Green radiology: How to develop sustainable radiology.

The phenomenon of global warming due to the increased emission of greenhouse gases makes it necessary to raise public awareness about the importance of promoting sustainable practices. The field of radiology is not an exception, as it consumes a large amount of energy and resources to operate equipment and generate images. Green radiology is a sustainable, innovative, and responsible approach in radiology practice that focuses on minimizing the negative environmental effects of the technologies and procedures used in radiology. Its primary goal is to reduce the carbon, water and ecological footprint in our services based on four strategic pillars: decreasing energy, water, and helium usage; properly recycling and/or disposing of waste and residues (including contrast media); minimizing the environmental impact of ionizing radiation; and promoting eco-friendly radiology practices.

Caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru: Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos atenta ao meio ambiente / Caso Habitantes de La Oroya contra Perú: Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos atenta al medio ambiente / Residents of La Oroya case against Peru: Inter-American Court of Human Rights attentive to the environment

Abordam-se aspectos da decisão da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, no caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru, publicada em março de 2024, afirmando a justiciabilidade do direito ao meio ambiente como um direito difuso e reconhecendo a responsabilidade internacional do Peru (Estado parte) pela omissão em relação às medidas de prevenção e na prestação de informações à população exposta. Trata-se de precedente de relevância emitido pela Corte Internacional para a defesa do meio ambiente e dos direitos humanos, abrindo alvissareiras possibilidades de um novo e efetivo espaço para a afirmação de princípios caros ao Direito Sanitário e a preservação da vida.

Aspects of the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are discussed, in the case of Residents of La Oroya against Peru, affirming the justiciability of the right to the environment as a diffuse right and recognizing the international responsibility of Peru (State party) for omission in relation to prevention measures and the provision of information to the exposed population.This is a highly relevant precedent for the defense of the environment and human rights, opening up promising possibilities for a new and effective space for the affirmation of principles dear to Health Law and the preservation of life.

Se discuten aspectos de la decisión de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en el caso de Residentes de La Oroya contra Perú, afirmando la justiciabilidad del derecho al medio ambiente como un derecho difuso y reconociendo la responsabilidad internacional del Perú (Estado parte) por omisión en relación con las medidas de prevención y suministro de información a la población expuesta. Se trata de un precedente de gran relevancia para la defensa del medio ambiente y de los derechos humanos, abriendo posibilidades prometedoras para un nuevo y eficaz espacio de afirmación de principios queridos por el Derecho de la Salud y la preservación de la vida.

See you later: roost fidelity of the "Boomerang Bats",Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera) / Até mais tarde: fidelidade de abrigo dos "Morcegos Boomerang", Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Animals exhibit sociability behaviors and spatial use patterns that are important for species survival. Bats are animals that exhibit complex patterns of aggregation of individuals, which can vary according to sex and age. Aggregation can be explained by active or passive mechanisms. In this behavioural note, we report a group of female Artibeus lituratus in the reproductive stage that exhibits aggregation behavior supporting the active mechanism hypothesis. The females returned to the same roost, for two reproductive season, maintaining the aggregation with the same individuals with which the social bonds were already established.

Os animais exibem comportamentos de sociabilidade e padrões de uso espacial que são importantes para a sobrevivência das espécies. Os morcegos são animais que apresentam padrões complexos de agregação de indivíduos, que podem variar de acordo com o sexo e a idade. A agregação pode ser explicada por mecanismos ativos ou passivos. Nesta nota comportamental, relatamos um grupo de fêmeas de Artibeus lituratus em fase reprodutiva que exibe comportamento de agregação apoiando a hipótese do mecanismo ativo. As fêmeas retornaram ao mesmo poleiro, por duas estações reprodutivas, mantendo a agregação com os mesmos indivíduos com os quais os laços sociais já foram estabelecidos.

Niche-based approach to explore the impacts of environmental disturbances on biodiversity.

Globally, species are increasingly at risk from compounding threatening processes, an increasingly prominent driver of which is environmental disturbances. To facilitate effective conservation efforts following such events, methods that evaluate potential impacts across multiple species and provide landscape-scale information are needed to guide targeted responses. Often, the geographic overlap between a disturbance and species' distribution is calculated and then used as a proxy for potential impact. However, such methods do not account for the important influence of environmental heterogeneity throughout species' ranges. To address this shortcoming, we quantified the effects of environmental disturbances on species' environmental niche space. Using the Australian 2019 and 2020 Black Summer fires as a case study, we applied a niche-centric approach to examine the potential impacts of these fires on 387 vertebrate species. We examined the utility of established and novel niche metrics to assess the potential impacts of large-scale disturbance events on species by comparing the potential effects of the fires as determined by our various niche measures to those derived from geographic-based measures of impact. We examined the quality of environmental space affected by the disturbance by quantifying the position in niche space where the disturbance occurred (center or margin), the uniqueness of the environmental space that was burned, and the degree to which the remaining, unburned portion of the niche differed from a species' original prefire niche. There was limited congruence between the proportion of geographic and niche space affected, which showed that geographic-based approaches in isolation may have underestimated the impact of the fires for 56% of modeled species. For each species, when combined, these metrics provided a greater indication of postdisturbance recovery potential than geographic-based measures alone. Accordingly, the integration of niche-based analyses into conservation assessments following large-scale disturbance events will lead to a more nuanced understanding of potential impacts and guide more informed and effective conservation actions.

