Influence of sex on the timing of coronary angiography and the prescription of antiplatelet therapy in patients with nonST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. / Impacto del sexo en los tiempos de cateterismo y en el uso de pretratamiento antiagregante plaquetario en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST).

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in the clinical management of nonST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), including in-hospital events, according to biological sex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational multicenter study of patients diagnosed with NSTEMI and atherosclerosis who underwent coronary angiography. RESULTS: We enrolled 1020 patients in April and May 2022; 240 (23.5%) were women. Women were older than men on average (72.6 vs 66.5 years, P .001), and more women were frail (17.1% vs 5.6%, P .001). No difference was observed in pretreatment with any P2Y12 inhibitor (prescribed in 68.8% of women vs 70.2% of men, P = .67); however, more women than men were prescribed clopidogrel (56% vs 44%, P = .009). Women prescribed clopidogrel were more often under the age of 75 years and not frail. Coronary angiography was performed within 24 hours less corooften in women (29.8% vs 36.9%, P = .03) even when high risk was recognized. Frailty was independently associated with deferring coronary angiography in the adjusted analysis; biological sex by itself was not related. The frequency and type of revascularization were the same in both sexes, and there were no differences in in-hospital cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: Women were more often prescribed less potent antithrombotic therapy than men. Frailty, but not sex, correlated independently with deferral of coronary angiography. However, we detected no differences in the frequency of coronary revascularization or in-hospital events according to sex.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las diferencias en el manejo clínico y eventos intrahospitalarios en una cohorte de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) en función del sexo. METODO: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico que incluyó pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de SCASEST sometidos a coronariografía con enfermedad ateroesclerótica responsable. RESULTADOS: Entre abril y mayo de 2022 se incluyeron 1.020 pacientes; de ellos, 240 eran mujeres (23,5%). En comparación con los hombres, las mujeres fueron mayores (72,6 años vs 66,5 años; p 0,001) y más frágiles (17,1% vs 5,6%; p 0,001). No hubo diferencias en el pretratamiento con un inhibidor del receptor P2Y12 (68,8% vs 70,2%, p = 0,67), aunque las mujeres recibieron más pretratamiento con clopidogrel (56% vs 44%, p = 0,009), principalmente aquellas de edad 75 años y sin fragilidad. En las mujeres se realizaron menos coronariografías precoces (# 24 h) (29,8% vs 36,9%; p = 0,03) a pesar de presentar la misma indicación (criterios de alto riesgo). En el análisis ajustado, la fragilidad, pero no el sexo, se asoció de forma independiente con la realización de una coronariografía diferida. La tasa y el tipo de revascularización fue igual en ambos sexos, y no hubo diferencias en los eventos cardiovasculares intrahospitalarios. CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres recibieron con mayor frecuencia un tratamiento antitrombótico menos potente. La fragilidad y no el sexo se asoció con la realización de coronariografía diferida. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en la tasa de revascularización coronaria ni en los eventos intrahospitalarios en función del sexo.

Mortality attributable to secondhand smoke exposure in the autonomous communities of Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) causes cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. The aim of this study was to estimate the mortality attributed to SHS in people aged ≥ 35 years in Spain and its autonomous communities (AC) by sex from 2016 to 2021. METHODS: Estimates of SHS-attributable mortality were calculated by applying the prevalence-dependent method where SHS exposure was derived from the adjustment of small-area models and based on the calculation of population-attributed fractions. Sex, age group, AC, and cause of death (ischemic heart disease and lung cancer) were included. The estimates of attributed mortality are presented with their 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Crude and age-standardized rates were estimated for each sex and AC. RESULTS: From 2016 to 2021, SHS exposure caused 4,970 (95%CI, 4,787-5,387) deaths, representing 1.6% of total mortality for ischemic heart disease and lung cancer. The burden of attributed mortality differed widely among the AC, with Andalusia having the highest burden of attributed mortality (crude rate: 46.6 deaths per 100 000 population in men and 17.0/100 000 in women). In all the AC, the main cause of death in both sexes was ischemic heart disease. The highest burden of mortality was observed in nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of SHS-attributable mortality was high and varied geographically. The results of this study should be considered to advance tobacco control legislation in Spain.

Outcomes of ventricular tachycardia ablation in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: A propensity-score matched analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Catheter ablation (CA) is effective in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Although some observational data suggest patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) have less favorable outcomes when compared to those with an ischemic etiology (ICM), direct comparisons are rarely reported. We aimed to compare the outcomes of VT ablation in a propensity-score matched population of ICM or NICM patients. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing VT ablation from 2012 to 2023. A propensity score (PS) was used to match ICM and NICM patients in a 1:1 fashion according to age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), NYHA class, electrical storm (ES) at presentation, and previous endocardial ablation. The outcomes of interest were VT-free survival and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The PS yielded two groups of 71 patients each (mean age 63±10 years, 92% male, mean LVEF 35±10%, 36% with ES at presentation, and 23% with previous ablation), well matched for baseline characteristics. During a median follow-up of 2.3 (interquartile range IQR 1.3-3.8) years, patients with NICM had a significantly lower VT-free survival (53.5% vs. 69.0%, log-rank p=0.037), although there were no differences regarding all-cause mortality (22.5% vs. 16.9%, log-rank p=0.245). Multivariate analysis identified NICM (HR 2.34 [95% CI 1.32-4.14], p=0.004), NYHA class III/IV (HR 2.11 [95% CI 1.11-4.04], p=0.024), and chronic kidney disease (HR 2.23 [95% CI 1.25-3.96], p=0.006), as independent predictors of VT recurrence. CONCLUSION: Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients were at increased risk of VT recurrence after ablation, although long-term mortality did not differ.

