorphological features. On gross examination, the tumor's large size (11.5 cm) was remarkable. Microscopic analysis showed high cellularity, diffuse sheets of moderately pleomorphic ovoid cells, prominent staghorn vessels, tumor cell necrosis, and a high mitotic count. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong positivity for STAT6, vimentin, and Bcl-2 and, notably, negativity for CD34. The presence of the NAB2::STAT6 gene fusion was confirmed through fluorescence in situ hybridization. This case emphasizes the need to consider SFT in the differential diagnosis of unusual renal tumors, even when CD34 is negative. The infrequency, morphological diversity, and resemblance to other tumors make diagnosing renal SFTs challenging. Accurate identification and classification as benign or malignant are crucial for proper clinical management and prognosis.

Asymptomatic CD34+ plaque on the scalp of a child.

Fibroblastic connective tissue nevus (FCTN) is a rare, benign dermal mesenchymal lesion of fibroblastic and myofibroblastic lineage. We report a case of a 2-year-old male who presented with an 18-month history of an erythematous, asymptomatic, unchanging dermal plaque on the right medial frontal scalp. A punch biopsy showed a disorderly, bland, dermal fibroblastic spindle cell proliferation extending to the superficial subcutis. It stained positive for CD34, and concern for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was raised. However, FISH was negative for PDGFB rearrangement, and the constellation of findings was most consistent with FCTN. This case underscores the importance of distinguishing CD34+ mesenchymal tumors for both dermatologists and dermatopathologists. As these represent a rather diverse group of lesions with different biological behaviors, a knowledge of the differential diagnosis of these entities is critical for proper patient management.

Method comparison between hematopoietic progenitor cell and CD34+ cell counts in hematopoietic stem cell collection.

BACKGROUND: The reference method for hematopoietic stem cell enumeration is flow cytometric CD34+ cell analysis. We evaluated using the hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) count on the Sysmex hematology analyzer to safely replace some flow cytometric measurements performed in peripheral blood samples to guide apheresis timing. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared HPC and CD34+ cell counts in 133 preharvest peripheral blood samples and 124 apheresis products. RESULTS: Pre-apheresis HPC counts ≥24 × 106/L in healthy donors and ≥36 × 106/L in lymphoma patients predicted adequate mobilization with 100% specificity and positive predictive value, saving 79% and 63% of flow cytometry analyses, respectively. Due to a positive bias (mean bias 50.26; 95% CI 36.24-64.29), a higher threshold was needed in multiple myeloma patients (HPC ≥ $$ \ge $$ 132 × 106/L), saving only 24% of flow cytometry analyses. CONCLUSION: When the HPC count is above the corresponding threshold, apheresis could be safely initiated without waiting for the flow cytometry result, thereby reducing time-to-decision. Lower HPC values, however, require confirmation by flow cytometry.

Characteristics of adult retroperitoneal lymphangioma: a single center Chinese cohort study of 15 cases.

BACKGROUND: Lymphangioma is a rare cystic tumor that occurs across different locations. Retroperitoneal lymphangioma accounts for about 1% of all lymphangiomas. In this study, we report the clinicopathological features of retroperitoneal lymphangioma and describe our experience in treating this disease. METHODS: We collected clinical data from all patients who were pathologically diagnosed with retroperitoneal lymphangioma at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, between June 2013 and August 2022. RESULTS: The 7 and 8 male and female patients analyzed herein had a mean age of 48.6 (SD 14.24) years at diagnosis. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.7 years. Among them, 66.67% were asymptomatic, with the rest manifesting abdominal pain, nausea, low back pain and elevated blood pressure as the main symptoms. Preoperative diagnosis and evaluation of cysts were mainly performed via computed tomography (CT) (n = 10, 66.67%) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 8, 53.33%). All patients were completely resected following surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis, performed on 6 patients, revealed that they were positive for D2-40. A total of 4, 4 and 3 patients were positive for CD31, CD34 and SMA, respectively. Moreover, the study cohort had an average postoperative hospital stay of 6.6 days. Follow up, after the end of the study, revealed no relapse in any of the 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphangioma is a benign tumor of the lymphatic system. Although typical imaging features can be accurate for preoperative diagnosis, histological examination is crucial to final confirmation. Complete surgical resection is the best option to limit the risk of recurrence in cases with symptomatic lesions.

