Emulsions stabilized by phospholipids.

HYPOTHESIS: Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules able to adsorb at oil/water interfaces and thus used to stabilize parenteral emulsions. Yet, their low preferred curvature, which sensitively depends on molecular structures and interactions, favors the formation of lamellar phases and sets constraints on the system formulation. Combining phase studies, structural interfacial characterizations, and stability monitoring for different water/phospholipid/oil systems should shine a light on the mechanisms at play and thus tools to optimize formulations. EXPERIMENTS: Four phase diagrams were established for ternary aqueous systems containing either DOPC or POPC as the phospholipid and hexadecane or miglyol 812 as the oil. Droplet interfaces were probed using small-angle neutron scattering and the amount of adsorbed lipid was determined using separation and Raman spectroscopy. The metastability of both nano and macro emulsions was systematically assessed over weeks using light scattering. FINDINGS: We show that nanoemulsion droplets are stabilized by a lipid monolayer and display excellent metastability if the preferred curvature is positive and large enough, even without any added charges or at high ionic strengths. In contrast, macroemulsion droplets are stabilized with a lipid multilayer, which should possess a positive preferred curvature but also a good enough interfacial anchorage, which is lost upon increasing the preferred curvature. Overall, we provide a rationale for understanding the impact of molecular changes in the formulation on emulsion metastability, through the analysis of the lipid film preferred curvature, layering, and interfacial anchorage.

The Nedd4L ubiquitin ligase is activated by FCHO2-generated membrane curvature.

The C2-WW-HECT domain ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L regulates membrane sorting during endocytosis through the ubiquitination of cargo molecules such as the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Nedd4L is catalytically autoinhibited by an intramolecular interaction between its C2 and HECT domains, but the protein's activation mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that Nedd4L activation is linked to membrane shape by FCHO2, a Bin-Amphiphysin-Rsv (BAR) domain protein that regulates endocytosis. FCHO2 was required for the Nedd4L-mediated ubiquitination and endocytosis of ENaC, with Nedd4L co-localizing with FCHO2 at clathrin-coated pits. In cells, Nedd4L was specifically recruited to, and activated by, the FCHO2 BAR domain. Furthermore, we reconstituted FCHO2-induced recruitment and activation of Nedd4L in vitro. Both the recruitment and activation were mediated by membrane curvature rather than protein-protein interactions. The Nedd4L C2 domain recognized a specific degree of membrane curvature that was generated by the FCHO2 BAR domain, with this curvature directly activating Nedd4L by relieving its autoinhibition. Thus, we show for the first time a specific function (i.e., recruitment and activation of an enzyme regulating cargo sorting) of membrane curvature by a BAR domain protein.

HIV-1 assembly - when virology meets biophysics.

Cells naturally produce vesicles that bud from different lipid membranes using dedicated molecular machineries. Enveloped RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), also generate particles that bud from host cell membranes by hijacking cellular factors and signaling pathways similar to those involved in the budding of extracellular vesicles. HIV-1 buds from the host cell plasma membrane mainly via the self-assembly of Gag, a structural protein. Gag is a polyprotein that forms assembly complexes containing viral genomic RNA (gRNA), host cell lipids and proteins. HIV-1 Gag binds and segregates host cell plasma membrane lipids while self-assembling simultaneously on the gRNA and the plasma membrane. This self-assembly causes membrane bending and formation of a new viral particle with the help of host cell proteins, likely including cortical actin-associated factors. However, it is unclear whether the energy of Gag self-assembly is sufficient to generate new HIV-1 particles. In this Review, we discuss these processes in the light of the past and recent virology literature, incorporating lessons from studies on the quantitative biophysics of viral self-assembly, and explore how Gag might reorganize the plasma membrane and divert host cell membrane curving proteins and cortical actin-related factors to achieve particle assembly and budding.

Microendodontics at Different Levels From Routine to Complex Cases: A Case Series.