Estrategia basada en los nichos para explorar el impacto de la perturbación ambiental sobre la biodiversidad Resumen En todo el mundo, las especies corren un riesgo cada vez mayor de verse amenazadas por procesos combinados, entre los que destacan las perturbaciones ambientales. Para facilitar una labor de conservación eficaz después de estos fenómenos, se necesitan métodos que evalúen el impacto potencial en varias especies y proporcionen información a escala de paisaje para orientar las respuestas específicas. A menudo, se calcula el traslape geográfico entre una perturbación y la distribución de las especies y se utiliza como indicador del impacto potencial. Sin embargo, estos métodos no tienen en cuenta la influencia importante de la heterogeneidad ambiental en toda el área de distribución de las especies. Para abordar esta deficiencia, cuantificamos los efectos de las perturbaciones ambientales en el espacio del nicho ambiental de las especies. Usamos los incendios australianos de Black Summer de 2019 y 2020 como caso de estudio y aplicamos un enfoque centrado en el nicho para examinar los impactos potenciales de estos incendios en 387 especies de vertebrados. Analizamos la utilidad de las métricas nuevas y establecidas de nicho para evaluar los impactos potenciales de los eventos de perturbación a gran escala para las especies con la comparación de los efectos potenciales de los incendios determinados por nuestras diversas medidas de nicho con los derivados de las medidas de impacto basadas en la geografía. Examinamos la calidad del espacio ambiental afectado por la perturbación al cuantificar la posición en el espacio del nicho donde se produjo la perturbación (centro o margen), la singularidad del espacio ambiental que se quemó y el grado en que la parte restante no quemada del nicho difería del nicho original de una especie antes del incendio. Hubo una congruencia limitada entre la proporción del espacio geográfico y del nicho afectado, lo que demostró que los enfoques geográficos aislados pueden subestimar el impacto de los incendios para el 56% de las especies modeladas. Para cada especie, estas métricas combinadas proporcionaron una mayor indicación del potencial de recuperación tras las perturbaciones que las medidas geográficas por sí solas. Por lo tanto, la integración de los análisis basados en nichos en las evaluaciones de conservación tras perturbaciones a gran escala permitirá comprender mejor los impactos potenciales y orientar las acciones de conservación de manera más informada y eficaz.

Effects of agriculture and nature reserves on avian behavior in northwestern Costa Rica.

Behavioral changes are often animals' first responses to environmental change and may act as a bellwether for population viability. Nonetheless, most studies of habitat conversion focus on changes in species occurrences or abundances. We analyzed >14,000 behavioral observations across 55 bird species in communities in northwestern Costa Rica to determine how land use affects reproductive, foraging, and other passive kinds of behaviors not associated with either foraging or reproduction. Specifically, we quantified differences in behaviors between farms, privately owned forests, and protected areas and implemented a novel modeling framework to account for variation in detection among behaviors. This framework entailed estimating abundances of birds performing different behaviors while allowing detection probabilities of individuals to vary by behavior. Birds were 1.2 times more likely to exhibit reproductive behaviors in forest than in agriculture and 1.5 times more likely to exhibit reproductive behaviors in protected areas than in private forests. Species were not always most abundant in the habitats where they were most likely to exhibit foraging or reproductive behaviors. Finally, species of higher conservation concern were less abundant in agriculture than in forest. Together, our results highlight the importance of behavioral analyses for elucidating the conservation value of different land uses.

Efectos de la agricultura y las reservas naturales sobre el comportamiento de las aves en el noroeste de Costa Rica Resumen Los cambios conductuales suelen ser la primera respuesta de los animales ante el cambio ambiental y pueden funcionar como un barómetro para la viabilidad poblacional. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios sobre la conversión del hábitat se enfocan en cambios en la presencia o abundancia de las especies. Analizamos más de 14,000 observaciones conductuales en las comunidades de 55 especies de aves del noroeste de Costa Rica para determinar cómo el uso de suelo afectó el comportamiento reproductivo, de forrajeo y otras formas pasivas no asociadas con las dos anteriores. En específico, cuantificamos las diferencias en el comportamiento entre granjas, bosques de propiedad privada y áreas protegidas e implementamos un marco novedoso de modelado para justificar la variación en la detección entre los comportamientos. Este marco implicó estimar la abundancia de aves que realizaban diferentes comportamientos mientras permitía que variaran las probabilidades de detección de individuos según el comportamiento. Fue 1.2 veces más probable que las aves exhibieran comportamiento reproductivo en el bosque que en las zonas agrícolas y 1.5 veces más probable que exhibieran estos comportamientos en las áreas protegidas que en los bosques privados. Las especies no siempre fueron las más abundantes en los hábitats en donde era más probable que exhibieran comportamientos reproductivos o de forrajeo. Por último, las especies de mayor preocupación para la conservación fueron menos abundantes en las zonas agrícolas que en los bosques. En conjunto, nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia del análisis conductual para ilustrar el valor de conservación de los diferentes usos de suelo.

Disentangling the biotic and abiotic drivers of bird-building collisions in a tropical Asian city with ecological niche modeling.

Bird collisions with buildings are responsible for a large number of bird deaths in cities around the world, yet they remain poorly studied outside North America. We conducted one of the first citywide fine-scale and landscape-scale analyses of bird-building collisions in Asia and used maximum entropy modeling (as commonly applied to species distribution modeling) in a novel way to assess the drivers of bird-building collisions in the tropical city-state of Singapore. We combined 7 years of community science observations with publicly available building and remote sensing data. Drivers of bird-building collisions varied among taxa. Some migratory taxa had a higher relative collision risk that was linked to areas with high building densities and high levels of nocturnal blue light pollution. Nonmigratory taxa had a higher collision risk in areas near forest cover. Projecting our results onto official long-term land-use plans, we predicted that future increases in bird-building collision risk stemmed from increases in blue light pollution and encroachment of buildings into forested areas and identified 6 potential collision hotspots linked to future developments. Our results suggest that bird-building collision mitigation measures need to account for the different drivers of collision for resident and migratory species and show that combining community science and ecological modeling can be a powerful approach for analyzing bird-building collision data.

Modelos de nicho ecológico para esclarecer los causantes bióticos y abióticos de las colisiones entre aves y edificios en una ciudad tropical asiática Resumen Las colisiones entre aves y edificios son causa de un gran número de muertes en todas las ciudades del mundo, y aun así se estudian muy poco fuera de América del Norte. Realizamos uno de los primeros análisis a escala fina y a escala de paisaje en una ciudad asiática y usamos el modelo de entropía máxima (como se aplica con frecuencia a los modelos de distribución de especies) de manera novedosa para analizar los causantes de estas colisiones en Singapur, una ciudad­estado tropical. Combinamos siete años de observaciones de ciencia comunitaria con los datos públicos de teledetección y construcción. Los causantes de las colisiones entre aves y edificios variaron entre taxones. Algunos taxones migratorios tuvieron un riesgo de colisión relativamente más alto relacionado con áreas de alta densidad de edificios y niveles elevados de contaminación lumínica de luz azul nocturna. Los taxones no migratorios tuvieron un riesgo de colisión más elevado en las áreas cercanas a la cobertura forestal. Con la proyección de nuestros resultados sobre los planes oficiales de uso de suelo a largo plazo, pronosticamos que el incremento en el futuro de colisiones entre aves y edificios vendrá del incremento en la contaminación de luz azul y la invasión de edificios en las áreas forestales; también identificamos seis potenciales puntos calientes de colisión relacionados a futuros desarrollos inmobiliarios. Nuestros resultados sugieren que para mitigar estas colisiones se necesita considerar los diferentes causantes de dichas colisiones para las especies migratorias y residentes y también muestran que la combinación de la ciencia comunitaria y los modelos ecológicos puede ser una estrategia poderosa para analizar los datos de colisiones entre aves y edificios.