ISOLATION OF A PERSISTENTLY QUIESCENT MUSCLE SATELLITE CELL POPULATION.

While studies have identified characteristics of quiescent satellite cells, their isolation has been hampered by the fact that the isolation procedures result in the activation of these cells into their rapidly proliferating progeny (myoblasts). Thus, the use of myoblasts for therapeutic (regenerative medicine) or industrial applications (cellular agriculture) has been impeded by the limited proliferative and differentiative capacity of these myogenic progenitors. Here we identify a subpopulation of satellite cells isolated from mouse skeletal muscle using flow cytometry that are highly Pax7-positive, exhibit a very slow proliferation rate (7.7 ± 1.2 days/doubling), and are capable of being maintained in culture for at least three months without a change in phenotype. These cells can be activated from quiescence using a p38 inhibitor or by exposure to freeze-thaw cycles. Once activated, these cells proliferate rapidly (22.7 ± 0.2 hours/doubling), have reduced Pax7 expression (3-fold decrease in Pax7 fluorescence vs. quiescence) and differentiate into myotubes with a high efficiency. Furthermore, these cells withstand freeze-thawing readily without a significant loss of viability (83.1 ± 2.1% live). The results presented here provide researchers with a method to isolate quiescent satellite cells, allowing for more detailed examinations of the factors affecting satellite cell quiescence/activation and providing a cell source that has a unique potential in the regenerative medicine and cellular agriculture fields.

Fibrosarcomatous Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of the Head.

This article highlights the case of a 37-year-old male who presented with a recurrent, exponentially enlarging head mass, emphasizing the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with a very rare type of tumor, fibrosarcomatous dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) of the head. Our patient presented with a rapidly growing head mass, initially diagnosed as a spindle cell tumor, and was managed with surgical excision and skin flap grafting. Follow-up revealed relapse and interval development of hemiparesis and hemisensory loss. MRI revealed tumor recurrence, with compression of the right parietal lobe and superior sagittal sinus. Histopathology revealed stroma with fascicles of spindle cells homogenous to fibrillar cytoplasm, with oval vesicular nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for CD34 and SMA. Oral chemotherapy with imatinib 800 mg/day was started. Follow-up imaging showed a marked reduction in the size of the tumor and resolution of the compression of the underlying brain parenchyma with cystic degeneration and decreased contrast enhancement. Future plans include possible surgical tumor debulking and/or radiation therapy. Although extremely rare, awareness of this tumor, with a multi-disciplinary approach to the management of the case, is vital to maximize treatment outcomes.

Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Megakaryocytes in Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

Objective Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells which is characterized by morphologic dysplasia. However, the pathological characteristics of megakaryocytes (MKs) in MDS patients with gene mutation are not well established. Methods Bone marrow MK specimens from 104 patients with primary MDS were evaluated, and all patients were distributed into two groups according to gene mutation associated with functional MKs. The morphologic and cellular characteristics of MKs and platelets were recorded and compared. Results The more frequently mutated genes in MDS patients were TUBB1 (11.54%), VWF (8.65%), NBEAL2 (5.77%), and the most common point mutation was TUBB1 p.(R307H) and p.(Q43P). Patients with MK mutation showed a decrease in adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, high proportion of CD34 + CD61 + MKs (10.00 vs. 4.00%, p = 0.012), and short overall survival (33.15 vs. 40.50 months, p = 0.013). Further, patients with a higher percent of CD34 + CD61 + MKs (≧20.00%) had lower platelet counts (36.00 × 10 9 /L vs. 88.50 × 10 9 /L, p = 0.015) and more profound emperipolesis ( p = 0.001). By analyzing RNA-sequencing of MKs, differentially expressed mRNA was involved in physiological processes including platelet function and platelet activation, especially for MDS patients with high percent of CD34 + CD61 + MKs. The high levels of expression of CD62P, CXCL10, and S100A9 mRNA, shown by RNA sequencing, were validated by PCR assay. Conclusion High proportion of CD34 + CD61 + MKs was a poor prognostic factor in MDS patients with MK mutation. CD62P, CXCL10, and S100A9 may be the potential targets to evaluate the molecular link between gene defects and platelet function.