Over the past 30 years, the precision with which endodontics is performed has improved as a result of the advancements in technologies. Endodontists deal with intricate cases regularly, which appears to necessitate greater visual acuity. The invention of the dental operating microscope has been the most significant revolution. Nonetheless, due to a variety of behavioral variables, the use of magnification has yet to be adopted into general practice. The present case series aims to provide insight into the use of dental operating microscopes at different levels (routine to complex) in the field of endodontics and seeks to encourage the use of magnification in daily practice. The first level shows the non-surgical endodontic treatment of the mandibular molar with a curved canal. In the second case, the separated instrument was retrieved non-surgically using ultrasonics, whereas in the third case, surgical intervention (autotransplantation) was required for the removal of the fractured instrument. The microscope offers numerous advantages, including improved lighting, magnification, and vision of the operation field. High magnification aids in conservative access as well as identifying isthmuses, interpreting the complexity of root canal architecture, removing fractured instruments, minimizing soft and hard tissue stress, and detecting fractures and microfractures. If incorporated into daily practice, this magnifying device will drastically increase the success rate of procedures.

Toward Stabilizing the Keyhole in Laser Spot Welding of Aluminum: Numerical Analysis.

The inherent instability of laser welding, particularly keyhole instability, poses significant challenges in industrial applications, leading to defects such as porosities that compromise weld quality. Various forces act on the keyhole and molten pool during laser welding, influencing process stability. These forces are categorized into those promoting keyhole opening and penetration (e.g., recoil pressure) and those promoting keyhole collapse (e.g., surface tension, Darcy's damping forces), increasing instability and defect likelihood. This paper provides a comprehensive instability analysis to uncover key factors affecting keyhole and process instability, presenting future avenues for improving laser welding stability. Using a novel numerical method for simulating laser spot welding on aluminum with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6, we investigated the effect of laser pulse shaping on keyhole and process instability. Our analysis focused on keyhole morphology, fluid flow behaviour, and force analysis. The results indicated that the curvature effect, Marangoni effect, and Darcy's damping force are primary contributors to instability, with the curvature effect and Darcy's damping force being the most dominant. Additionally, erratic and high-velocity magnitudes induce intense fluid flow behaviour, exacerbating keyhole instability. Moreover, single/quadruple peak triangular and variant rectangular ramp-down pulse shapes produced the least instability, while multi-pulse rectangular shapes exhibited intense instability. It was found that combining triangular/rectangular pulse shapes can reduce force and keyhole instability by smoothing spontaneous force spikes, resulting in a more stabilized welding process. Controlling fluid flow and abrupt force changes with appropriate pulse shaping is key to defect-free welded products.

Corneal and intraocular pressure changes associated to the circadian rhythms: a narrative review.

AIM: To synthesize the current body of research regarding the diurnal variations in intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal biomechanical and morphological parameters, highlighting their significance in various eye conditions. METHODS: A comprehensive review of studies on the diurnal variations of IOP and corneal parameters was conducted. Tonometry findings from various studies were assessed, including the Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and non-contact tonometers. Data on the variations in central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal curvature, and corneal biomechanics measured by the Ocular Response Analyzer system across different population groups was extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: In both healthy subjects and those with Fuchs dystrophy, IOP and CCT demonstrate marked diurnal declines. GAT remains the gold standard for tonometry, with the highest reliability. However, its measurements are influenced by CCT. Keratoconus patients and those with pseudoexfoliation showed significant diurnal variations in IOP. The biomechanical parameters, especially corneal hysteresis (CH) and the corneal resistance factor (CRF), largely remain stable throughout the day for most of eye conditions, with some exceptions. Notably, the corneal morphology diurnal variation, particularly curvature, yielded mixed conclusions across studies. CONCLUSION: Circadian rhythms significantly influence various corneal parameters, most notably IOP and CCT. Further studies should emphasize standardized approaches larger sample sizes, and delve deeper into less-explored areas, such as the effects of orthokeratology lenses on diurnal biomechanical shifts.

Correlation between sagittal balance and thoracolumbar elastic energy parameters in 42 spines subject to spondylolisthesis or spinal stenosis and 21 normal spines.

