[Risks of urogenital infections and expulsion associated with the combination of an IUD and a menstrual cup]. / Étude RIESC : risques d'infections uro-génitales et d'expulsion dans l'association stérilet et coupe menstruelle.

OBJECTIVES: The increase in intrauterine devices (IUDs) contraception, and the growing use of reusables menstrual hygiene products such as the menstrual cup, necessitates an assessment of the implications of their co-use. The objectives are to assess whether women with IUDs who use menstrual cups have an increased risk of IUD expulsion and/or a change in the risk of upper and lower urogenital tract infections compared to women who use other menstrual hygiene products. METHOD: An observational, prospective, multicenter study was conducted in France between 2020 and 2023. Participants were recruited by health professionals and data were collected by telephone questionnaire at the time of IUD insertion and at one year. The primary endpoints were the occurrence of IUD expulsion and the occurrence of urogenital tract infections in menstrual cup users compared to non-users. RESULTS: One hundred and three women out of 119 included were analyzed, 25 of them were regular menstrual cup users and five experienced IUD expulsion. Among regular users, 12% experienced IUD expulsion compared to 2.6% among non-users, with no statistically significant difference (Chi2=3.65; P=0.056). Regarding urogenital tract infections, nine women (36%) of the regular menstrual cup users had urogenital infections, compared with 27 (34.6%) of the non-users or not regular users, with no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The tendency of menstrual cup users to expel their IUDs is a reason for caution, although it is not sufficient to contraindicate co-use. Physicians should therefore systematically screen such co-use and inform patients of the risks and monitoring instructions.

Interaction of physico-chemical parameters with Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index based on phytoplankton diversity in coastal water of Diu, India.

Phytoplankton acts as carbon sinks due to photosynthetic efficacy and their diversity is expressed by SWDI (Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index), which depends on water quality parameters. The coastal water of Diu was studied for three seasons, and the relationship between different parameters and SWDI was established. Subsequently, an attempt was made to build up a prediction model of SWDI based on multilayer perceptron Artificial neural network (ANN) using the R programme. Analysis shows interrelationship between the water quality parameters and phytoplankton diversity is same in linear principal component analysis (PCA) and neural network model. Variations of different parameters depend on seasonal changes. The ANN model shows that ammonia and phosphate are key parameters that influence the SWDI of phytoplankton. Seasonal variation in SWDI is related to variation in water quality parameters, as explained by both ANN and PCA. Hence, the ANN model can be an important tool for coastal environmental interaction study.

Costo del retiro anticipado de métodos de planificación familiar / Cost of early removal of family planning methods

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo del retiro anticipado de los métodos de planificación familiar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de costo efectuado con base en los expedientes de usuarias de métodos de planificación familiar en una institución de salud del estado de Querétaro, México (2018 a 2021). La unidad de observación fue el expediente de mujeres que se retiraron anticipadamente los métodos: dispositivo intaruterino T de cobre (DiuTcu), Diu Mirena (DiuM) e implante subdérmico (IMSD). Se definió como retiro anticipado al sucedido antes del tiempo estimado de uso. Se analizaron todos los expedientes en donde estaba registrado el retiro anticipado. Se incluyó a toda la población, de ahí que no fue necesario establecer el tamaño de muestra. El costo del retiro anticipado se identificó a partir del costo unitario del método, tiempo esperado de uso y tiempo de no uso. El análisis estadístico incluyó: promedios, porcentajes, intervalos de confianza y proyecciones, para esto se utilizaron supuestos. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 1361 expedientes. El costo unitario del retiro anticipado del DiuTcu fue de 5.59 pesos (IC95%: 5.04 a 6.14), del DiuM de 1210.73 pesos (IC95%: 1029.58 a 1391.87) y del IMSD de 658.41 pesos (IC95%: 557.37 a 759.44). La proyección a la población mexicana del costo del retiro anticipado de los métodos de planificación familiar es 219,272,470 de pesos. CONCLUSIÓN: El costo del retiro anticipado de los métodos de planificación familiar es alto.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost of early removal of family planning methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cost study realized in records of women users of family planning method in a health institution in Querétaro, Mexico from 2018 to 2021. The unit of observation was considered to be the records of women who had early removal of the copper IUD, Mirena IUD and subdermal implant methods. Early removal was defined as the retirement of the method before the estimated time of use. Work was done with the total number of records (1361), with early removal in 148 (83 copper IUDs, 28 Mirena IUDs, 37 subdermal implants). The entire population was included, so no sampling technique was used. The cost of early removal was identified from the unit cost of the method, expected time of use, time of non-use. The statistical analysis plan included averages, percentages, confidence intervals and projections for which assumptions were used. RESULTS: The unit cost of early removal of copper IUD was $5.59 (95% CI; 5.04-6.14), Mirena IUD $1210.73 (95% CI; 1029.58 - 1391.87) Subdermal implant $658.41 (95% CI; 557.37- 759.44). The projection to the Mexican population of the cost of early removal of family planning methods is $359, 384,161. CONCLUSION: The cost of early removal of family planning methods is high.