Criteria for storage of cord blood units at Japan's largest cord blood bank.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In Japan, cord blood transplantations exceed those done with adult-sourced unrelated stem cells. This study analyses cord blood (CB) storage criteria to maintain high-quality CB units. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Kanto-Koshinetsu Cord Blood Bank received 29,795 units from 2014 to 2021, mostly >60 mL, and 5486 (18.4%) were stored as transplantable units. We investigated the mother's gestational period, CB volume, total nucleated cells (TNCs), CD34+ cells, total colony-forming units (CFUs), time from collection to reception and cryopreservation, cell viability, and the reasons for not storing a unit. RESULTS: The average time from collection to reception of 29,795 units was 18.0 h. The most common reason for not storing a CB unit was low cell numbers (pre-processing TNC count <1.2 billion), accounting for 67.9% of the units received. There was no correlation between the CB volume and the CD34+ cell count. The shorter the gestational period, the lower the TNC count, but the higher the CD34+ cell count. There was no correlation between the time from collection to cryopreservation, within a 36-h time limit, and the CD34+ cell recovery rate. CONCLUSION: We could accept units with a TNC count <1.2 billion and a CB volume <60 mL from a gestational period of 38 weeks or less if we did a pre-processing CD34+ cell count. This would secure more units rich in CD34+ cells.

Superficial CD34+ fibroblastic tumor with focal atypical presentation: A case report.

Superficial CD34+ fibroblastic tumors (SCPFTs) are rare mesenchymal tumors with distinct morphological features. Although several cases of SCPFT have been reported, a comprehensive understanding of its clinical and biological features necessitates the inclusion of additional cases. The current study presents a case of SCPFT, where morphological observations, immunohistochemical staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed. Immunohistochemistry revealed diffuse CD34 expression and integrase interactor 1 expression, whilst FISH indicated rearrangement of the PR/SET domain 10 gene. Microscopic assessment demonstrated typical SCPFT pathology, with a focal nodular region showing a high Ki-67 index, suggesting heterogeneity and the potential for local recurrence. The present study also briefly reviews the differential diagnosis of tumors with morphological similarities. It was found that the precise diagnosis of SCPFT relies on the distinctive pathological features, the use of immunohistochemical markers, including CD34 staining, and the differentiation from similar histological lesions.

Immuno-histochemical evaluation of CD34 for OLP and OSMF.

Immuno-histochemical evaluation of CD34 in oral lichen planus (OLP) and Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is of interest to dentist.20 specimens of normal oral mucosa (buccal mucosa/gingiva tissue) from patients who had extractions performed as part of orthodontic treatment comprised Group I, the control group. Group II comprised 30 individuals with a diagnosis of oral lichen planus. 30 OSMF cases with diagnoses is Group III. These 80 specimens were all given consideration when choosing for CD34immuno-histochemical staining. The CD34 was greater in all categories of OLP and OSMF when compared to normal controls. Maximum CD34 expression was observed in erosive OLP (147.41±17.60) followed by OSMF (116.01 ±11.72) and reticular OLP (105.01±11.62). Data was statistically significant (p<0.001).Immunohistochemistry of CD34 evaluation is a potential diagnostic marker for OLP and OSMF.

CD34+ cell yield among healthy donors: Large-scale model development and validation.