Agregación masiva de la estrella de mar Luidia bellonae (Paxillosida: Luidiidae) en Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Pacífico Mexicano / Massive aggregation of sea star Luidia bellonae (Paxillosida: Luidiidae) in Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Mexican Pacific

Resumen Introducción: En el Pacífico central mexicano son escasos los trabajos sobre ecología de asteroideos. Estas especies generalmente se distribuyen de forma aleatoria, aunque en algunas ocasiones pueden encontrarse en grupos o agregaciones. En Los Arcos, al sur de Puerto Vallarta, en Bahía de Banderas, México, se observó Luidia bellonae por primera vez en una agregación masiva en 2021. Objetivo: Reportar por primera vez el registro de esta especie en esta región del Pacífico mexicano, así como el evento de agregación masiva. Métodos: Se realizaron transectos y recorridos para cuantificar la densidad y medir los ejemplares de la estrella en Los Arcos, Bahía de Banderas, durante 2021, 2022 y 2023. Resultados: Se encontraron densidades promedio de 2.65 ind/m2 y hasta 7 ind/m2. En total en el área aproximada de 900 m2 se registraron 630 individuos. Los ejemplares midieron (R) entre 2 y 12 cm, y en su mayoría midieron entre 4 y 8 cm. Conclusiones: L. bellonae estaba reportada en distintos sitios en algunos estados del Pacífico mexicano, sin embargo no estaba registrada para Bahía de Banderas ni Los Arcos, ni tampoco en la cantidad que se reporta aquí, por lo que este es el primer registro para la especie con una presencia masiva para el Pacífico mexicano. La aparición de la gran cantidad de ejemplares de L. bellonae en Los Arcos en 2021 pudo haber sido resultado de una combinación de factores, entre ellos la baja temperatura del agua, con valores hasta de 15 ºC y la alta cantidad de nutrientes. Este hallazgo demuestra la necesidad de más estudios sobre los equinodermos y especies marinas para entender la influencia que tienen las condiciones ambientales en su ciclo de vida.

Abstract Introduction: In the central Mexican Pacific, there are few studies on asteroid ecology. These species are generally distributed randomly, although in some cases groups or aggregations can be found. In Los Arcos, south of Puerto Vallarta, in Bahía de Banderas, Mexico, Luidia bellonae was observed for the first time in a massive aggregation in 2021. Objective: To report the new record of this species in this region of the Mexican Pacific and its massive aggregation event. Methods: Transects and surveys were carried out to quantify the density and measure the sea star individuals in Los Arcos, Bahía de Banderas during 2021, 2022, and 2023. Results: Average densities of 2.65 ind/m2 and up to 7 ind/m2 were found. In total, in the approximate area of 900 m2, 630 individuals were registered. The specimens measured (R) between 2 and 12 cm, and most measured between 4 and 8 cm. Conclusions: L. bellonae has been reported in different places in some states of the Mexican Pacific; however, it was not registered for Bahía de Banderas nor Los Arcos, nor in the amount reported here, therefore this is the first record for the species with a massive presence for the Mexican Pacific. The appearance of the large number of L. bellonae specimens in Los Arcos in 2021 could have been the result of a combination of factors, including the low water temperature, with values up to 15 ºC, and the high amount of nutrients. This finding demonstrates the need for more studies on echinoderms and marine species to understand the influence of environmental conditions on their life cycle.

Riqueza y densidad de equinodermos en los arrecifes rocosos de Punta Amapala, El Salvador / Richness and density of echinoderms in the rocky reefs of Punta Amapala, El Salvador

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos son animales estrictamente acuáticos y de los grupos de invertebrados marinos cuya importancia ecológica es crucial para los ambientes en donde habitan. La característica más destacada es su simetría pentarradial. Estos organismos pueden distribuirse en una amplia variedad de ambientes oceánicos, y no ser exclusivamente habitantes de las formaciones arrecifales. Se han registrado el total de 1 539 especies, de las cuales 717 pertenecen a Pacífico y 60 de ellas se han registrado en El Salvador. Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo fue registrar la riqueza y densidad de especies de equinodermos en arrecifes rocosos de Punta Amapala (La Unión). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en cinco sitios, dos a 3 m de profundidad y tres a 6 m. Para esto, se utilizó snorkeling y buceo autónomo, recorriendo dos transectos de banda de 30 x 1 m. Dentro de los transectos, se realizó la identificación (riqueza) y contabilización (abundancia) de los organismos. Resultados: La especie que presentó mayor densidad en los arrecifes de 3 m fue Echinometra vanbrunti (0.83 indv/m2), seguido por el ofiuroideo Ophiocomella alexandri (0.16 indv/m2) y Ophiocoma aethiops (0.16 indv/m2). Y en los arrecifes a 6 m fueron Ophiothela mirabilis (0.83 indv/m2), Ophionereis annulata (0.21 indv/m2), Ophiothrix rudis (0.08 indv/m2) y Ophiocomella alexandri (0.01 indv/m2). Conclusiones: Estos organismos, cumplen con diversos roles ecológicos, como ser bioindicadores de calidad de agua al tolerar ciertos cambios en las condiciones físico-químicas, así como cumplir el papel de hospederos de macrofauna por las cavidades que forman algunos erizos. Es por ello que los esfuerzos de muestreo deben incrementarse en estas zonas para monitorear la calidad y salud de los arrecifes rocosos, cuyo papel es clave, por ser junto con Los Cóbanos, los de mayor extensión en el país.