Breast Tumor Tissue Image Classification Using DIU-Net.

Inspired by the observation that pathologists pay more attention to the nuclei regions when analyzing pathological images, this study utilized soft segmentation to imitate the visual focus mechanism and proposed a new segmentation-classification joint model to achieve superior classification performance for breast cancer pathology images. Aiming at the characteristics of different sizes of nuclei in pathological images, this study developed a new segmentation network with excellent cross-scale description ability called DIU-Net. To enhance the generalization ability of the segmentation network, that is, to avoid the segmentation network from learning low-level features, we proposed the Complementary Color Conversion Scheme in the training phase. In addition, due to the disparity between the area of the nucleus and the background in the pathology image, there is an inherent data imbalance phenomenon, dice loss and focal loss were used to overcome this problem. In order to further strengthen the classification performance of the model, this study adopted a joint training scheme, so that the output of the classification network can not only be used to optimize the classification network itself, but also optimize the segmentation network. In addition, this model can also provide the pathologist model's attention area, increasing the model's interpretability. The classification performance verification of the proposed method was carried out with the BreaKHis dataset. Our method obtains binary/multi-class classification accuracy 97.24/93.75 and 98.19/94.43 for 200× and 400× images, outperforming existing methods.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic among Women Seeking Contraceptive Methods / Conhecimento, atitude e práticas relacionadas à pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 entre mulheres que buscam métodos anticoncepcionais

Abstract Objective To determine knowledge, attitude, and preventive (KAP) practices towards the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic among women in reproductive age seeking to use copper or hormonal intrauterine devices (IUD/LNG-IUS). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in which we applied a questionnaire on 400 women about KAP practices on COVID-19 at the University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, from May to August 2020. Results The mean (±SD) age of the women was 30.8±7.9 years, and 72.8% of them reported being pregnant at least once. Most women (95%) had heard or read about COVID-19, and their main sources of information were television (91%) and government websites (53%). However, 53% of the women had doubts about the veracity of the information accessed. Conclusion Women without a partner and with>12 years of schooling had more information about COVID-19 and on its impact on new pregnancy, and those from high socioeconomic status had a higher chance of maintaining physical distance. Safety, effectiveness, comfort, and absence of hormone in the contraceptive method (in the case of TCu380A IUD) were the main reasons for the participants to seek the service during the pandemic, and the possibility to stop menstrual bleeding was the main reason to choose the LNG-IUS.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar o conhecimento, atitude e práticas preventivas (CAP) em relação à pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) entre mulheres em idade reprodutiva que buscam usar dispositivo intrauterino com cobre (DIU TCu 380) ou sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG). Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal e um questionário foi aplicado a 400 mulheres para conhecer o CAP sobre o COVID-19 na Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil, no período de maio a agosto de 2020. Resultados A média (±DP) de idade das mulheres foi de 30,8±7,9 anos, e 72,8% delas relataram ter engravidado pelo menos uma vez. A maioria das mulheres (95%) tinha ouvido ou lido sobre a a Covid-19, e suas principais fontes de informação foram a televisão (91%) e sites do governo (53%). Porém, 53% das mulheres tinham dúvidas a respeito da veracidade das informações acessadas. Conclusão Mulheres sem companheiro e com mais de 12 anos de escolaridade tiveram mais informações sobre a COVID-19 e sobre o seu impacto em uma nova gravidez, e aquelas de nível socioeconômico alto tiveram maior chance de manter distância física. Segurança, eficácia, conforto e ausência de hormônio no método anticoncepcional (no caso do DIU TCu380A) foram os principais motivos para as participantes procurarem o serviço durante a pandemia, e a possibilidade de controlar o sangramento menstrual abundante foi o principal motivo para a escolha do SIU-LNG.