Conglomerados espaciales de mortalidad por cáncer, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba / Space conglomerates of mortality due to cancer, ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease in Santiago de Cuba province i: en

Introducción: Uno de los aspectos que más interés suscita en lo referente a la distribución geográfica de la mortalidad por cáncer es la formación de conglomerados espaciales. Objetivo: Identificar el patrón espacial de la mortalidad por cáncer, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica mediante la detección y descripción de conglomerados espaciales en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico exploratorio espacial de los fallecimientos por cáncer, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica durante el período comprendido desde el 1 de enero hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2019 en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, para lo cual se procedió a la detección de conglomerados espaciales de elevada y baja mortalidad por las causas antes citadas. Se empleó el método de escaneo espacial estadístico con el programa Satscan y las variables independientes fueron divididas en demográficas y clínicas. Resultados: De los 36 conglomerados espaciales de mortalidad detectados, 23 correspondieron al cáncer (65,8 %), 7 a cardiopatía isquémica (18,4 %) y 6 a enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica (15,8 %); asimismo, 44,7 % del total eran de elevado riesgo y 55,3 % de bajo riesgo. Conclusiones: El patrón de la distribución espacial de mortalidad por cáncer de próstata, pulmón, mama, colon, esófago, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica se caracterizó por la formación de conglomerados espaciales de elevada y baja mortalidad.

Introduction: One of the aspects that more interest raises regarding the geographical distribution of mortality due to cancer is the formation of space conglomerates. Objective: To identify the space pattern of mortality due to cancer, ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease by means of the detection and description of space conglomerates in Santiago de Cuba province. Methods: A space exploratory ecological study of deaths due to cancer, ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease was carried out during January 1st to December 31, 2019 in Santiago de Cuba province, for which space conglomerates of high and low mortality due to the abovementioned causes were detected. The statistical space escanning method was used with the Satscan program and the independent variables were divided in demographic and clinical. Results: Of the 36 space conglomerates of mortality detected, twenty three corresponded to cancer (65.8%), seven to ischemic heart disease (18.4%) and six to ischemic cerebrovascular disease (15.8%); also, 44.7% of the total was of high risk and 55.3% of low risk. Conclusions: The space distribution pattern of mortality due to prostate, lung, breast, colon, esophagus cancer, ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease was characterized by the formation of high and low mortality space conglomerates.

Dor torácica em pacientes com transtorno do pânico e cardiopatia isquêmica em emergência / Chest pain in patients with panic disorder and ischemic heart path in emergency

Introdução: Dor torácica é um sintoma geralmente presente em ambientes de atendimento emergencial. Objetivo: Verificar as características da dor torácica derivada do transtorno de pânico e da cardiopatia isquêmica, se a equipe multiprofissional acredita que existe diferença entre os sinais e sintomas, se sabem o tratamento, encaminhamento e desfecho dos pacientes. Método: Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, delineamento descritivo analítico, com correlação entre as variáveis, realizado por meio de questionário com 77 profissionais de uma equipe multiprofissional do Pronto Atendimento da Emergência de um hospital de ensino, no ano de 2022. Resultados: Pacientes com queixa de dor torácica eram atendidos imediatamente seguindo protocolo específico, que envolve repouso absoluto, medicação, oxigenoterapia, eletrocardiograma, monitorização cardíaca e exames laboratoriais. A maioria dos profissionais relatou que existe diferença entre os sinais e sintomas da dor decorrente de pânico e da cardiopatia isquêmica, mas destacou que há pontos comuns, e o conjunto de sintomas físicos e psicológicos confunde a equipe e dificulta o diagnóstico. A maioria conhecia o fluxo, encaminhamento e tratamento dos pacientes coronariopatas, mas não sabiam o tratamento e encaminhamento para aqueles com transtorno do pânico, pois recebiam alta hospitalar da emergência para casa, sem avaliação de um especialista e sem orientações sobre o problema. Destacaram que a comunicação efetiva auxilia na detecção tanto de problemas físicos, como de sofrimentos emocionais, sendo crucial para o tratamento e a assistência. Conclusão: Os participantes do estudo demonstraram conhecimento e preparo para atender as condições da dor torácica dos pacientes, independente da origem, acreditam que há diferença na apresentação da dor, relacionada a irradiação para braço e pescoço, mas se confundem, o que dificulta o diagnóstico e o tratamento, especialmente quando é pânico. O serviço e a equipe carecem de profissionais especializados em saúde mental e psiquiatria para tratamento e encaminhamento adequado dos acometidos pelo transtorno de pânico.

Introduction: Chest pain is a symptom generally present in emergency care environments. Objective: To verify the characteristics of chest pain resulting from panic disorder and ischemic heart disease, whether the multidisciplinary team believes that there is a difference between signs and symptoms, whether they know the treatment, referral and outcome of patients. Method: Cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, analytical descriptive design, with correlation between variables, carried out through a questionnaire with 77 professionals from a multidisciplinary team from the Emergency Department of a teaching hospital, in the year 2022. Results: Patients with complaints of chest pain were treated immediately following a specific protocol, which involves absolute rest, medication, oxygen therapy, electrocardiogram, cardiac monitoring and laboratory tests. Most professionals reported that there is a difference between the signs and symptoms of pain resulting from panic and ischemic heart disease, but highlighted that there are common points, and the set of physical and psychological symptoms confuses the team and makes diagnosis difficult. The majority knew the flow, referral and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease, but they did not know the treatment and referral for those with panic disorder, as they were discharged from the emergency room to home, without evaluation by a specialist and without guidance on the problem. They highlighted that effective communication helps to detect both physical problems and emotional suffering, being crucial for treatment and assistance. Conclusion: The study participants demonstrated knowledge and preparation to deal with the conditions of patients' chest pain, regardless of the origin, they believe that there is a difference in the presentation of pain, related to irradiation to the arm and neck, but it is confused, which makes diagnosis difficult and treatment, especially when it is panic. The service and team lack professionals specialized in mental health and psychiatry for treatment and appropriate referral of those affected by panic disorder