BACKGROUND: Successful engraftment in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation necessitates the collection of an adequate dose of CD34+ cells. Thus, the precise estimation of CD34+ cells harvested via apheresis is critical. Current CD34+ cell yield prediction models have limited reproducibility. This study aims to develop a more reliable and universally applicable model by utilizing a large dataset, enhancing yield predictions, optimizing the collection process, and improving clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database, involving data from over 17 000 healthy donors who underwent filgrastim-mobilized hematopoietic progenitor cell apheresis. Linear regression, gradient boosting regressor, and logistic regression classification models were employed to predict CD34+ cell yield. RESULTS: Key predictors identified include pre-apheresis CD34+ cell count, weight, age, sex, and blood volume processed. The linear regression model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.66 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81. The gradient boosting regressor model demonstrated marginally improved results with an R2 value of 0.67 and an r value of 0.82. The logistic regression classification model achieved a predictive accuracy of 96% at the 200 × 106 CD34+ cell count threshold. At thresholds of 400, 600, 800, and 1000 × 106 CD34+ cell count, the accuracies were 88%, 83%, 83%, and 88%, respectively. The model demonstrated a high area under the receiver operator curve scores ranging from 0.90 to 0.93. CONCLUSION: This study introduces advanced predictive models for estimating CD34+ cell yield, with the logistic regression classification model demonstrating remarkable accuracy and practical utility.

Evaluation of Microvascular Density in Glioblastomas in Relation to p53 and Ki67 Immunoexpression.

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive tumor in the central nervous system, with a survival rate of less than 15 months despite multimodal therapy. Tumor recurrence frequently occurs after removal. Tumoral angiogenesis, the formation of neovessels, has a positive impact on tumor progression and invasion, although there are controversial results in the specialized literature regarding its impact on survival. This study aims to correlate the immunoexpression of angiogenesis markers (CD34, CD105) with the proliferation index Ki67 and p53 in primary and secondary glioblastomas. This retrospective study included 54 patients diagnosed with glioblastoma at the Pathology Department of County Emergency Clinical Hospital Târgu Mureș. Microvascular density was determined using CD34 and CD105 antibodies, and the results were correlated with the immunoexpression of p53, IDH1, ATRX and Ki67. The number of neoformed blood vessels varied among cases, characterized by different shapes and calibers, with endothelial cells showing modified morphology and moderate to marked pleomorphism. Neovessels with a glomeruloid aspect, associated with intense positivity for CD34 or CD105 in endothelial cells, were observed, characteristic of glioblastomas. Mean microvascular density values were higher for the CD34 marker in all cases, though there were no statistically significant differences compared to CD105. Mutant IDH1 and ATRX glioblastomas, wild-type p53 glioblastomas, and those with a Ki67 index above 20% showed a more abundant microvascular density, with statistical correlations not reaching significance. This study highlighted a variety of percentage intervals of microvascular density in primary and secondary glioblastomas using immunohistochemical markers CD34 and CD105, respectively, with no statistically significant correlation between evaluated microvascular density and p53 or Ki67.

Personalized autologous stem cell harvesting improves patient collection outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to demonstrate that utilizing a personalized approach to apheresis stem cell collection, can safely optimize the collection outcomes, especially in the context of poor mobilizers and high cell targets. BACKGROUND: The optimal mobilization and harvesting of peripheral blood stem cells is critical to the success of the stem cell transplant. The ideal strategy that promotes better cell yields, with sustainable use of resources and assuring patient safety, should be pursued. METHODS: PBSC collections for autologous stem cell transplant data according to a fixed-processed volume strategy (One Size Fits All) or individualized to patients CD34+ peripheral blood content and target approach (Custom-Tailored or CT) were retrospectively compared. RESULTS: A total of 263 collections from 142 patients were assessed. The majority of patients were male, had multiple myeloma and were mobilized with isolated G-CSF. The CT strategy promoted a significantly higher CD34+ cell yield when the pre-collection CD34 was lower than 20/µl (1.02 ± 0.16 versus 1.36 ± 0.23, p < 0.001) and also a decrease in the proportion of mobilization cycles that needed 3 apheresis (31% versus 14%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in apheresis-related adverse events between the groups. CONCLUSION: Tailoring the apheresis procedures to the patient-specific characteristics and objectives, can effectively promote better patient outcome.