Impact of 2nd wave of COVID-19-related lockdown on coastal water quality at Diu, western coast of India and role of total alkalinity on bacterial loads.

A detailed coastal water monitoring near Diu coast, western part of India was performed from October, 2020 to May, 2021 covering the 2nd lockdown time. Average monthly fluctuation from 7 different sampling stations of total 9 physico-chemical parameters such as pH, salinity, turbidity, nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH3), phosphate (PO4), total alkalinity and silicate were recorded. Initially, Mann-Kendall trend test for all the 9 parameters showed non-zero trend, which may be either linear or non-linear. During 2nd lockdown period, there was a fluctuation of value for parameters like pH, salinity, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate. Average total bacterial count and differential bacterial count also gradually decreased from March, 2021 sampling. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot covering all the physico-chemical parameters as well as the differential bacterial count showed a distinct cluster of all bacterial count with total alkalinity value. Subsequently, mathematical equation was formulated between total alkalinity value and all differential bacterial count. Upto our knowledge, this is the first report where mathematical equation was formulated to obtain value of different bacterial load based on the derived total alkalinity value of the coastal water samples near Diu, India.

[Role Of Imaging In The Management Of A Case Of Intrauterine Device Migration]. / Role De L'imagerie Dans La Prise En Charge D'un Cas De Migration De Dispositif Intra-Uterin.

We report a case of intrauterine device (IUD) migration in order to describe the contribution of imaging in its diagnosis. It was a 35-year-old woman received on 06/01/2018 for pelvic ultrasound for pelvic pain. Ultrasound examination revealed a hyperechoic right para-uterine tubular image. A hysterosalpingography revealed an IUD in the pelvis in extra-urine position. Surgical extraction was done without complications. Intrauterine device migration is rare in our context. The radiological means make it possible to specify its topography.

Nous rapportons un cas de migration de dispositif intra-utérin (DIU) dans le but de décrire l'apport de l'imagerie dans son diagnostic. Il s'agissait d'une dame de 35 ans reçue le 01/06/2018 pour une échographie pelvienne dans le bilan d'une douleur pelvienne. L'exploration échographique a objectivé une image hyperéchogène tubulaire para-utérine droite. Une hystérosalpingographie avait objectivé un DIU dans le bassin en position extra-urine. Uneextraction chirurgicale a été faite avec des suites simples. La migration de dispositif intra-utérin est rare dans notre contexte. Les moyens radiologiques permettent de préciser sa topographie.

Perforación uterina completa por dispositivo intrauterino (DIU). Tratamiento laparoscópico: reporte de caso clínico / Complete uterine perforation caused by intrauterine device (IUD). Laparoscopic management: Clinical case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Los dispositivos intrauterinos son anticonceptivos seguros y eficaces, aunque con un riesgo de perforación uterina si quienes los aplican no tienen el suficiente cuidado y experiencia. La incidencia de perforación es de 1 a 2 casos por cada mil inserciones. OBJETIVO: Exponer un caso de perforación uterina completa por dispositivo intrauterino. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 27 años, con antecedentes de: dos cesáreas, inserción de dispositivo intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel tres meses posteriores a la última cesárea. En la consulta externa refirió dolor pélvico, sangrados intermenstruales y dos intentos fallidos de extracción del dispositivo. En la histeroscopia se observó una probable falsa vía y no se encontró el dispositivo en la cavidad uterina. La TAC abdominopélvica lo ubicó en la salpinge izquierda; ante la sospecha de DIU traslocado se decidió el procedimiento laparoscópico en el que se documentó al útero con perforación en la cara anterior derecha, con tejido de granulación y cubierto por peritoneo parietal; el DIU en el fondo de saco, orientado hacia la izquierda, fijo, con adherencias laxas. Se extrajo y, por solicitud de la paciente, se practicó la salpigectomía bilateral. Reporte del estudio histopatológico: salpingitis crónica moderada, con fibrosis y quistes simples serosos paratubáricos CONCLUSIONES: Los dispositivos intrauterinos son anticonceptivos extraordinariamente simples, seguros y de larga duración. En general, hay una baja morbilidad asociada con su implantación, incluso cuando se produce una perforación uterina la mayoría de las pacientes experimenta síntomas leves: sangrado transvaginal y dolor abdominal inferior.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Intrauterine devices are safe and effective contraceptives, although with a risk of uterine perforation if the user is not sufficiently careful and experienced. The incidence of perforation is 1 to 2 cases per thousand insertions. OBJECTIVE: Presentation of a case of complete uterine perforation by intrauterine device. CLINICAL CASE: 27-year-old patient, with a history of two cesarean sections, insertion of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device three months after the last one. At the outpatient clinic she reported pelvic pain, intermenstrual bleeding and two unsuccessful attempts to remove the device. Hysteroscopy showed a probable false pathway and the device was not found in the uterine cavity. The abdominopelvic CT scan located it in the left salpingeal cavity; given the suspicion of a translocated IUD, a laparoscopic procedure was decided, in which the uterus was documented with perforation on the right anterior aspect, with granulation tissue and covered by parietal peritoneum, the IUD in the cul-de-sac, oriented to the left, fixed, with lax adhesions. It was removed and, at the patient's request, bilateral salpigectomy was performed. Histopathological study report: moderate chronic salpingitis, with fibrosis and simple paratubal serous cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Intrauterine devices are remarkably simple, safe and long-lasting contraceptives. In general, there is low morbidity associated with their implantation, even when uterine perforation occurs most patients experience mild symptoms: transvaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain.