The curvature of the lumbar spine plays a critical role in maintaining spinal function, stability, weight distribution, and load transfer. We have developed a mathematical model of the lumbar spine curve by introducing a novel mechanism: minimization of the elastic bending energy of the spine with respect to two biomechanical parameters: dimensionless lumbosacral spinal curvature c LS and dimensionless curvature increment along the spine CI. While most of the biomechanical studies focus on a particular segment of the spine, the distinction of the presented model is that it describes the shape of the thoracolumbar spine by considering it as a whole (non-locally) and thus includes interactions between the different spinal levels in a holistic approach. From radiographs, we have assessed standard geometrical parameters: lumbar lordosis LL, pelvic incidence PI, pelvic tilt PT, sacral slope ψ0 and sagittal balance parameter SB = sagittal vertical axis (SVA)/sacrum-bicoxofemoral distance (SFD) of 42 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (SS) or degenerative spondylolisthesis (SL) and 21 radiologically normal subjects. SB statistically significantly correlated with model parameters c L5 (r = -0.34, p = 0.009) and -CI (r = 0.33, p = 0.012) but not with standard geometrical parameters. A statistically significant difference with sufficient statistical power between the patients and the normal groups was obtained for c LS, CI, and SB but not for standard geometrical parameters. The model provides a possibility to predict changes in the thoracolumbar spine shape in surgery planning and in assessment of different spine pathologies.

Comparison of staggered and conventional posterior single-door laminoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to delineate the clinical and radiological outcomes between two different single-door laminoplasty techniques, the staggered approach and the conventional one-sided approach, in treating cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review that involved 67 patients who had CSM with symptoms lasting for ≥3 months, and underwent staggered laminoplasty (Group A, n=35) or conventional laminoplasty (Group B, n=32). Outcomes measures included intraoperative parameters, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, cervical curvature, cervical range of motion (ROM), and radiographic parameters that reflected the level of post-operative muscle atrophy. Follow-up assessments were available at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-operation. RESULTS: The mean ages in Group A and Group B were 57.11 (SD, 8.02) and 55.28 (SD, 8.47) years, respectively, with a gender distribution of 40.00% female in Group A and 40.63% in Group B (P>0.05). The average operative times were 130.86 (SD, 11.80) and 129.84 (SD, 10.51) minutes, respectively (P>0.05). However, intraoperative blood loss in milliliters was significantly higher in Group A (196.06; SD, 32.69) compared to Group B (155.03; SD, 37.80) (P<0.001). JOA scores revealed no significant post-operative differences between the two groups. Nevertheless, Group A exhibited less VAS pain, reduced post-operative ROM loss at 6 and 12 months, and less alteration in cervical curvature and decreased severity in muscle atrophy at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent staggered single-door laminoplasty experienced more favorable outcomes in some metrics than those who received the conventional technique.

Curviness is a better predictor of a woman's body attractiveness than the waist-to-hip ratio.

The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is commonly used as an indicator of mid-body fat distribution and is often used to answer health-related questions. It has also been suggested that a woman's WHR can signal her reproductive fitness. This notion is supported by evidence indicating a relation between WHR and a woman's physical attractiveness. However, it was also acknowledged that the actual fitness cue is the curviness of a woman's body. While curviness is easy to perceive, it is difficult to quantify. Therefore, the WHR is often considered as a simple measure of body curviness. However, the WHR and curviness are not uniquely related. After replicating results of a pioneering study in this area, we therefore tested whether the WHR or curviness better predicts a woman's physical attractiveness. As stimuli, we used simple line drawings of women's bodies, differing in their curviness and width. The results demonstrate that curviness is a better predictor, even though we used a relatively simple curvature-based measure of curviness. This outcome indicates that the WHR is a poor measure of a woman's body curviness and underscores the need for a more accurate measure of curviness when assessing the physical attractiveness of a woman's body.

Influence of muscle packing on the three-dimensional architecture of rabbit M. plantaris.

In their physiological condition, muscles are surrounded by connective tissue, other muscles and bone. These tissues exert transverse forces that change the three-dimensional shape of the muscle compared to its isolated condition, in which all surrounding tissues are removed. A change in shape affects the architecture of a muscle and therefore its mechanical properties. The rabbit M. plantaris is a multi-pennate calf muscle consisting of two compartments. A smaller, bi-pennate inner muscle compartment is embedded in a larger, uni-pennate outer compartment (Böl et al., 2015). As part of the calf, the plantaris is tightly packed between other muscles. It is unclear how packing affects the shape and architecture of the plantaris. Therefore, we examined the isolated and packed plantaris of the contralateral legs of three rabbits to determine the influence of the surrounding muscles on its shape and architectural properties using photogrammetric reconstruction and manual digitization, respectively. In the packed condition, the plantaris showed a 27% increase in fascicle pennation and a 54% increase in fascicle curvature compared to the isolated condition. Fascicle length was not affected by muscle packing. The change in muscle architecture occurred mainly in the outer compartment of the plantaris. Furthermore, the isolated plantaris showed a more circular shape and a reduced width of its muscle belly. It can be concluded that the packed plantaris is flattened by the forces exerted by the surrounding muscles, causing a complex architectural change. The data provided improve our understanding of muscle packages in general and can be used to develop and validate realistic three-dimensional muscle models.