Engineering an inducible leukemia-associated fusion protein enables large-scale ex vivo production of functional human phagocytes.

Ex vivo expansion of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells remains a challenge due to rapid differentiation after detachment from the bone marrow niche. In this study, we assessed the capacity of an inducible fusion protein to enable sustained ex vivo proliferation of hematopoietic precursors and their capacity to differentiate into functional phagocytes. We fused the coding sequences of an FK506-Binding Protein 12 (FKBP12)-derived destabilization domain (DD) to the myeloid/lymphoid lineage leukemia/eleven nineteen leukemia (MLL-ENL) fusion gene to generate the fusion protein DD-MLL-ENL and retrovirally expressed the protein switch in human CD34+ progenitors. Using Shield1, a chemical inhibitor of DD fusion protein degradation, we established large-scale and long-term expansion of late monocytic precursors. Upon Shield1 removal, the cells lost self-renewal capacity and spontaneously differentiated, even after 2.5 y of continuous ex vivo expansion. In the absence of Shield1, stimulation with IFN-γ, LPS, and GM-CSF triggered terminal differentiation. Gene expression analysis of the obtained phagocytes revealed marked similarity with naïve monocytes. In functional assays, the novel phagocytes migrated toward CCL2, attached to VCAM-1 under shear stress, produced reactive oxygen species, and engulfed bacterial particles, cellular particles, and apoptotic cells. Finally, we demonstrated Fcγ receptor recognition and phagocytosis of opsonized lymphoma cells in an antibody-dependent manner. Overall, we have established an engineered protein that, as a single factor, is useful for large-scale ex vivo production of human phagocytes. Such adjustable proteins have the potential to be applied as molecular tools to produce functional immune cells for experimental cell-based approaches.

Spindle Cell Lipoma and Pleomorphic Lipoma in the Head and Neck: A Comprehensive Study of Six Cases With Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Spindle cell lipomas (SL) and pleomorphic lipomas (PL) are rare variants of lipomas, occurring predominantly in the head and neck region. Laryngeal SL/PL is very uncommon and causes obstructive symptoms needing immediate intervention. These tumors are often challenging in radiology due to the admixture of elements and the presence of adipose tissue may help in diagnosis. From a surgeon's perspective, understanding the nuances of SL/PL is paramount. Histology is the gold standard for diagnosis; however, it often causes diagnostic challenges in biopsy.  Method: A retrospective review of the clinical and pathologic features of archival cases of SL/PL was performed. RESULTS: A total of six cases of head and neck region SL/PL were identified. The age of patients ranged from 21 to 58 years and the male-to-female ratio was 5:1. The tumors were distributed in the nape of the neck (n=3), laryngeal region (n=2), and orbit (n=1). Histology in all the cases showed a low-grade neoplasm composed of a variable amount of spindle cells and adipose tissue. The stroma was myxoid in most cases. CD34 was diffusely positive in all the cases. CONCLUSION: SLs are a rare and uncommon variant of lipoma with a predilection in the head and neck region. They are low-grade neoplasms with a propensity to recur after years. Having knowledge of this tumor can improve surgical outcomes and better patient care.

Improvement of multilineage hematopoiesis in hematopoietic stem cell-transferred c-kit mutant NOG-EXL humanized mice.