Dispositivos intrauterinos na contracepção de emergência: novas perspectivas para o uso do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel / Intrauterine devices in emergency contraception: new perspectives for the use of the levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system

Pouco sabe-se a respeito do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) 52 mg em contracepção de emergência (CE). Foi realizada uma busca não sistemática em bases eletrônicas para avaliar o papel do SIU-LNG na CE e, até o momento, apenas um único trabalho que avaliou o uso isolado do SIU-LNG para uso em CE foi encontrado. Esse estudo demonstrou a não inferioridade do SIU-LNG em relação ao dispositivo intrauterino de cobre em CE. Análises secundárias desse trabalho evidenciaram baixas chances de gestação em pacientes que fizeram uso de SIU-LNG como CE, independentemente da frequência das relações sexuais desprotegidas ou do tempo em que ocorreram (até 14 dias prévios à inserção ou 7 dias após). Torna-se evidente que o SIU-LNG poderá ser uma opção viável para uso em contracepção emergencial, porém mais estudos devem ser realizados, possibilitando a validação desse método.(AU)

Little is known about the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG- -IUS) in emergency contraception (EC). A non-systematic search was carried out in electronic databases to assess the role of the LNG-IUS in EC and, to date, only a single study that evaluated the isolated use of the LNG-IUS for EC use was found. This study demonstrated the non-inferiority of the LNG-IUS in relation to the copper intrauterine device in EC. Secondary analyzes of this study showed low chances of pregnancy in patients who used LNG-IUS as EC, regardless of the frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse or the time it took place (up to 14 days prior to insertion or 7 days after). It is evident that the LNG-IUS may be a viable option for use in emergency contraception, however, more studies must be carried out, enabling the validation of this method.(AU)

Evaluation of factors influencing the trace metals in Puducherry and Diu coasts of India through multivariate techniques.

In recent years, urban and industrial development initiatives at Puducherry and Diu such as tourism, shipping, and fisheries have led to sediment contamination by trace metals, and contributed to this investigation that extended from 2016 to 2017. Strong factor loadings of Cd (0.94), Ni (0.84), Al (0.84), Cr (0.83), Co (0.82), and Fe (0.78) illustrated the variability at Puducherry, whereas Cr (0.88), Cd (0.86), Ni (0.83), Co (0.77), Cu (0.77), and Fe (0.77) showed variability at Diu. The mean rank order distribution of the top three metals in sediment was Fe > Al > Mn, which exhibited higher variability. The highest contamination factor was observed for Cd at Diu, whereas the lowest was observed at Puducherry for Al. Similarly, the risk index also exhibited considerable risk which could be attributed to Cd contamination in the sediment at Diu compared with that at Puducherry. The results obtained are essential to establish a reference for better comparison and management of the tropical environments.

[The French "pill scare": Did women go to a gynecologist more often to have an easier access to the IUD?] / La « crise des pilules ¼ en France : les femmes ont-elles davantage consulté un.e gynécologue afin d'accéder plus facilement au DIU ?