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms are strictly aquatic animals and one of the groups of marine invertebrates whose ecological importance is crucial for the environments where they inhabit. The most outstanding characteristic is their pentaradial symmetry. These organisms can be distributed in a wide variety of oceanic environments, and are not exclusive inhabitants of reef formations. A total of 1 539 species have been registered, of which 717 belong to the Pacific and 60 of them have been registered for El Salvador. Objective: The objective of the work was to record the richness and density of echinoderm species in rocky reefs of Punta Amapala (La Unión). Methods: The sampling was conducted in five sites, two of them at 3 m of depth and three at 6 m. For this, snorkeling and autonomous diving were used, covering two band transects of 30 x 1 m. Within the transects, the identification (richness) and counting (abundance) of the organisms was carried out. Results: The species that presented the highest density at 3 m reefs was Echinometra vanbrunti (0.83 indv/m2), followed by the ophiuroid Ophiocomella alexandri (0.16 indv/m2) and Ophiocoma aethiops (0.16 indv/m2). And at the 6 m reefs were Ophiothela mirabilis (0.83 indv/m2), Ophionereis annulata (0.21 indv/m2), Ophiothrix rudis (0.08 indv/m2) and Ophiocomella alexandri (0.01 indv/m2). Conclusions: These organisms fulfill various ecological roles, such as being bioindicators of water quality by tolerating certain changes in physicochemical conditions and fulfilling the role of macrofauna hosts due to the cavities formed by some sea urchins. That is why sampling efforts must increase in these areas to monitor the quality and health of the rocky reefs, whose role is key, as they are, together with Los Cóbanos, the largest in the country.

Recent molecular techniques to strengthen ecological studies in echinoderms / Técnicas moleculares recientes que fortalecen los estudios ecológicos de equinodermos

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms, an integral component of marine ecosystems worldwide, have captivated scientific interest for centuries. Despite this longstanding attention, comprehending key facets such as trophic relationships, diet composition, and host-microbiota relationships still represents a challenge using traditional techniques. Recent years, however, have witnessed a transformative shift, thanks to the emergence of advanced molecular techniques, offering new approaches to strengthen ecological studies in echinoderms. Objective: Explore how recent advancements in molecular tools have impacted ecological research on echinoderms. Specifically, we aim to investigate the potential of these tools to shed light on trophic interactions, diet composition, and the characterization of gut microbial communities in these organisms. Methods: Available literature was used to clarify how novel molecular techniques can improve ecological studies. The focus is diet, trophic relationships, and gut microbiota. Results: Traditionally, studies of stomach contents using compound microscopy have provided an idea of ingested material; nevertheless, sometimes a simple magnified visualization of dietary content does not allow exhaustive identification of the entire food spectrum, as it is limited due to the rapid digestion and maceration of food items within the echinoderm's digestive tract. The use of DNA-metabarcoding, targeting specific DNA regions, such as the mitochondrial COI gene, has allowed us to enhance the accuracy and precision of diet characterization by enabling the identification of prey items down to the species or even genetic variant level, providing valuable insights into specific dietary preferences. Another approach is the use of stable isotopes, particularly carbon and nitrogen, which provide a powerful tool to trace the origin and flow of nutrients through food webs. By analyzing the isotopic signatures in muscular tissues and food items, we can discern the sources of their primary food items and gain insights into their trophic position within the ecosystem. Lastly, a third new technique used to elucidate the characterization of the prokaryotic community is 16S rRNA sequencing. This method allows us to explore the composition and dynamics of the digestive tract microbial communities. Conclusions: This is a promising era for ecological research on echinoderms, where advances of molecular tools have enabled an unprecedented level of detail, resolving longstanding challenges in comprehending their trophic interactions, diet composition, and host-microbiota relationships, and opening new avenues of investigation in ecological studies.

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos, un componente integral de los ecosistemas marinos en todo el mundo, han captado el interés científico durante siglos. A pesar de esta prolongada atención, el comprender facetas clave como las relaciones tróficas, la composición de la dieta y las relaciones huésped-microbiota todavía representa un desafío utilizando técnicas tradicionales. Sin embargo, los últimos años han sido testigos de un cambio transformador, gracias a la aparición de técnicas moleculares avanzadas, que ofrecen nuevos enfoques para fortalecer los estudios ecológicos en equinodermos. Objetivo: Explorar cómo los avances recientes en herramientas moleculares han impactado la investigación ecológica sobre equinodermos. Específicamente, nuestro objetivo es investigar el potencial de estas herramientas para arrojar luz sobre las interacciones tróficas, la composición de la dieta y la caracterización de las comunidades microbianas intestinales en estos organismos. Métodos: Se utilizó la literatura disponible para aclarar cómo las nuevas técnicas moleculares pueden mejorar los estudios ecológicos. La atención se centra en la dieta, las relaciones tróficas y la microbiota intestinal. Resultados: Tradicionalmente, los estudios del contenido estomacal mediante microscopía compuesta han proporcionado una idea del material ingerido; Sin embargo, a veces una simple visualización ampliada del contenido dietético no permite una identificación exhaustiva de todo el espectro alimentario, ya que está limitado debido a la rápida digestión y maceración de los alimentos dentro del tracto digestivo del equinodermo. El uso de metabarcoding de ADN, dirigidos a regiones específicas del ADN, como el gen COI mitocondrial, nos ha permitido mejorar la exactitud y precisión de la caracterización de la dieta al permitir la identificación de presas hasta el nivel de especie o incluso de variante genética, lo que proporciona valiosos resultados sobre preferencias dietéticas específicas. Otro enfoque es el uso de isótopos estables, en particular carbono y nitrógeno, que proporcionan una poderosa herramienta para rastrear el origen y el flujo de nutrientes a través de las redes alimentarias. Al analizar las firmas isotópicas en los tejidos musculares y los alimentos, podemos discernir las fuentes de sus alimentos primarios y obtener información sobre su posición trófica dentro del ecosistema. Por último, una tercera técnica nueva utilizada para dilucidar la caracterización de la comunidad procariótica es la secuenciación del ARNr 16S. Este método nos permite explorar la composición y dinámica de las comunidades microbianas del tracto digestivo. Conclusiones: Esta es una era prometedora para la investigación ecológica sobre equinodermos, donde los avances de las herramientas moleculares han permitido un nivel de detalle sin precedentes, resolviendo desafíos de larga data en la comprensión de sus interacciones tróficas, composición de la dieta y relaciones huésped-microbiota, y abriendo nuevas vías de investigación. en estudios ecológicos.