Introducción: El dolor torácico es un síntoma generalmente presente en ambientes de atención de emergencia. Objetivo: Verificar las características del dolor torácico derivado del trastorno de pánico y de la cardiopatía isquémica, si el equipo multidisciplinario cree que existe diferencia entre signos y síntomas, si conoce el tratamiento, derivación y evolución de los pacientes. Método: Estudio transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño analítico descriptivo, con correlación entre variables, realizado a través de un cuestionario a 77 profesionales de un equipo multidisciplinario del Servicio de Emergencia de un hospital universitario, en el año 2022. Resultados: Los pacientes con quejas de dolor torácico fueron tratados inmediatamente siguiendo un protocolo específico, que incluye reposo absoluto, medicación, oxigenoterapia, electrocardiograma, monitorización cardíaca y pruebas de laboratorio. La mayoría de los profesionales informaron que existe diferencia entre los signos y síntomas del dolor por pánico y la cardiopatía isquémica, pero resaltaron que hay puntos en común, y el conjunto de síntomas físicos y psicológicos confunde al equipo y dificulta el diagnóstico. La mayoría conocía el flujo, derivación y tratamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria, pero desconocía el tratamiento y derivación de aquellos con trastorno de pánico, ya que eran dados de alta de urgencia a su domicilio, sin evaluación de un especialista y sin orientación sobre el problema. Destacaron que la comunicación efectiva ayuda a detectar tanto problemas físicos como sufrimiento emocional, siendo crucial para el tratamiento y asistencia. Conclusión: Los participantes del estudio demostraron conocimiento y preparación para afrontar las condiciones de dolor torácico de los pacientes, independientemente del origen, creen que existe diferencia en la presentación del dolor, relacionado con la irradiación al brazo y cuello, pero pero obtienen confuso, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, especialmente cuando se trata de pánico. El servicio y el equipo carecen de profesionales especializados en salud mental y psiquiatría para el tratamiento y derivación adecuada de los afectados por el trastorno de pánico

Comorbidities and clinical symptoms can modify myocardial function: a cross-sectional study with PET/CT / Comorbilidades y síntomas clínicos que pueden modificar la función miocárdica: estudio transversal con PET/TC

Abstract Objective: Associating comorbidities and cardiac symptoms that alter myocardial mechanical function could help clinicians to correctly identify at-risk population. Methods: We conducted a functional open population cross-sectional study of patients referred to a positron emission tomography/computed tomography unit in Mexico City for evaluation of myocardial function, perfusion, and coronary circulation. Ischemia was defined as a sum difference score ≥ 2. Association between comorbidities and cardiac symptoms was tested using logistic regression models and trend analysis. We performed an interaction analysis to evaluate the addition of any accompanying symptoms to comorbid conditions on impairment of myocardial function. Results: One thousand two hundred and seventy-three patients were enrolled, 66.1% male, with a mean age of 62.4 (± 12.7) years, 360 (28.7%) with ischemia, 925 (72.7%) with at least one comorbidity, and 676 (53.1%) had at least one associated cardiac symptom. Patients without ischemia, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, and adverse cardiac symptoms were associated with adverse mechanical, perfusion, and coronary flow parameters. We observed a trend of a cumulative number of comorbidities and cardiac symptoms with increased ischemia and decreased coronary flow. Only in decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, we demonstrated an interaction effect between increased comorbidities and adverse symptoms. Conclusion: The high burden of comorbidities and symptoms in our population alters myocardial function regardless of the level of ischemia.

Resumen Objetivo: La asociación de comorbilidades y síntomas cardíacos que alteran la función miocárdica podría ayudar a los médicos a identificar correctamente a poblaciones de riesgo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en población abierta de pacientes referidos a una unidad de PET/CT en la Ciudad de México para evaluación de la función miocárdica, perfusión y circulación coronaria. La isquemia se definió como una suma de diferencia de puntuación (SDS) ≥ 2. La asociación entre las comorbilidades y los síntomas cardíacos se fundamentó mediante modelos de regresión logística y análisis de tendencias. Realizamos un análisis de interacción para evaluar la adición de cualquier síntoma acompañante a condiciones comórbidas en el deterioro de la función miocárdica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.273 pacientes, 66,1% del sexo masculino, con una edad media de 62,4 (± 12.7) años, 360 (28,7%) con isquemia, 925 (72,7%) con al menos una comorbilidad y 676 (53,1%) con al menos una menos un síntoma cardíaco asociado. En pacientes sin isquemia, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la hipertensión arterial y los síntomas cardíacos adversos se asociaron con parámetros mecánicos, de perfusión y de flujo coronario adversos. Se observó una tendencia con el número acumulado de comorbilidades y síntomas cardíacos con aumento de la isquemia y disminución del flujo coronario. Solo en la disminución de la FEVI se demostró un efecto de interacción entre el aumento de las comorbilidades y los síntomas adversos. Conclusión: La alta carga de comorbilidades y síntomas en nuestra población altera la función miocárdica independientemente del nivel de isquemia.