The association between aerobic capacity and spinal curvature and mobility in young soccer players.

BACKGROUND: There is a lot of research in terms of injuries and performance in football and nowadays aerobic capacity, spinal posture and mobility have been taken into consideration separately in terms of performance. Considering from a biomechanical perspective, we thought spinal curvature and mobility may affect aerobic performance and investigated the relationship between them. RESEARCH QUESTION: Do young soccer players' segmental spinal curvature and mobility affect their aerobic capacity and maximal exercise performance? METHODS: Thirty-four young league players (mean age 16.56 ±1.11 years) were evaluated pre-season. Spinal assessments in the sagittal plane with a non-invasive, computer-assisted electromechanical device and aerobic capacity assessment with a cardiopulmonary exercise-testing device were applied. The relationship between spinal postural variables with aerobic capacity was done by Pearson correlation analysis, and simple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of spinal curvature and mobility on aerobic performance. RESULTS: Various parameters of aerobic performance were related to spinal curvature and mobility. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) were negatively correlated with thoracic angle (r=-0.343, p=0.047 and r=-0.344, p=0.046; respectively). Thoracic angle was also associated with tidal volume (VT) and VO2/HR (r=-0.347, p=0.044 and r=-0.348, p=0.044; respectively). Higher thoracic mobility caused to reach the anaerobic threshold (VAT) earlier (r=-0.368, p=0.032), at a lower speed (r=-0.367, p=0.033). In other segments, lumbar mobility was negatively correlated with VT at VAT (r=-0.346; p=0.045), while spinal inclination with HR at VAT (r=-0.387, p=0.024). SIGNIFICANCE: Although it is within physiological ranges, increased spinal curvature and mobility are associated with a decrease in aerobic capacity in young soccer players. Spinal curvature and mobility especially in the thoracic region may affect the aerobic performance of a soccer player. The trainers should consider spinal alignment for not only the technical and tactical but also the general performance of the soccer player.

Digital-assisted diagnosis and orthodontic management of an impacted mandibular lateral incisor: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The impaction of mandibular lateral incisors presents significant aesthetic and functional challenges in orthodontics, including Bolton ratio discrepancies and anterior occlusal anomalies. The increasing preference for nonextraction treatment further complicates space management within the dental arch. However, the advent of digital-assisted orthodontic technologies, particularly advanced digital simulations, has revolutionized the precision and effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment planning. These technologies enable clinicians to strategically leverage natural jaw development and create the necessary space for the alignment of impacted teeth without resorting to extraction. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report details the treatment of a 12-year-old male with an impacted mandibular lateral incisor, which resulted in both aesthetic concerns and functional impairments, alongside Class II malocclusion. By employing a digital-assisted diagnostic approach, including comprehensive digital simulations, we meticulously evaluated the feasibility of a nonextraction treatment plan. The strategy centred on harnessing the patient's mandibular growth potential to expand the available space naturally. The treatment involved surgical exposure of the impacted tooth, followed by precise orthodontic traction guided by continuous digital monitoring. The integration of digital tools throughout the treatment process was crucial in achieving successful eruption and alignment of the impacted tooth, thus restoring optimal aesthetics and function without the need for extraction. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the transformative impact of digital-assisted technologies in the management of complex orthodontic cases, such as impacted mandibular lateral incisors. The successful integration of these advanced tools with a nonextraction treatment approach underscores their potential to significantly enhance clinical outcomes. Digital technologies not only improve the accuracy and effectiveness of treatment but also facilitate a multidisciplinary approach that elevates the standard of patient care in addressing complex orthodontic challenges.