Nicho trófico y bioclimático de dos especies andinas cercanamente emparentadas de Liolaemus (Squamata, Liolaemidae) en el sur del Perú / Trophic and bioclimatic niche of two closely related Andean species of Liolaemus (Squamata, Liolaemidae) in southern Peru

Resumen En el presente estudio, los nichos trófico y bioclimático de Liolaemus annectens y L. etheridgei son evaluados. Ambas especies se distribuyen en la región andina del sur del Perú. La comparación interespecífica del nicho trófico reveló a Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) como presa fundamental de L. etheridgei, mientras que las presas fundamentales en la dieta de L. annectens fueron larvas de Lepidoptera, Araneae, Curculionidae (Coleoptera) y Lygaeidae. Asimismo, se observó un importante consumo de material vegetal en ambas especies, por lo que pueden considerarse omnívoras. Ambas especies presentaron una baja amplitud de nicho trófico, con una tendencia especialista de consumo de presas, y un bajo solapamiento de nicho trófico. En cuanto al nicho Grinnelliano, la evaluación y comparación de modelos de nichos ecológicos, permitieron identificar las áreas de mayor idoneidad para la sobrevivencia de estas especies. Estas se encuentran en áreas de Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna para L. etheridgei y en Arequipa, Puno, y Cusco para L. annectens. Ambas especies mostraron una baja superposición de nicho ecológico, rechazando la hipótesis de que ocupan nichos idénticos.

Abstract In the present study, the trophic and bioclimatic niches of Liolaemus annectens and L. etheridgei are evaluated. Both species are distributed in the Andean region of southern Peru. Interspecific comparison of the trophic niche revealed Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) as a fundamental prey for L. etheridgei, while the fundamental preys in the diet of L. annectens were Lepidoptera larvae, Araneae, Curculionidae (Coleoptera), and Lygaeidae. Additionally, a significant consumption of plant material was observed in both species, indicating an omnivorous diet. Both species exhibited a narrow trophic niche breadth, with a specialist tendency in prey consumption and low trophic niche overlap. Regarding the Grinnellian niche, evaluation and comparison of ecological niche models allowed the identification of areas of highest suitability for the survival of these species. These include some areas in Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna for L. etheridgei, and some areas in Arequipa, Puno and Cusco for L. annectens. Both species showed low ecological niche overlap, rejecting the hypothesis of identical niches.

Experimentally testing animal responses to prescribed fire size and severity.

Deserts are often highly biodiverse and provide important habitats for many threatened species. Fire is a dominant disturbance in deserts, and prescribed burning is increasingly being used by conservation managers and Indigenous peoples to mitigate the damaging effects of climate change, invasive plants, and land-use change. The size, severity, and patchiness of fires can affect how animals respond to fire. However, there are almost no studies examining such burn characteristics in desert environments, which precludes the use of such information in conservation planning. Using a before-after control-impact approach with 20 sampling sites, we studied the outcomes of 10 prescribed burns of varying size (5-267 ha), severity, and patchiness to identify which variables best predicted changes in small mammal and reptile species richness and abundance. Three of the 13 species showed a clear response to fire. Captures increased for 2 species (1 mammal, 1 reptile) and decreased for 1 species (a reptile) as the proportional area burned around traps increased. Two other mammal species showed weaker positive responses to fire. Total burn size and burn patchiness were not influential predictors for any species. Changes in capture rates occurred only at sites with the largest and most severe burns. No fire-related changes in capture rates were observed where fires were small and very patchy. Our results suggest that there may be thresholds of fire size or fire severity that trigger responses to fire, which has consequences for management programs underpinned by the patch mosaic burning paradigm. The prescribed burns we studied, which are typical in scale and intensity across many desert regions, facilitated the presence of some taxa and are unlikely to have widespread or persistent negative impacts on small mammal or reptile communities in this ecosystem provided that long unburned habitat harboring threatened species is protected.

Prueba experimental de la respuesta animal al tamaño y gravedad de los incendios controlados Resumen Los desiertos suelen contar con mucha biodiversidad y proporcionar hábitats importantes para una variedad de especies amenazadas. El fuego es una perturbación que domina en los desiertos, y los incendios controlados cada vez se usan más por los gestores de la conservación y los pueblos indígenas para mitigar los efectos dañinos del cambio climático, las plantas invasoras y el cambio de uso de suelo. El tamaño, gravedad y fragmentación de los incendios pueden afectar cómo los animales responden al fuego. Sin embargo, casi no existen estudios que analicen dichas características de la quema en los ambientes desérticos, lo que excluye a dicha información de la planeación de la conservación. Usamos una estrategia de antes­después del control­impacto en 20 sitios de muestreo para estudiar los resultados de diez incendios controlados de diferentes tamaños (5­267 ha), gravedad y fragmentación para identificar cuáles variables pronostican mejor los cambios en la riqueza de especies y abundancia de mamíferos pequeños y reptiles. Tres de las 13 especies mostraron una respuesta clara al incendio. Las capturas incrementaron en dos especies (una de mamífero y una de reptil) y disminuyeron en una especie (un reptil) conforme incrementó el área proporcional incendiada alrededor de las trampas. Otras dos especies de mamíferos mostraron respuestas positivas más débiles ante el fuego. El tamaño total y la fragmentación del incendio no fueron influyentes sobre los pronosticadores de cualquier especie. Los cambios en las tasas de captura ocurrieron solamente en los sitios con los incendios más graves y grandes. No observamos cambios relacionados al incendio en las tasas de captura en donde los incendios fueron pequeños y muy fragmentados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que podría haber umbrales del tamaño o gravedad del incendio que provocan las respuestas al fuego, lo que tiene consecuencias para los programas de manejo sustentados en el paradigma del mosaico de fragmentos del incendio. Los incendios controlados que estudiamos, que son típicos en escala e intensidad en muchas regiones desérticas, facilitaron la presencia de algunos taxones y no tuvieron probabilidad de tener un impacto negativo extenso o persistente sobre las comunidades de mamíferos pequeños y reptiles en este ecosistema, siempre y cuando se proteja el hábitat que lleva mucho tiempo sin incendios y en donde viven las especies amenazadas.