Frank's sign associated with the severity of ischemic heart disease in patients under 65 years old.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Frank's sign is the diagonal ear fold which has been associated with ischemic heart disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship of Frank's sign with severity of ischemic heart disease in adults ≤ 65 years old in the northeast of Mexico. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients ≤ 65 years old who underwent coronary angiography consecutively over a period of 5 months in 2022. Severe coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with Frank's sign and other common cardiovascular risks. To determine the association, bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression that included variables with a value of p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 22. RESULTS: We included 311 patients ≤ 65 years, of whom 80% were men. The median age was 57 years (range 28-65). Frank's sign was positive in 62% of the population. The main clinical characteristics in patients with Frank's sign were type 2 diabetes mellitus (55%), p=0.003, dyslipidemia (53%), p=0.026 and smoking (68%), p=0.002. In the multivariate analysis, the independent variables associated with severe CAD were Frank's Sign OR 3.26; 95% CI (1.98-5.38), p≤0.001, male gender OR 2.28; 95% CI (1.20-4.35), p=0.012, and dyslipidemia OR 1.81; 95% CI (1.11-2.97), p=0.017. CONCLUSIONS: There is an independent association between Frank's sign with the presence of severe CAD in patients ≤ 65 years old, which may be useful for screening and prevention.

[Ischemic cardiomyopathy as a presentation of pheocromocytoma]. / Cardiopatía isquémica como forma de presentación de feocromocitoma.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare cause of ischaemic heart disease. We present the case of a patient in whom pheochromocytoma was diagnosed following ischaemic heart disease with absence of coronary lesions, demonstrating the importance of taking it into account in the differential diagnosis in these cases, especially considering that curative treatment is available.

Estudio de caso: revascularización de paciente con enfoque en el proceso de atención de enfermería / Case study: Patient revascularization with focus on the nursing care process

Introducción: la cardiopatía isquémica fue la primera causa de muerte en México en el año 2020. Su prevalencia aumenta con la edad y es superior en los hombres que en las mujeres; se presenta mayormente en forma de infarto en edades entre 45 y 94 años. Objetivo: describir el caso de un paciente sometido a revascularización aorto-coronaria por cardiopatía isquémica con enfoque del proceso de atención de enfermería (PAE). Metodología: estudio de caso observacional y descriptivo con aplicación del PAE en el perioperatorio de un hombre de 50 años con cardiopatía isquémica crónica, enfermedad multivascular e hipertensión sistémica controlada de 6 años desde que inició, en un hospital público de tercer nivel en Mérida, Yucatán, México. Resultados: se demostró que si se aplica el PAE hay menor riesgo de shock hipovolémico ocasionado por sangrado activo y disminución de riesgo de infección del sitio de herida quirúrgica, evidenciado por el procedimiento quirúrgico extenso. Conclusiones: la metodología del PAE como método científico facilita innovaciones dentro de los cuidados enfermeros, además de las diferentes alternativas en las acciones a seguir para el tratamiento del paciente quirúrgico cardiovascular. También proporciona un método informativo para la atención de cuidados, desarrolla una autonomía para la enfermería y fomenta la consideración como profesional de salud.

Introduction: Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in Mexico in 2020. Its prevalence increases with age and it is higher in men than in women; it is presented mostly as a heart attack between the ages of 45 and 94 years. Objective: To describe the case of a patient undergoing aorto-coronary revascularization for ischemic heart disease with a nursing care process (NCP) approach. Methodology: Observational and descriptive case study with application of NCP in the perioperative period of a 50-year-old man with chronic ischemic heart disease, multivessel disease and controlled systemic hypertension of 6 years since its onset, in a third level public hospital in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Results: It was demonstrated that by applying NCP there is a lower risk of hypovolemic shock caused by active bleeding and decreased risk of surgical wound site infection, evidenced by the extensive surgical procedure. Conclusions: The NCP methodology as a scientific method facilitates innovations within nursing care, in addition to the different alternatives in the actions to follow for the treatment of the cardiovascular surgical patient. It also provides an informative method for care, develops autonomy for nursing and promotes consideration as a health professional.

Nuclear Cardiology in the COVID-19 pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 infection has a very important relationship with cardiovascular disease. Since the beginning of the pandemic, a close relationship has been observed between cardiovascular comorbidity and a worse prognosis in COVID-19 patients. The study of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular disease suggests several concomitant hypotheses: direct myocardial damage by the virus, hypoxemia secondary to respiratory failure, inflammatory response to infection and/or thromboembolic phenomena. Cardiovascular damage can manifest in the acute phase of infection with acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, arrhythmias…, during this phase Nuclear Cardiology procedures have not played a determining role in the diagnosis and management of these patients. On the other hand, in the subacute phase of the infection and in the post-acute COVID syndrome, Nuclear Cardiology seems to shed light on what happens in the cardiovascular system in this phase of the disease. The COVID-19 pandemic has represented a great challenge for health systems, with a significant reduction in non-urgent diagnostic procedures with the aim of reducing the risk of transmission to patients and health personnel. Nuclear Cardiology has not been an exception. In addition to the prioritization of urgent/non-deferrable procedures and general screening, hygiene and distance measures, the main organizations and scientific societies of Nuclear Medicine and Nuclear Cardiology released recommendations and guidelines for safe practice, introducing significant changes in myocardial perfusion SPECT protocols.

Impact of the Mexican education system and age on basic knowledge about ischemic heart disease in the pre-COVID-19 era.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess general population's knowledge about ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its relationship to years of schooling in Mexico. METHOD: Analysis of surveys designed to measure knowledge about IHD applied in Mexico City. RESULTS: 530 surveys were analyzed. 51.7% were women. The median age was 43 years (IQR: 15-92) and the median of schooling was 18 years (IQR: 15-18). 64.5% of respondents scored less than 50% of correct answers. A slight increase in the knowledge level and years of study (p < 0.001) and age (p = 0.101) was observed, but with low correlation indexes (r = 0.215 and r = 0.071, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about IHD in general population is deficient and doesn't increase adequately neither with age nor academic studies. It is necessary to review our health education strategies.