Human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-transferred humanized mice are valuable models for exploring human hematology and immunology. However, sufficient recapitulation of human hematopoiesis in mice requires large quantities of enriched human CD34+ HSCs and total-body irradiation for adequate engraftment. Recently, we generated a NOG mouse strain with a point mutation in the c-kit tyrosine kinase domain (W41 mutant; NOGW mice). In this study, we examined the ability of NOGW mice to reconstitute human hematopoietic cells. Irradiated NOGW mice exhibited high engraftment levels of human CD45+ cells in the peripheral blood, even when only 5,000-10,000 CD34+ HSCs were transferred. Efficient engraftment of human CD45+ cells was also observed in non-irradiated NOGW mice transferred with 20,000-40,000 HSCs. The bone marrow (BM) of NOGW mice exhibited significantly more engrafted human HSCs or progenitor cells (CD34+CD38- or CD34+CD38+ cells) than the BM of NOG mice. Furthermore, we generated a human cytokine (interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) transgenic NOG-W41 (NOGW-EXL) mouse to achieve multilineage reconstitution with sufficient engraftment of human hematopoietic cells. Non-irradiated NOGW-EXL mice showed significantly higher engraftment levels of human CD45+ and myeloid lineage cells, particularly granulocytes and platelets/megakaryocytes, than non-irradiated NOGW or irradiated NOG-EXL mice after human CD34+ cell transplantation. Serial BM transplantation experiments revealed that NOGW mice exhibited the highest potential for long-term HSC compared with other strains. Consequently, c-kit mutant NOGW-EXL humanized mice represent an advanced model for HSC-transferred humanized mice and hold promise for widespread applications owing to their high versatility.

Unveiling the Rarity: A Case Report on Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Thyroid Gland.

Solitary Fibrous Tumor (SFT) rarely manifests within the thyroid gland, an organ predominantly associated with epithelial carcinomas. This case report explores the clinical narrative of a 70-year-old patient presenting with a sizable SFT localized in the left lobe of the thyroid, posing diagnostic challenges uncommon in thyroid nodules. The report delves into the clinical history, radiological findings, pathological assessments, and therapeutic interventions, contributing to the limited literature on thyroidal SFTs. The patient's ultrasound revealed a substantial thyroid mass causing tracheal and vascular displacement, categorized as TIRADS 3. Fine needle aspiration indicated mesenchymal origin, prompting further investigation. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography depicted a well-defined lesion with varied enhancement, compressing surrounding structures. Histopathology confirmed a spindle cell proliferation, prompting immunohistochemistry revealing CD34, STAT6, and Bcl-2 positivity, aligning with SFT characteristics. The rarity of thyroidal SFTs poses diagnostic challenges, necessitating reliance on immunohistochemistry for accurate differentiation from other spindle cell neoplasms. Radiological investigations, including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, contribute to preoperative planning. The case underscores the importance of meticulous pathological examination, emphasizing the utility of immunohistochemistry in confirming SFT diagnosis. The report enhances understanding among clinicians, pathologists, and researchers, guiding improved diagnostic accuracy and tailored treatment strategies for future occurrences of thyroidal SFTs.

Mononuclear phagocyte sub-types in vitro display diverse transcriptional responses to dust mite exposure.

Mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), including macrophages and dendritic cells form an essential component of primary responses to environmental hazards and toxic exposures. This is particularly important in disease conditions such as asthma and allergic airway disease, where many different cell types are present. In this study, we differentiated CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells towards different populations of MNP in an effort to understand how different cell subtypes present in inflammatory disease microenvironments respond to the common allergen house dust mite (HDM). Using single cell mRNA sequencing, we demonstrate that macrophage subtypes MCSPP1+ and MLCMARCO+ display different patterns of gene expression after HDM challenge, noted especially for the chemokines CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL5 and CCL15. MLCCD206Hi alternatively activated macrophages displayed the greatest changes in expression, while neutrophil and monocyte populations did not respond. Further work investigated how pollutant diesel exhaust particles could modify these transcriptional responses and revealed that CXC but not CC type chemokines were further upregulated. Through the use of diesel particles with adsorbed material removed, we suggest that soluble pollutants on these particles are the active constituents responsible for the modifying effects on HDM. This study highlights that environmental exposures may influence tissue responses dependent on which MNP cell type is present, and that these should be considerations when modelling such events in vitro. Understanding the nuanced responsiveness of different immune cell types to allergen and pollutant exposure also contributes to a better understanding of how these exposures influence the development and exacerbation of human disease.