Peixes peçonhentos da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraná: aspectos ecológicos e toxinológicos de interesse em saúde

Aquatic ecosystems have a vast diversity of fauna and flora associated with them. Notably, rivers are of great social, economic, and environmental importance. The Paraná River basin comprises a river system used for energy production, recreation, production and consumption of fish resources. In addition, there is a record of a diverse fauna of venomous fish in this region which, due to their close proximity to the population, results in accidents known as ichthyism. Although these accidents are not lethal, they have a high morbidity rate and serious occupational consequences. Their main symptoms are intense pain, edema, and slow- healing lesions that can result in tissue necrosis. Albeit frequent, these accidents are underreported, making it difficult to map and treat them. Therefore, the aim of this study is to expand the knowledge about venomous fish by characterizing the venomous species found in the Paraná River with the potential to cause accidents. The venom and mucus samples were collected by the Taxonomy of Venomous Animals Laboratory - Toxicological Information and Assistance Center of Paraná and sent to the Immunoregulation Unit of the Applied Toxinology Laboratory of the Butantan Institute for analysis. The venoms were extracted by scraping the epithelium covering the spines and stingers and scraping the mucus covering the animal's body, and the supernatant was obtained by centrifugation. Proteins were quantified using the Bradford method and the protein profile was analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 133 individuals were collected, distributed among 19 species and 6 families (Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Loricariidae, Pimelodidae, Cichlidae, and Myliobatiformes). The Pimelodidae family presented the highest species richness, with seven species in total. In addition, seven species collected occur outside their natural distribution area, with Pterodoras granulosus being the most abundant among all the samplings. The Auchenipteridae and Pimelodidae families have similar protein profiles, notably at 68, 38, 28, and 14 kDa in the stinger samples, although they vary for mucus. The Doradidae family, despite having two species from the same family (Pterodoras granulosus and Oxydoras kneri), did not show similarities in the protein pattern. The Cichlidae, with two families, showed only two similar bands (62 and 38 kDa). The expansion of venomous fish habitats can occur due to hydrological and limnological changes, such as river damming. Although it was expected that individuals from the same family would present similar protein profiles, this was not verified in the samples analyzed, suggesting greater diversity in the composition and types of venom. This work is the first endeavor towards notification and biochemical knowledge about fish species with the potential to cause accidents in the Paraná River basin and provides a better understanding of the ecological and toxicological characteristics of these animals.

Ecossistemas aquáticos possuem vasta diversidade associada, apresentando alto grau de importância social, econômica e ambiental, e os ambientes fluviais contemplam diversos animais e espécies vegetais que usufruem e dependem de suas propriedades para a sobrevivência, apresentando assim alto grau de endemismo. A bacia do Rio Paraná compreende um grande sistema fluvial utilizado para recreação, produção e consumo de recursos pesqueiros e produção de energia por uma das principais hidrelétricas do país, Itaipu Binacional. Devido às suas particularidades, a bacia do Rio Paraná possui registros de uma grande diversidade da fauna de peixes peçonhentos que, por estar em áreas próximas à população, resulta em acidentes denominados de ictismo. Essas ocorrências, apesar de apresentarem baixa letalidade, têm alta morbidade e sérias consequências ocupacionais, cujos principais sintomas são dor intensa, edema e lesões de lenta cicatrização que podem resultar em necrose tecidual da região afetada. Apesar de frequentes, tais acidentes são subnotificados, dificultando seu mapeamento e tratamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi expandir o conhecimento sobre peixes peçonhentos, através da caracterização das espécies peçonhentas encontradas no Rio Paraná com potencial de causarem acidentes. As amostras de peçonha e muco foram coletadas pelo Laboratório de Taxonomia de Animais Peçonhentos - Centro de Informações e Assistência Toxicológica do Paraná e encaminhadas à Unidade de Imunorregulação do Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada do Instituto Butantan para análise. A extração das peçonhas ocorreu por raspado do epitélio que recobre espinhos e ferrões e raspado do muco que recobre o corpo do animal, obtendo-se sobrenadante através de centrifugação. A quantificação de proteínas se deu pelo método de Bradford e o perfil eletroforético foi analisado através de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Ao todo foram coletados 133 indivíduos, distribuídos em 19 espécies e 6 famílias (Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Loricariidae, Pimelodidae, Cichlidae e Myliobatiformes). A família Pimelodidae apresentou maior riqueza com sete espécies ao todo. Além disso, sete espécies capturadas ocorrem fora de sua área de distribuição natural, sendo Pterodoras granulosus a mais abundante entre a soma de todas as coletas. As famílias Auchenipteridae e Pimelodidae possuem semelhanças no perfil de proteínas, notadamente em 68, 38, 28 e 14 kDa, nas amostras de espinhos, embora variando para muco. A família Doradidae, apesar de possuir duas espécies de mesma família (Pterodoras granulosus e Oxydoras kneri), não apresentou semelhanças no padrão de proteínas. Os Cichlidae, com duas famílias, apresentaram apenas duas bandas semelhantes (62 e 38 kDa). A expansão de habitats dos peixes peçonhentos pode ocorrer por alterações hidrológicas e limnológicas, como o represamento do rio. Apesar de esperado que indivíduos de mesma família apresentassem perfis proteicos semelhantes, isso não foi verificado, sugerindo maior diversidade de quantidades e tipos de peçonha. Este trabalho é o primeiro passo para a notificação e conhecimento bioquímico sobre as espécies de peixes com potencial de causarem acidentes e possibilita o maior entendimento acerca das características ecológicas e toxicológicas desses animais.

Composition and spatio-temporal dynamics of aquatic bird community in humid areas of Alto Parana Atlantic Forest

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos dágua lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos dágua desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Corpos-territórios e interseccionalidades: contribuições para uma vigilância popular em saúde / Bodies-territories and intersectionalities: contributions to public health surveillance

Resumo Corpos e territórios múltiplos vivenciam de diferentes formas impactos, conflitos e injustiças socioambientais. As consequências do padrão de acumulação neoextrativista recai de modo diferenciado sobre as mulheres, em especial não brancas. Esse texto traz narrativas de mulheres plurais, que vivem em diferentes territórios e que experienciam distintos impactos de grandes empreendimentos. Por meio de suas narrativas, buscamos compreender como constituem seus corpos-territórios, como são impactados e como resistem a dominação colonialista, defendem a vida e restituem a saúde. Os impactos analisados atingem os meios e modos de vida das mulheres, cerceiam suas formas de ser, poder e saber nesses territórios, tornam-nas vulnerabilizadas, sujeitas à precarização dos meios e modos de vida, imersas em intoxicações sistêmicas, chegando a situações classificadas como genocídios. Frente a tais ameaças, elas agenciam a resistência coletiva, acionam o que lhes torna subjetividade ativa, descolonizam-se como ser, saber e poder. Assim defendem a vida e restituem a saúde de si mesmas e de seus ambientes. Essas experiências apontam caminhos para o fortalecimento de perspectivas e redes de vigilância popular em saúde.