Comparison of four light-response models using relative curvature measures of nonlinearity.

Photosynthetic light response curves serve as powerful mathematical tools for quantitatively describing the rate of photosynthesis of plants in response to changes in irradiance. However, in practical applications, the daunting task of selecting an appropriate nonlinear model to accurately fit these curves persists as a significant challenge. Thus, there arises a need for a method to systematically evaluate the efficacy of such models. In the present study, four distinct nonlinear models, namely Exponential Model (EM), Rectangular Hyperbola Model (RHM), Nonrectangular Hyperbola Model (NHM), and Modified Rectangular Hyperbola Model (MRHM), were used to fit the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis across 42 empirical datasets. The goodness of fit for each model was assessed using the root-mean-square error, and relative curvature measures of nonlinearity were employed to assess the nonlinear behavior of the models. In terms of goodness of fit, pairwise difference tests of the root-mean-square error revealed that there was little to choose among the four models, although RHM gave a marginally poorer fit. However, in terms of nonlinear behavior, EM not only provided the most favorable linear approximation performance at the global level, but also exhibited the best close-to-linear behavior at the individual parameter level among the four models across the 42 datasets. Consequently, the results strongly advocate for EM as the most suitable mathematical framework for fitting photosynthetic light response curves. These findings provide insights into the model assessment for nonlinear regression in describing the relationship between the photosynthetic rate and light intensity.

Curvature fluctuations of fluid vesicles reveal hydrodynamic dissipation within the bilayer.

The biological function of membranes is closely related to their softness, which is often studied through the membranes' thermally driven fluctuations. Typically, the analysis assumes that the relaxation rate of a pure bending deformation is determined by the competition between membrane bending rigidity and viscous dissipation in the surrounding medium. Here, we reexamine this assumption and demonstrate that viscous flows within the membrane dominate the dynamics of bending fluctuations of nonplanar membranes with a radius of curvature smaller than the Saffman-Delbrück length. Using flickering spectroscopy of giant vesicles made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC:cholesterol mixtures and pure diblock-copolymer membranes, we experimentally detect the signature of membrane dissipation in curvature fluctuations. We show that membrane viscosity can be reliably obtained from the short time behavior of the shape time correlations. The results indicate that the DPPC:cholesterol membranes behave as a Newtonian fluid, while the polymer membranes exhibit more complex rheology. Our study provides physical insights into the time scales of curvature remodeling of biological and synthetic membranes.

A Sub-1 ppm/°C Reference Voltage Source with a Wide Input Range.

With the continuous advancement of electronic technology, the application of high-voltage integrated circuits is becoming increasingly prevalent in fields such as power systems, medical devices, and industrial automation. The reference circuit within high-voltage integrated circuits must not only exhibit insensitivity to temperature variations but also maintain stability across a broad voltage supply. This paper presents a bandgap reference (BGR) source capable of operating over a wide input range. This BGR employs a high-order curvature compensation method to eliminate nonlinear voltage terms, resulting in minimal temperature drift. The circuit achieves an impressive temperature coefficient (TC) of 0.88 ppm/°C over a temperature range from -40 °C to 130 °C. To ensure stable operation within a 4-40 V range, the design incorporates a pre-regulation circuit that stabilizes the supply voltage of the BGR core at a fixed value, thereby enhancing the ability to withstand variations in power supply voltage.

Self-Assembly at Curved Biointerfaces.

Most of the biological interfaces are curved. Understanding the organizational structures and interaction patterns at such curved biointerfaces is therefore crucial not only for deepening our comprehension of the principles that govern life processes but also for designing and developing targeted drugs aimed at diseased cells and tissues. Despite the considerable efforts dedicated to this area of research, our understanding of curved biological interfaces is still limited. Many aspects of these interfaces remain elusive, presenting both challenges and opportunities for further exploration. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics of biological interfaces found in nature, the current research status of materials associated with curved biointerfaces, and the theoretical advancements achieved to date. Finally, we outline future trends and challenges in the theoretical and technological development of curved biointerfaces. By addressing these challenges, people could bridge the knowledge gap and unlock the full potential of curved biointerfaces for scientific and technological advancements, ultimately benefiting various fields and improving human health and well-being.

Intrinsically disordered region amplifies membrane remodeling to augment selective ER-phagy.