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Evaluar los conocimientos sobre cardiopatía isquémica (CI) de la población general y relacionarlos con los años de escolaridad y la edad. MÉTODO: Análisis de encuestas diseñadas para medir conocimientos sobre CI aplicadas en Ciudad de México. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 530 encuestas. El 51.7% fueron mujeres. La mediana de edad fue 43 años (RIC: 15 a 92) y la de años de estudio fue de 18 años (RIC: 15-18). El 64.5% de los encuestados obtuvo menos del 50% de aciertos. Se documentó un ligero incremento en el nivel de conocimiento con los años de estudio (p < 0.001) y con la edad (p = 0.101), pero con bajos índices de correlación (r = 0.215 y r = 0.071, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Los conocimientos sobre CI en la población general son deficientes y no se incrementan adecuadamente con la edad ni con los años de estudios académicos. Es necesario revisar nuestras estrategias de educación en salud.

Índice predictivo de cardiopatía isquémica en personas con diabetes mellitus

Introducción: Los individuos con diabetes mellitus tienen un riesgo de cardiopatía isquémica 2 a 4 veces superior a la observada en la población general. Objetivo: Diseñar un índice, basado en los factores de riesgo identificados, para predecir el desarrollo de cardiopatía isquémica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de tipo casos y controles en 330 pacientes con diabetes mellitus. El índice se derivó del análisis de regresión logística binaria de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Resultados: El índice propuesto mostró elevada morbilidad en las categorías de riesgo alto (48,9 %) y riesgo muy alto (100 %); sus valores promedio fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, en comparación con aquellos que no la desarrollaron (7,98 x 3,67; p= 0,000). La curva COR del índice propuesto tiene buena capacidad para discriminar los pacientes que tendrán una cardiopatía isquémica de los que no desarrollarán la enfermedad (0,902; p= 0,000). Conclusiones: El índice que se propone es capaz de predecir el desarrollo de cardiopatía isquémica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Individuals with diabetes mellitus have a risk of ischemic heart disease 2 to 4 times higher than that observed in the general population. Objective: To design an index, based on the identified risk factors, to predict the development of ischemic heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: An analytical case-control study was carried out in 330 patients with diabetes mellitus. The index was derived from binary logistic regression analysis of cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The proposed index showed a high morbidity in the categories of high risk (48.9%) and very high risk (100%). Likewise, their mean values ​​were significantly higher in patients with ischemic heart disease compared to those who did not develop it (7.98 x 3.67; p= 0.000). The ROC curve of the proposed index has a good ability to discriminate patients who will have ischemic heart disease from those who will not develop the disease (0.902; p= 0.000). Conclusions: The proposed index is capable of predicting the development of ischemic heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Incidencia y características clínicas de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva (MINOCA) / Incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease (MINOCA)

Resumen Introducción: MINOCA es un infarto agudo de miocardio sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, esta definición se ha incorporado recientemente a la 4° definición universal del infarto. Sin embargo, por tratarse de un síndrome coronario isquémico no convencional en la práctica clínica, su etiología es muy compleja de dilucidar y demanda un proceso de diagnósticos diferenciales para descartar otras causas de lesión cardíaca. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar a los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin lesiones obstructivas significativas incluidos en el Registro Argentino de Infarto con Elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Métodos: estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico de carácter nacional con inclusión de pacientes con IAMCEST dentro de las 36 horas comenzado los síntomas. Se analizaron todos los pacientes estudiados con cinecoronariografía al ingreso y se consideró MINOCA a aquellos sin lesiones obstructivas significativas de la arteria responsable y se los comparó con los pacientes con lesiones coronarias ateroscleróticas signifi cativas. Resultados: 30 pacientes con MINOCA sobre 2894 pacientes ingresados al registro (incidencia: 1%). Los pacientes con MINOCA fueron más jóvenes, proporción similar en cuanto al género, menos diabéticos y con más antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca. Ingresan sin falla cardíaca y fracción de eyección preservada. Mortalidad intrahospitalaria 7%, sin diferencia significativa comparado con IAM clásico. Al alta recibieron en me nor proporción inhibidores P2Y12, estatinas y betabloqueantes. Discusión: No se encontró predominancia de género femenino como otras series. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria es elevada a pesar de no tener enfermedad coronaria significativa. Se destaca la baja utilización de doble antiagregación y estatinas.

Abstract Introduction: MINOCA is an acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease, this definition was recently incorporated into the 4th universal definition of myocardial infarction. However, since it is an unconventional ischemic coronary syndrome in clinical practice, its etiology is very complex to elucidate and requires a differential diagnosis process to rule out other causes of cardiac injury. The objective of this study is to characterize patients with acute myocardial infarction without significant obstructive lesions included in the Argentine Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Methods: Prospective, multicenter national study including patients with STEMI within 36 hours of symptom onset. All patients studied with coronary angiography at admission were analyzed and those without significant obstructive lesions of the culprit artery were considered MINOCA. This MINOCA patients were compared with patients with significant atherosclerotic coronary lesions. Results: 30 patients with MINOCA out of 2894 patients entered in the registry (incidence: 1%). MINOCA patients were younger, had a similar proportion for gender, had fewer diabetics patients, and had a greater history of heart failure. They were admitted without heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. In-hospital mortality was 7%, with no significant difference compared to classic AMI. At discharge, they received P2Y12 inhibitors, statins, and beta-blockers in fewer proportion. Discussion: There was no predominance of the female gender as in other series. In-hospital mortality is high despite not having significant coronary disease. It is worth mentioning the low use of dual antiaggregating and statins.