BACKGROUND: In December 2012, a media controversy about negative side-effects of oral contraceptives on women's health, also called "pill scare", broke out in France. While several analyses highlighted a change in women's contraceptive practices following this media controversy, no analysis has been conducted to determine the possible changes in their choices of health professionals and its repercussions on their contraceptive use. METHODS: Our study is based on data from three population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2010, 2013 and 2016 (Fecond 2010, Fecond 2013 and Baromètre Santé 2016) that collected information on women's contraceptive practices and the specialties of the health professionals having prescribed the methods they were using. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2016, women went to a gynecologist or a midwife more often than to a general practitioner for prescription of a reversible contraceptive method. However, their changes in visiting prescribers did not explain the changes in their contraceptive practices observed over the period. In 2016, access to health professional remained largely dependent on women's socio-demographic characteristics: older ones and those from a more privileged social background or living in urban areas were more likely to consult a gynecologist for prescription of their contraceptive method. On the other hand, consultations of midwives for contraceptive prescription were more frequent among women with children and among those who relied on public health insurance alone. CONCLUSION: Following the "pill scare" that occurred in France in December 2012, the decision by some women to use the IUD instead of the pill led them to change health professionals, and also led practitioners to change their prescribing practices.

Actinomicosis pélvica: a propósito de un caso que simula un tumor de recto / Pelvic actinomycosis: from a case that simulates rectal tumor

Resumen Introducción: La actinomicosis, es una infección crónica rara producida por bacterias del género Actinomyces sp. La afectación pélvica es una de sus formas más infrecuentes y en gran parte de los casos se relaciona al uso de un dispositivo intrauterino de larga data o a una cirugía previa. Como otras enfermedades raras, la infección es conocida como "la gran imitadora" por su variada forma de presentación y particular comportamiento pudiendo simular una neoplasia. El tratamiento es fundamentalmente médico y de buenos resultados. Caso Clínico: Damos a conocer el caso de una paciente que se presentó con un cuadro compatible con un tumor de recto, pero que resultó ser actinomicosis. El diagnóstico se realizó en base a la tinción de Gram, el cuadro clínico y el antecedente de un dispositivo intrauterino abandonado por más de 25 años. Fue corroborado posteriormente mediante anatomía patológica y tratada en forma exitosa con antibióticos por un periodo extendido. Conclusión: Si bien la actinomicosis es una patología infrecuente, debe ser considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial de los pacientes que se presentan con tumores de la pelvis. Un alto índice de sospecha y una actitud diagnóstica activa son fundamentales para un tratamiento oportuno, seguro y eficaz de esta enfermedad.

Introduction: Actinomycosis is a rare chronic infection caused by bacterias of the genus Actinomyces sp. Pelvic involvement is one of its most infrequent forms and in many cases it is related to the use of a longstanding intrauterine device or a previous surgery. Like other rare diseases, the infection is known as "the great imitator" because of its varied form of presentation and its particular behavior, which can simulate a neoplasm. The treatment is fundamentally medical with good results. Case Report: We present the case of a patient who presented with a rectal tumor but that turned out to be Actinomycosis. The diagnosis was made based on the Gram stain, the clinical presentation and the history of an intrauterine device left for more than 25 years. It was subsequently corroborated by pathological anatomy and successfully treated with antibiotics for an extended period. Conclusion: Although actinomycosis is an infrequent pathology, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with tumors of the pelvis. An active diagnostic attitude and a high index of suspicion are fundamental for the timely, safe and effective treatment of this disease.

Permanencia del dispositivo intrauterino TCu 380A insertado después de algún procedmiento obstétrico / Stay of the TCU 380A IUD inserted after of the obstetric event

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la permanencia del dispositivo intrauterino TCu 380A insertado después de algún procedimiento obstétrico efectuado a pacientes atendidas en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y descriptivo efectuado en pacientes que concluyeron el embarazo entre el 1 de octubre de 2016 y el 31 de marzo de 2017, en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso y que aceptaron se les colocara el dispositivo intrauterino TCu 380A después de algún procedimiento obstétrico y antes de darlas de alta del hospital. Variables de estudio: cantidad de embarazos, terminación de estos, médico responsable de la colocación, técnica y permanencia. El análisis estadístico implementado fue el univariado. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 182 pacientes con media de edad de 23 años y límites de 14 y 43 años. En el seguimiento de la permanencia del dispositivo 42.3% (n = 77) se encontró in situ, 28.5% (n = 52) en mala posición, y 0.55% (n = 1) lo expulsó. CONCLUSIONES: La permanencia del dispositivo intrauterino parece tener una relación estrecha con la forma correcta de insertarlo y, desde luego, con la experiencia acumulada del médico. En las primeras inserciones el médico debe ser supervisado por otro de mayor experiencia o, simplemente, con la vigilancia de los médicos adscritos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the permanence of the TCu 380A IUD inserted after the obstetric event in the Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out in patients who concluded their pregnancy, between October 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017, at the Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso General Hospital (Oaxaca, Mexico) and who accepted the placement of the TCu 380A intrauterine device during the postpartum period. and before discharge from the hospital. Study variables: number of pregnancies, termination of these, doctor responsible for the placement, technique and permanence. The statistical analysis implemented was univariate. RESULTS: The study was conducted in 182 patients with a mean age of 23 years, a minimum of 14 years and a maximum of 43 years. In the monitoring of the permanence of the IUD TCu 380A with 42.31% (77) was found in situ, 28.57% (52) in poor position, and 0.55% (1) was expelled. CONCLUSIONS: The permanence of the intrauterine device seems to have a close relationship with the correct way to insert it and, of course, with the accumulated experience of the doctor. In the first insertions the doctor must be supervised by another one of greater experience or, simply, with the surveillance of the assigned doctors.