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) play a pivotal role in organellar remodeling. They transduce signals across membranes, scaffold signaling complexes, and mediate vesicular traffic. Their functions are regulated by constraining conformational ensembles through specific intra- and intermolecular interactions, physical tethering, and posttranslational modifications. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagy receptor FAM134B/RETREG1, known for its reticulon homology domain (RHD), includes a substantial C-terminal IDR housing the LC3 interacting motif. Beyond engaging the autophagic machinery, the function of the FAM134B-IDR is unclear. Here, we investigate the characteristics of the FAM134B-IDR by extensive modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. We present detailed structural models for the IDR, mapping its conformational landscape in solution and membrane-anchored configurations. Our analysis reveals that depending on the membrane anchor, the IDRs collapse onto the membrane and induce positive membrane curvature to varying degrees. The charge patterns underlying this Janus-like behavior are conserved across other ER-phagy receptors. We found that IDRs alone are sufficient to sense curvature. When combined with RHDs, they intensify membrane remodeling and drive efficient protein clustering, leading to faster budding, thereby amplifying RHD remodeling functions. Our simulations provide a perspective on IDRs of FAM134B, their Janus-like membrane interactions, and the resulting modulatory functions during large-scale ER remodeling.

Understanding Oxygen "Buffering" by Caveolae Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The "oxygen paradox" embodies the delicate interplay between two opposing biological processes involving oxygen (O2). O2 is indispensable for aerobic metabolism, fuelling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. However, excess O2 can generate reactive species that harm cells. Thus, maintaining O2 balance is paramount, requiring the prioritisation of its benefits while minimising potential harm. Previous research hypothesised that caveolae, specialised cholesterol-rich membrane structures with a curved morphology, regulate cellular O2 levels. Their role in absorbing and controlling O2 release to mitochondria remains unclear. To address this gap, we aim to explore how the structural features of caveolae, particularly membrane curvature, influence local O2 levels. Using coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations, we simulate a caveola-like curved membrane and select a CG bead as the O2 model. Comparing a flat bilayer and a liposome of 10 nm diameter, composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), allows us to study changes in the O2 free energy profile. Our findings reveal that curvature has a contrasting effect on the free energy of the outer and inner layers. These findings show the membrane curvature's impact on O2 partitioning in the membrane and O2 permeation barriers, paving the way towards our understanding of the role of caveolae curvature in O2 homeostasis.

Setting the curve: the biophysical properties of lipids in mitochondrial form and function.

Mitochondrial membranes are defined by their diverse functions, complex geometries, and unique lipidomes. In the inner mitochondrial membrane, highly curved membrane folds known as cristae house the electron transport chain and are the primary sites of cellular energy production. The outer mitochondrial membrane is flat by contrast, but is critical for the initiation and mediation of processes key to mitochondrial physiology: mitophagy, interorganelle contacts, fission and fusion dynamics, and metabolite transport. While the lipid composition of both the inner mitochondrial membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane have been characterized across a variety of cell types, a mechanistic understanding for how individual lipid classes contribute to mitochondrial structure and function remains nebulous. In this review, we address the biophysical properties of mitochondrial lipids and their related functional roles. We highlight the intrinsic curvature of the bulk mitochondrial phospholipid pool, with an emphasis on the nuances surrounding the mitochondrially-synthesized cardiolipin. We also outline emerging questions about other lipid classes - ether lipids, and sterols - with potential roles in mitochondrial physiology. We propose that further investigation is warranted to elucidate the specific properties of these lipids and their influence on mitochondrial architecture and function.

Stability and Spin Waves of Skyrmion Tubes in Curved FeGe Nanowires.

In this work, we investigate the influence of curvature on the dynamic susceptibility in FeGe nanowires, both curved and straight, hosting a skyrmionic tube texture under the action of an external bias field, using micromagnetic simulations. Our results demonstrate that both the resonance frequencies and the number of resonant peaks are highly dependent on the curvature of the system. To further understand the nature of the spin wave modes, we analyze the spatial distributions of the resonant mode amplitudes and phases, describing the differences among resonance modes observed. The ability to control the dynamic properties and frequencies of these nanostructures underscores their potential application in frequency-selective magnetic devices.