Abstract Multiple bodies and territories experience impacts, conflicts, and socioenvironmental injustices in different ways. The consequences of the neoextractivist accumulation patterns weigh differently on women, especially non-white women. This text brings narratives of a wide range of women who live in different territories and experience different impacts from major undertakings. Through their narratives, we seek to understand how they constitute their territorial bodies; how they are impacted; and how they resist colonialist domination, defend life, and restore health. These impacts affect women's means and ways of life, and restrict their ways of being, power, and knowledge in these territories, rendering them vulnerable, subject to the precariousness of life, immersed in systemic intoxication, reaching situations classified as genocide. Faced with such threats, they manage collective resistance; trigger what makes them active subjectivity; and decolonize themselves as beings, knowledge, and power. In this way they defend life and restore their health and that of their environments. These experiences indicate ways to strengthen public health surveillance perspectives and networks.

Nursing and waste management in health services: unveiling meanings in the hospital context / Gestión de residuos en enfermería y servicios de salud: develando significados en el contexto hospitalario / Enfermagem e o gerenciamento de resíduos nos serviços de saúde: desvelando significados no contexto hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: To unveil the meanings that nursing professionals attribute to practices related to waste management in health services, within the hospital context. Method: Qualitative research, whose theoretical and methodological references were, respectively, Complexity Theory and Grounded Theory. A total of 30 nursing professionals from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro participated in the study, between January and August 2022. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. Results: The professionals indicate the need for better knowledge about waste management in healthcare services, while revealing their understanding on the importance of this process and of themselves as important elements in impacting the environment and health. Conclusion: The complexity of the meanings attributed to healthcare waste management practices indicates the dialogue between the fragility of nursing professionals' knowledge and their expanded perceptions about the impacts they can have on this reality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Revelar los significados que los profesionales de enfermería atribuyen a las prácticas relacionadas con la gestión de los residuos de los servicios de salud, en el hospital. Método: Investigación cualitativa, cuyos referentes teóricos y metodológicos fueron, respectivamente, la Teoría de la Complejidad y la Teoría Fundamentada. Participaron en el estudio 30 profesionales de enfermería en un hospital en Rio de Janeiro, entre enero y agosto de 2022. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Los profesionales señalan la necesidad de un mejor conocimiento sobre la gestión de residuos en los servicios de salud, al tiempo que revelan que comprenden la importancia de este proceso y de ellos mismos como elementos importantes para impactar el medio ambiente y la salud. Conclusión: La complejidad de los significados atribuidos a las prácticas de gestión de residuos de salud señala el diálogo entre la fragilidad del conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería y sus percepciones ampliadas sobre los impactos que pueden tener en esa realidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desvelar os significados que profissionais de enfermagem atribuem às práticas relacionadas ao gerenciamento de resíduos nos serviços de saúde, no contexto hospitalar. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, cujos referenciais teórico e metodológico foram, respectivamente, a Teoria da Complexidade e Grounded Theory. Participaram do estudo 30 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro e agosto de 2022. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada para a coleta de dados. Resultados: Os profissionais sinalizam a necessidade de melhores conhecimentos sobre gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde, ao tempo que revelam compreender a importância desse processo e de si mesmos como elementos importantes para impactarem o meio ambiente e a saúde. Conclusão: A complexidade dos significados atribuídos às práticas de gerenciamento de resíduos de saúde sinaliza a dialógica entre a fragilidade de conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem e suas percepções ampliadas sobre os impactos que podem exercer nessa realidade.

Composition and spatio-temporal dynamics of aquatic bird community in humid areas of Alto Parana Atlantic Forest / Composição e dinâmica espaço-temporal da comunidade de aves aquáticas em áreas úmidas da Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos d'água lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos d'água desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Diversity patterns of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes along tropical dry forest / Patrones de diversidad de epífitas vasculares y no vasculares a lo largo del bosque seco tropical

Abstract Introduction: Epiphytes (vascular and non-vascular) are one of the most diverse groups in the Neotropics, but despite their importance in the functioning of many ecosystems, much of their taxonomy and ecology is still unknown in the dry forest of Colombia. Objective: To compare the diversity patterns and species composition of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes along tropical dry forest remnants of Cauca Valley, Colombia. Methods: Ten permanent plots (50 x 20 m2) were established in tropical dry forest remnants. The epiphytes were sampled in 40-50 trees per plot. Alpha and gamma diversity were calculated using the richness (q0) and Shannon index (q1) (alpha was estimated as the average for phorophytes). Beta diversity was measured using the Whitaker index. To evaluate the relationship between diversities and environmental variables, GLM analysis was used. Results: We found 50 morphospecies of vascular epiphytes, 77 of bryophytes and 290 of lichens. The 𝛼 and 𝛾 diversity of bryophytes from each remnant was significantly explained by temperature. The abundance of lichens per tree was significantly related with the DBH and tree height of each remnant. The 𝛼 diversity of vascular epiphytes shown can be explained by temperature and precipitation. The 𝛾 diversity was strongly influenced by the beta diversity in bryophytes and lichens. This pattern is because the sites with high disturbance present a lower diversity, as a consequence of a homogenizing effect, that is, a low turnover of species between sampling units. Conclusions: Precipitation and temperature affected the diversity of bryophytes and vascular epiphytes, while it did not show a relationship with the lichen's diversity, for which there is not a high congruence between the diversity and composition of these epiphytes.