Consecuencias oncológicas y perinatales del tratamiento conservador de la fertilidad en pacientes con cáncer endometrial tratadas con progestinas / Oncological and perinatal results of conservative treatment of fertility in patients with endometrial cancer treated with progestins

Resumen OBJETIVO: Estimar la tasa de respuesta completa y de embarazo en mujeres con cáncer endometrial en tratamiento conservador con progestinas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte, retrolectivo y transversal efectuado en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología en mujeres con cáncer endometrial, en estadios tempranos, atendidas entre 2007 y diciembre de 2016. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes con límites de edad de 18 y 40 años, nulíparas, con deseo de fertilidad, haber sido tratadas con megestrol, DIU-levonorgestrel o progesterona micronizada durante seis meses. A todas las pacientes se les tomó una biopsia endometrial a los 6 y 12 meses. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y comparaciones entre mediciones, χ2 o t de Student según la distribución de cada variable. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 11 pacientes con cáncer endometrial con edad promedio de 32 ± 2.4 años. La biopsia tomada a los seis meses fue: respuesta completa en 6/11, respuesta parcial en 2/11 y persistencia en 2/11; en una paciente no se tomó la biopsia a los seis meses por embarazo, no hubo casos de progresión. A los 12 meses de seguimiento hubo 5 respuestas completas, 2 parciales, 2 persistencias, 1 caso de progresión de la enfermedad y otro que suspendió el tratamiento. Se efectuaron 8 ciclos de FIV en 6 pacientes con tasa de embarazo de 25%. La duración del tratamiento fue de 19.3 ± 8 meses, el seguimiento total fue de 31.6 ± 13 meses. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento conservador de la fertilidad con progestinas en pacientes con cáncer endometrial, en etapas tempranas, es factible y seguro. El embarazo debe intentarse inmediatamente después de una respuesta completa.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the complete response rate and pregnancy in women with endometrial cancer who have received conservative treatment with progestins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cohort, retrolective and transversal study carried out in the National Institute of Perinatology, in women with endometrial cancer in early stages between 2007 and December 2016. Including patients between 18-40 years, nulliparous, with desire for fertility. The progestins used were megestrol, IUD-levonorgestrel and micronized progesterone for six months. Endometrial biopsy was performed at 6 and 12 months; The result was classified as a complete, partial response, persistence or progression of the disease. Descriptive statistics and comparisons between baseline measurements at six and 12 months are used using student grid and / or t tests according to the distribution of each variable. It is a statistical program SPSS version 23 for Windows (Chicago, USA). RESULTS: 11 women with endometrial cancer were included. The average age of the women was 32 ± 2.4 years. Morbidity associated with hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Six-month biopsy was: complete response 6/11 partial response 2/11 and persistence 2/11, in one patient the biopsy was not performed at 6 months by pregnancy, there were no cases of progression. At 12 months of follow-up, there were 5 complete responses, 2 partial responses, 2 persistences, 1 case of disease progression and one case that discontinued treatment. Eight cycles of IVF were performed in 6 patients with a pregnancy rate of 25%, the duration of treatment was 19.3 ± 8 months, the total follow-up was 31.6 ± 13 months. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative fertility therapy with progestins in women younger than 40 years old with early-stage endometrial cancer is feasible and secure in our institution. Pregnancy must be sought immediately after a full response to the cancer treatment. Our findings are similar to the ones found in our systematic review of the international bibliography.