Adherencia a tratamiento de prevención secundaria post síndrome coronario agudo, en pacientes adultos ingresados al Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena / Adherence to secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes: experience in a chilean general hospital

Antecedentes: En prevención secundaria cardiovascular, el control de los factores de riesgo es deficiente y la falta de adherencia terapéutica parece ser uno de los factores causales. El cumplimiento terapéutico se asocia a un 20% de disminución del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y un 38% de disminución de mortalidad por cualquier causa. Sin embargo, la adherencia a los fármacos preventivos ronda el 50% al año después del alta hospitalaria, lo que multiplica por 3 el riesgo de mortalidad. Objetivos: Describir la adherencia a mediano plazo a tratamiento de prevención secundaria post síndrome coronario agudo de los pacientes adultos ingresados al Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena durante el año 2018. Determinar las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de la población y explorar las posibles causas asociadas a la falta de adherencia terapéutica en este grupo de pacientes. Métodos y Resultados: Se evaluaron 396 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena de Temuco durante el año 2018. La adherencia a terapia farmacológica se evaluó mediante el cuestionario de Morisky-Green de ocho ítems, aplicado vía telefónica. Se evaluó la asociación de variables clínicas y sociodemográficas con el nivel de adherencia mediante regresión ordinal y análisis de correspondencias. Resultados: Un 41.9% de los pacientes mantuvieron adherencia a la terapia a 2 años de seguimiento. Variables sociodemográficas como el bajo nivel educacional, la ruralidad, y la presencia de 1 o 2 apellidos mapuche se asociaron con baja adherencia a terapia farmacológica. Conclusión: La adherencia a medidas de prevención secundaria después del tratamiento por un síndrome coronario aguda es baja. Los principales factores relacionados a la falta de adherencia fueron el bajo nivel educacional y la ruralidad.

Background: a lack of therapeutic adherence to secondary prevention measures after acute coronary events leads to a poor control of risk factors. Adherence to treatment is associated with a reduction of 20% in the risk of cardiovascular disease and 38% reduction in all-cause mortality long term. However, adherence to drug therapy is about 50% a year after hospital discharge, which leads to an approximately three fold increase in mortality. Objectives: to describe the medium-term adherence to secondary prevention treatment following an acute coronary syndrome in adult patients admitted to a general hospital during 2018. In addition, to relate clinical and sociodemographic characteristics related to poor adherence and also to explore possible causes associated with the lack of therapeutic adherence in this group of patients. Methods: 396 patients treated for an acute coronary syndrome were followed after being discharged from the Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco (Chile) during 2018. Adherence to pharmacological therapy was evaluated using the eight-item Morisky-Green questionnaire applied via phone call. The association of clinical and sociodemographic variables with the level of adherence was evaluated using ordinal regression and correspondence analysis. Results: Only 41.9% of patients maintained adherence to therapy at 2 years of follow-up. Low educational level, rurality, and the presence of 1 or 2 mapuche surnames were associated to poor adherence to drug therapy.

Outcome of ventricular tachycardia catheter ablation in ischemic heart disease patients using a high-density mapping substrate-based approach: A prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RCA) for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) is associated with a reduced risk of VT storm and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks. We aim to report the outcome after a single RCA procedure for VT in patients with IHD using a high-density substrate-based approach. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational, single-center and single-arm study involving patients with IHD, referred for RCA procedure for VT using high-density mapping catheters. Substrate mapping was performed in all patients. Procedural endpoints were VT non-inducibility and local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs) elimination. The primary end point was survival free from appropriate ICD shocks and secondary end points included VT storm and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Sixty-four consecutive patients were included (68±9 years, 95% male, mean ejection fraction 33±11%, 39% VT storms, and 69% appropriate ICD shocks). LAVAs were identified in all patients and VT inducibility was found in 83%. LAVA elimination and non-inducibility were achieved in 93.8% and 60%, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 25±18 months, 90% and 85% of patients are free from appropriate ICD shocks at one and two years, respectively. The proportion of patients experiencing VT storm decreased from 39% to 1.6%. Overall survival was 89% and 84% at one and two years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: RCA of VT in IHD using a high-density mapping substrate-based approach resulted in a steady freedom of ICD shocks and VT storm.

Primer choque apropiado del desfibrilador automático implantable en pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica / First appropriate implantable defibrillator shocks in patients with Chagasic heart disease

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar si los pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica (CCh) presentaron choques apropiados del desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) de manera más precoz que los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica (CI). Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó los pacientes con CCh y CI en quienes se implantó un DAI entre los años 2009 y 2018 en un hospital de alta complejidad. El seguimiento se realizó hasta los 36 meses, evaluándose el momento del primer choque apropiado del dispositivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 64 pacientes, 20 con CCh y 44 con CI. Se observó que una mayor proporción de pacientes con CCh presentaron choques apropiados durante el primer año (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.4; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2.09-34.02; p = 0.0027) y a 3 años (HR: 4.61; IC95%: 1.51-14.07; p = 0.0072). El 100% de la población con CCh e implante del DAI como prevención secundaria de muerte súbita presentaron choques apropiados durante los primeros 26 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con CCh presentaron choques apropiados del DAI de manera más precoz que los pacientes con CI. Todos los pacientes con CCh y DAI como prevención secundaria presentaron choques apropiados, representando una población de mayor riesgo. Esta información apoya la indicación del DAI en estos pacientes a pesar de la escasa evidencia en ensayos aleatorizados.

Abstract Objetives: To assess if patients with Chagasic heart disease (CHD) received effective automatic implantable defibrillator (AID) shocks earlier than patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with CHD and IHD who received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) between 2009 and 2018, in a tertiary hospital. We evaluated the time between the implant of ICD and the first effective shock in patients with CHD and compared it with the IHD control population. Results: We included a total of 64 patients, 20 with CHD and 44 with IHD. CHD patients presented earlier an effective shock than patients with IHD during the first year (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.09-34.02; p = 0.0027), and at three years (HR: 4.61; 95% CI: 1.51-14.07; p = 0.0072). 100% of CHD patients who received the ICD as secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death presented an effective shock during the first 26 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with CHD received effective ICD shocks earlier than the IHD patients. All patients with CHD and ICD as secondary prevention had an appropriate ICD shock at short term, representing the highest risk population, and supporting the indication of the device in a setting where randomized clinical trials are lacking.

Agregación familiar para cardiopatía isquémica

RESUMEN Fundamento: la cardiopatía isquémica es una entidad nosológica de origen multifactorial con predisposición genética y susceptible a cambios ambientales. Objetivo: determinar la existencia de agregación familiar para cardiopatía isquémica en pacientes atendidos en consulta de cardiología en el Hospital General Docente Vladimir Ilich Lenin de Holguín. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles (estudio de agregación familiar). La muestra quedó conformada por 60 nuevos pacientes con el diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica (casos) y por otros 60 pacientes sin diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria (controles), pareadas en la razón 1:1. Se emplearon como variables: sexo, edad, antecedentes familiares de cardiopatía isquémica y factores de riesgo ambientales. Se utilizó el estadígrafo Chi cuadrado. Luego se calculó el Odds Ratio para conocer la magnitud de asociación mediante la razón de productos cruzados. Resultados: en el grupo casos existió una mayor frecuencia en el antecedente familiar para cardiopatía isquémica, fue más elevada para los familiares de primer grado con 31 familiares y un 41,3 %. La hiperlipidemia se presentó como el factor de riesgo de mayor frecuencia con 36,7 % en el grupo casos y 37,1 % en el grupo controles. Se determinó un riesgo aproximadamente 4 veces mayor de padecer cardiopatía isquémica en aquellos individuos con historia familiar positiva de primer grado, mientras que los pacientes con hiperlipidemia tienen 4,8 más riesgo de padecer cardiopatía isquémica. Conclusiones: existe agregación familiar para cardiopatía isquémica y se mostró un riesgo mayor de enfermar los pacientes con historia familiar positiva para la enfermedad, principalmente con familiares de primer grado y con hiperlipidemia.

ABSTRACT Background: ischemic heart disease is a nosological entity of multifactorial origin with genetic predisposition and susceptible to environmental changes. Objective: to determine the existence of familial aggregation for ischemic heart disease in patients seen in the cardiology clinic at the Vladimir Ilich Lenin General Teaching Hospital in Holguín. Methods: an analytical observational study of cases and controls (family aggregation study) was carried out. The sample was made up of 60 new patients with a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (cases) and another 60 patients without a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (controls), paired in a 1:1 ratio. The following variables were used: sex, age, family history of ischemic heart disease and environmental risk factors: smoking, hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure and sedentary lifestyle. The Chi square statistician was used by the Mantel-Haenszel method. The odds ratio (OR) was then calculated to determine the magnitude of association through the ratio of cross products. Results: in the case group there was a higher frequency in the family history for ischemic heart disease, being higher for first degree relatives with 31 relatives and 41.3 %. Hyperlipidemia was the most frequent risk factor with 36.7 % in the case group and 37.1 % in the control group. An approximately 4-fold increased risk of suffering from ischemic heart disease was determined in those individuals with a positive first-degree family history, while patients with hyperlipidemia have a 4.8 times greater risk of suffering from ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: there is family aggregation for ischemic heart disease and a higher risk of getting sick was shown in patients with a positive family history for the disease, mainly with first-degree relatives and with hyperlipidemia.

Cardiopatía isquémica. Consideraciones para la atención odontológica / Ischemic heart disease. Considerations for dental treatment

La cardiopatía isquémica es un padecimiento que se caracteriza por la falta de oxígeno del músculo cardiaco y es la principal causa de infarto de miocardio. Existen múltiples factores que predisponen al desarrollo de ésta como la obesidad, la hiperlipidemia, el sedenta- rismo, tabaquismo, diabetes e hipertensión. Dadas las características que configuran la fisiopatología de la cardiopatía isquémica, existen diversas consideraciones que deben ser tomadas en cuenta toda vez que el estomatólogo brinde atención a un paciente con este padecimiento. El objetivo del presente artículo es conocer todo lo relacionado con la fisiopatología de la cardiopatía isquémica, sus manifestaciones clínicas, su tratamiento médico y lo más importante, las consideraciones que deben tomarse en el consultorio dental cuando se atienda a un paciente que padezca esta condición (AU)

Ischemic heart disease is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle and is the main cause of myocardial infarction. There are multiple factors that predispose to the development of this, such as obesity, hiyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes and hypertension. Given the characteristics that make up the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, there are various considerations that must be taken into account whenever the stomatologist provides care to a patient with this condition. The objective of this article is to know everything related to the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, its clinical manifestation, its medical treatment and most importantly, the considerations that must be taken in the dental office when caring for a patient with this condition (AU)

Patrones de costos de atención a pacientes con enfermedades isquémicas del corazón en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular, 2019 / Cost patterns of care for patients with ischemic heart disease at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular, 2019