[Contraception: CNGOF Guidelines for Clinical Practice (Short Version)]. / Contraception : Recommandations pour la Pratique Clinique du CNGOF (texte court).

The French College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CNGOF) releases its first global recommendations for clinical practice in contraception, to provide physicians with an updated synthesis of available data as a basis for their practice. The French Health Authority (HAS) methodology was used. Twelve practical issues were selected by the organizing committee and the task force members. The available literature was screened until December 2017, and allowed the release of evidence-based, graded recommendations. This synthesis is issued from 12 developed texts, previously reviewed by experts and physicians from public and private practices, with an experience in the contraceptive field. Male and female sterilization, as well as the use of hormonal treatments without contraceptive label were excluded from the field of this analysis. Specific practical recommendations on the management of contraception prescription, patient information including efficacy, risks, and benefits of the different contraception methods, follow up, intrauterine contraception, emergency contraception, local and natural methods, contraception in teenagers and after 40, contraception in vascular high-risk situations, and in case of cancer risk are provided. The short/mid-term future of contraception mostly relies on improving the use of currently available methods. This includes reinforced information for users and increased access to contraception for women, whatever the social and clinical context. That is the goal of these recommendations.

[Additional non-contraceptive effects of contraception: CNGOF Contraception Guidelines]. / Bénéfices non contraceptifs des contraceptions. RPC Contraception CNGOF.

Hormonal and intrauterine contraceptive methods provide women with highly efficient protection against undesired pregnancy. Additional non-contraceptive effects are now well documented. Combined hormonal contraceptives use, either through the oral transdermal and vaginal route, allow a reduction in menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, functional ovarian cysts, benign breast and uterine disease, endometriosis-related pain and recurrence. A reduction in ovarian cancer risks, including in women with BRCA syndrome, endometrial and colon cancer is documented. This effect is prolonged for years after contraception discontinuation. Non-contraceptive benefits of progestin-only contraceptives are less documented. Use of the levonorgestrel IUD is associated with a reduction in menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea including in case of endometriosis. Copper IUD use is associated with a decrease in cervix and endometrial cancer risk.

Uso de dispositivos intrauterinos (DIU) em nulíparas / Use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) in nulliparous women

Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências para o uso de dispositivos intrauterinos (DIUs) em mulheres nulíparas. Métodos: Revisão da lteratura,com seleção de publicações relacionadas ao uso do dispositivo intrauterino de cobre e do sistema intrauterino de levonorgestrel em nulíparas no período entre 1980 e 2018. Resultados: Os DIUs utilizados em nulíparas associam-se à elevada eficácia e segurança, sem riscos adicionais de doença inflamatória pélvica e infertilidade. Não há maior risco de perfurações e expulsões em nulíparas. Os DIUs apresentam boa tolerabilidade, aceitação e continuidade de uso, embora associem-se a maior grau de dor durante a inserção quando comparados ao uso em nulíparas. Conclusão: Os dispositivos intrauterinos são eficazes e seguros para nulíparas,recomendando-se que devam ser incluídos nas opções contraceptivas oferecidas rotineiramente.

[Endometriosis medical treatment: Hormonal treatment for the management of pain and endometriotic lesions recurrence. CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines]. / Traitement médical de l'endométriose : prise en charge de la douleur et de l'évolution des lésions par traitement hormonal. RPC Endométriose CNGOF-HAS.

The available literature, from 2006 to 2017, on hormonal treatment has been analysed as a contribution to the HAS-CNGOF task force for the treatment of endometriosis. Available data are heterogeneous and the general level of evidence is moderate. Hormonal treatment is usually offered as the primary option to women suffering from endometriosis. It cannot be used in women willing to conceive. In women who have not been operated, the first line of hormonal treatment includes combined oral contraceptives (COC) and the levonorgestrel-releasing intra uterine system (52mg LNG-IUS). As a second line, desogestrel progestin only pills, etonogestrel implants, GnRH analogs (GnRHa) with add back therapy and dienogest can be offered. Add back therapy should include estrogens to prevent bone loss and improve quality of life, it can be introduced before the third month of treatment to prevent side effects. The literature does not support preoperative hormonal treatment for the sole purpose of reducing complications or recurrence, or facilitating surgical procedures. After surgical treatment, hormonal treatment is recommended to prevent pain recurrence and improve quality of life. COCs or LNG IUS are recommended as a first line. To prevent recurrence of endometriomas COC is advised and maintained as long as tolerance is good in the absence of pregnancy plans. In case of dysmenorrhea, postoperative COC should be used in a continuous scheme. GnRHa are not recommended in the sole purpose of reducing endometrioma recurrence risk.