RESUMEN Introducción. La enfermedad isquémica del corazón (EIC) es actualmente un problema de salud pública en el Perú, y su tratamiento tiende a ser muy costoso para el sistema de salud. Objetivo. Establecer los patrones de costos de atención de las EIC en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular (INCOR) de la Seguridad Social en Salud del Perú (EsSalud). Métodos. Se utilizaron las bases de datos de atenciones, cirugías, egresos y valor bruto de la producción del INCOR de la población diagnosticada y atendida con EIC en el año 2019 (879 pacientes). Se estimaron los costos de las atenciones mediante costeo basado en actividad; se utilizó un modelo econométrico para establecer los determinantes de los costos, y con el método de distancia euclidiana se formaron "clústeres" con características similares para establecer patrones de costos. Resultados. El costo de atención de EIC más alto fue de 148 567 soles (US$ 44 830) para un paciente con 40 días de estancia. Fueron principales determinantes del costo de la atención la estancia hospitalaria y el número de ingresos al establecimiento. Se identificó que los "clúster" que tuvieron un costo mayor, fueron pacientes con edad de 70 y 72 años como mediana, con altos número de días de estancia y con alguna cirugía de alta complejidad. Conclusión. Los patrones de costos de la atención de la EIC estuvieron asociados a la estancia y los reingresos al establecimiento de salud. Los "clústers" con mayor costo estuvieron relacionados a la edad y complejidad de la cirugía.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is currently a public health problem in Peru, and its treatment tends to be very expensive for the health system. Goal. Establish the patterns of care costs of the EIC in the National Cardiovascular Institute (INCOR) of the Social Security in Health of Peru (EsSalud). Methods. The databases of care, surgeries, discharges and gross value of INCOR production of the population diagnosed and treated with IHD in 2019 (879 patients) were used. Costs of care were estimated using activity-based costing; an econometric model was used to establish the determinants of costs, and with the Euclidean distance method, "clusters" with similar characteristics were formed to establish cost patterns. Results. The highest cost of EIC care was 148 567 soles (US$ 44 830) for a patient with a 40-day stay. The main determinants of the cost of care were the hospital stay and the number of admissions to the establishment. It was identified that the "clusters" that had a higher cost were patients with a median age of 70 and 72 years, with a high number of days of stay and with some highly complex surgery. Conclusion. Cost patterns for IHD care were associated with length of stay and readmissions to the health facility. The "clusters" with the highest cost were related to age and complexity of the surgery.

Características clínicas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus complicados con cardiopatía isquémica

RESUMEN Introducción: en las personas con diabetes mellitus la cardiopatía isquémica muestra una morbilidad y una mortalidad 2-4 veces superior a la observada en la población general. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus complicados con cardiopatía isquémica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 459 pacientes con diabetes mellitus, atendidos en los servicios de Endocrinología y Cardiología del Hospital General Provincial "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" del municipio Bayamo, provincia de Granma, desde el 1ro de enero de 2015 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2020. Estadígrafos: Chi Cuadrado y T de Student. Resultados: la frecuencia de hipertensión arterial (0,0000), hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (0,0000), tabaquismo (0,0128) y otras complicaciones vasculares de la diabetes, fue superior en los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica con respecto a los que no poseen esta complicación. Asimismo, los casos con cardiopatía isquémica exhibieron una edad (0,0000), un tiempo de DM (0,0000) y niveles de HA1c (0,0002), colesterol (0,0266), triglicéridos (0,0432), cociente colesterol/HDL (0,0001), microalbuminuria (0,0000) y ácido úrico (0,0000), significativamente superiores que los sin cardiopatía isquémica. Conclusiones: los pacientes con diabetes complicados con cardiopatía isquémica tienen una frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares superior a aquellos sin esta complicación. Se hace necesario otras investigaciones para determinar el papel de estos factores en el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in people with diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease shows morbidity and mortality 2-4 times higher than that observed in the general population. Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by ischemic heart disease. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 459 patients with diabetes mellitus, treated at the Endocrinology and Cardiology services of the "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" Provincial General Hospital of the Bayamo municipality, Granma province, since January 1, 2015. until December 31, 2020. Statisticians: Chi Square and Student's T. Results: the frequency of arterial hypertension (0.0000), left ventricular hypertrophy (0.0000), smoking (0.0128) and other vascular complications of diabetes was higher in patients with ischemic heart disease than in those without have this complication. Likewise, the cases with ischemic heart disease exhibited an age (0.0000), a time of DM (0.0000) and levels of HA1c (0.0002), cholesterol (0.0266), triglycerides (0.0432), ratio cholesterol/HDL (0.0001), microalbuminuria (0.0000) and uric acid (0.0000), significantly higher than those without ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: patients with diabetes complicated by ischemic heart disease have a higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors than those without this complication. Other research is necessary to determine the role of these factors in the development of the disease.

RESUMO Introdução: em pessoas com diabetes mellitus, a cardiopatia isquêmica apresenta morbidade e mortalidade 2-4 vezes maior do que a observada na população geral. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas de pacientes com diabetes mellitus complicado por cardiopatia isquêmica. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo realizado em 459 pacientes com diabetes mellitus, atendidos nos serviços de Endocrinologia e Cardiologia do Hospital Geral Provincial "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" do município de Bayamo, província de Granma, desde 1 de janeiro de 2015. até 31 de dezembro de 2020. Estatísticos: Chi Square e Student's T. Resultados: a frequência de hipertensão arterial (0,0000), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (0,0000), tabagismo (0,0128) e outras complicações vasculares do diabetes foi maior nos pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica do que naqueles sem essa complicação. Da mesma forma, os casos de cardiopatia isquêmica apresentaram idade (0,0000), tempo de DM (0,0000) e níveis de HA1c (0,0002), colesterol (0,0266), triglicerídeos (0,0432), relação colesterol/HDL (0,0001), microalbuminúria (0,0000) e ácido úrico (0,0000), significativamente maior do que aqueles sem cardiopatia isquêmica. Conclusões: pacientes com diabetes complicado por cardiopatia isquêmica apresentam maior frequência de fatores de risco cardiovascular do que aqueles sem essa complicação. Outras pesquisas são necessárias para determinar o papel desses fatores no desenvolvimento da doença.