The Use of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives and the Relationship between Discontinuation Rates due to Menopause and to Female and Male Sterilizations / Uso de contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração e a relação entre taxas de descontinuidade devido à menopausa e à esterilização de homens e mulheres

Abstract Introduction Women require effective contraception until they reach menopause. The long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) and the depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, Depo-Provera(r), Pfizer, Puurs, Belgium) are great options and can replace possible sterilizations. Purpose To assess the relationship between the use of LARCs and DMPA and terminations ascribed to menopause and sterilizations in a Brazilian clinic. Methods We reviewed the records of women between 12 and 50 years of age attending the clinic that chose to use a LARC method or DMPA. Cumulative termination rates due to sterilization or because the woman had reached menopause were computed using single decrement life-table analysis over 32 years. We also examined all records of surgical sterilization at our hospital between the years 1980-2012. Results Three hundred thirty-two women had continuously used the same contraceptive until menopause, and 555 women had discontinued the method because they or their partners underwent sterilization. From year 20 to year 30 of use, levonorgestrel intrauterine-releasing system (LNG-IUS - Mirena(r), Bayer Oy, Turku, Finland; available since 1980), copper intrauterine device (IUD - available since 1980) and DMPA users showed a trend of cumulative higher discontinuation rates due to menopause when compared with the discontinuation rates due to sterilization. Over the study period, a steep decline in the use of sterilization occurred. Conclusion Over the past 15 years of research we have observed a trend: women usually preferred to continue using LARC methods or DMPA until menopause rather than decide for sterilization, be it their own, or their partners'. The annual number of sterilizations dropped in the same period. The use of LARC methods and DMPA until menopause is an important option to avoid sterilization, which requires a surgical procedure with potential complications.

Resumo Introdução Mulheres necessitam de contracepção até atingirem a menopausa. Os contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração e o acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) são ótimas opções para substituir possíveis esterilizações. Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre o uso de contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARCs) e AMPD com terminações atribuídas à menopausa e a esterilizações em uma clínica brasileira. Métodos Revisamos os registros de mulheres entre 12 e 50 anos de idade atendidas em clínica e que escolheram usar LARC ou AMPD. Índices de terminação acumulada devido à esterilização ou à menopausa foram computados usando análise de tabela de vida durante 32 anos. Também examinamos todos os registros de cirurgias de esterilização em nosso hospital no período de 1980 a 2012. Resultados Trezentas e trinta e duas mulheres usaram continuamente o mesmo contraceptivo até a menopausa, e 555 mulheres não deram continuidade ao método pelo fato de elas ou seus parceiros terem se submetido à esterilização. De 20 a 30 anos de uso, usuários de sistema intrauterino de levonorgestrel, dispositivo intrauterino de cobre e AMPD apresentaram tendência de maiores índices de descontinuidade devido à menopausa quando comparados a índices de descontinuidade devido à esterilização. No período de estudo, ocorreu um declínio acentuado no uso de esterilização. Conclusão Nos últimos 15 anos do estudo, foi observada uma tendência na qual mulheres optaram mais por continuar usando LARC ou AMPD até a menopausa do que pela esterilização própria ou de seus parceiros. O número anual de esterilizações caiu no mesmo período. O uso de LARC e AMPD até a menopausa é uma opção importante para evitar a esterilização, que exige um procedimento cirúrgico com potenciais complicações.

Translocación de dispositivo intrauterino. Reporte de un caso / Translocation of intrauterine device. Report of a case

La translocación de dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) es poco frecuente, con afección a órganos vecinos como el recto-sigmoide, la vejiga y el ovario; luego de la perforación uterina por migración de DIU se justifica su inmediata extracción de la cavidad abdominal. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 38 años de edad, que cursó con una perforación parcial de dispositivo intrauterino que causó dolor pélvico en la mujer.

Translocation of an intrauterine device (IUD), is slightly frequent, affecting neighboring organs like the rectal sigmoid, bladder and ovaries. After uterine perforation, because of IUD migration, immediate removal of the abdominal cavity is justified. We present a case of a 38 year-old woman who had a partial perforation by an intrauterine device causing pelvic pain.