Resumen Introducción: Los epífitos (vasculares y no vasculares) son uno de los más diversos grupos de plantas en el Neotrópico, pero a pesar de su importancia para el funcionamiento de varios ecosistemas, existen grandes vacíos en su conocimiento taxonómico y ecológico en el bosque seco de Colombia. Objetivo: Comparar los patrones de diversidad y composición de especies de epífitas vasculares y no vasculares a lo largo de remanentes de bosque seco tropical del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: Se establecieron diez parcelas permanentes (50 x 20 m2) en remanentes de bosque seco tropical. Las epífitas se muestrearon en 40-50 árboles por parcela. La diversidad alfa y gamma se calculó utilizando la riqueza (q0) y el índice de Shannon (q1) (alfa se estimó como el promedio para los forófitos). La diversidad beta se midió utilizando el índice de Whitaker. Para evaluar la relación entre diversidades y variables ambientales se utilizó el análisis GLM. Resultados: Se encontraron 50 morfoespecies de epífitas vasculares, 77 de briófitas y 290 de líquenes. La diversidad de 𝛼 y 𝛾 de briófitas de cada remanente fue explicada significativamente por la temperatura. La abundancia de líquenes por árbol se relacionó significativamente con el DAP y la altura del árbol de cada remanente. La diversidad 𝛼 de epífitas vasculares que se muestra puede explicarse por la temperatura y la precipitación. La diversidad 𝛾 estuvo fuertemente influenciada por la diversidad beta en briófitas y líquenes. Este patrón se debe a que los sitios con alta perturbación presentan una menor diversidad, como consecuencia de un efecto homogeneizador, es decir, un bajo recambio de especies entre unidades de muestreo. Conclusiones: La precipitación y la temperatura afectaron la diversidad de briófitas y epífitas vasculares, mientras que no mostró relación con la diversidad de líquenes, por lo que no existe una alta congruencia entre la diversidad y composición de estas epífitas.

Ética, ecología y ecosofía: perspectivas divergentes para refundamentar la bioética global

el texto busca ampliar las fronteras del concepto de "bioética global", centro de la propuesta teórica de Van Rensselaer Potter sobre la "bioética ecológica" en su obra Global Bioethics, de cara a la "ética de la tierra" desarrollada por el ecólogo y ambientalista Aldo Leopold y el análisis de la "ecosofía" planteado por el filósofo y psicoanalista Félix Guattari en Las tres ecologías. Dicha caracterización se plantea con el fin de establecer presupuestos teóricos en torno a las nociones de bioética ecológica y ecosofía en la perspectiva de la bioética global en un renovado intento de ampliación de sus horizontes disciplinares. Se establecen tres momentos para el análisis: inicialmente se caracteriza la ética de la tierra propuesta por Arnold Leopold en su obra A Sand County Almanach. Posteriormente, se analizan los principales aspectos de la "ética ecológica" en la obra Global Bioethics. Finalmente, se destacan varios aspectos de la ecosofía de Félix Guattari que ponen en perspectiva el acento ecológico de la bioética global de Potter y que podrían considerarse como presupuestos divergentes útiles para enriquecer la bioética global en la actualidad.

the text seeks to expand the boundaries of the concept of "global bioethics," the core of Van Rensselaer Potter's theoretical proposal on "ecological bioethics" in his work Global Bioethics, in the face of the "ethics of the Earth" developed by the ecologist and environmentalist Aldo Leopold and the analysis of "ecosophy" raised by the philosopher and psychoanalyst Félix Guattari in The Three Ecologies. This characterization is proposed to establish theoretical assumptions around the notions of ecological bioethics and ecosophy from the perspective of global bioethics in a renewed attempt to broaden its disciplinary horizons. Three moments are established for the analysis: initially, the land ethics proposed by Arnold Leopold in his work A Sand County Almanach is characterized. Subsequently, the main aspects of "ecological ethics" in Global Bioethics are analyzed. Finally, several aspects of Félix Guattari's ecosophy are highlighted that put into perspective the ecological accent of Potter's global bioethics, which could be considered valid divergent presuppositions to enrich global bioethics today.

o texto busca ampliar as fronteiras do conceito de "bioética global", cerne da proposta teórica de Van Rensselaer Potter sobre a "bioética ecológica" em sua obra Global bioethics, diante da "ética da terra" desenvolvida pelo ecologista e ambientalista Aldo Leopold e da análise da "ecosofia" proposta pelo filósofo e psicanalista Félix Guattari em As três ecologias. O objetivo dessa caracterização é estabelecer pressupostos teóricos em torno das noções de bioética ecológica e ecosofia na perspectiva da bioética global, em uma tentativa renovada de ampliar seus horizontes disciplinares. Três momentos são estabelecidos para a análise: inicialmente, caracteriza-se a ética da terra proposta por Arnold Leopold em sua obra A sand county almanach. Posteriormente, são analisados os principais aspectos da "ética ecológica" na Bioética Global. Por fim, são destacados vários aspectos da ecosofia de Félix Guattari que colocam em perspectiva o acento ecológico da bioética global de Potter e que podem ser considerados como pressupostos divergentes úteis para enriquecer a bioética global atual.

Spatio-temporal variation in the growth of coral fragments of opportunity in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: implications for coral reef restoration

Introduction: Coral-reef communities are considered one of the most biodiverse, but also most threatened, marine ecosystems, and the accelerating loss of habitat over the past decades warrants active intervention. Objective: The present study demonstrates the successful implementation of a low-impact restoration technique in three Central Mexican Pacific degraded coral communities, using a protocol based on natural fragmentation (''fragments of opportunity") of the branching coral Pocillopora spp., considered the most abundant and primary carbonate-producing coral species of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Methods: The restoration program was implemented in two offshore and one inshore coraline areas. The relationships between seawater temperature and coral survival, growth, and attachment rate were assessed over one year, with 183 fragments monitored each month. Results: The mean coral growth rate was 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, with annual growth rates in length and width of 39.9 ± 14.2 and 36.5 ± 19.5 mm yr-1, respectively. Self-attachment efficiency was 78 % and the survival rate was high (84 %). The growth rate differed significantly among reefs. Conclusions: Upon monitoring directly fragmented corals over a year, growth rates were deemed high enough to merit active restoration in the region. However, our data show that structural and abiotic differences and seasonal variability must be considered overall in successful long-term coral community restoration initiatives in the eastern Pacific region.

Introducción: Las comunidades de arrecifes de coral se consideran uno de los ecosistemas marinos con mayor biodiversidad, pero también los más amenazados, y la pérdida acelerada de hábitat en las últimas décadas justifica la implementación de una intervención activa. Objetivo: El presente estudio demuestra la implementación exitosa de una técnica de restauración de bajo impacto basada en la fragmentación natural (''fragmentos de oportunidad") del coral ramificado Pocillopora spp., la cual es la especie coralina más abundante y principal productora de carbonato del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Métodos: El programa de restauración se implementó en dos sitios lejos de la costa y un sitio cercano a la costa, con comunidades coralinas degradadas. Las relaciones entre la temperatura del agua de mar y la supervivencia, el crecimiento y la tasa de adhesión de los corales se evaluaron durante un año con 183 fragmentos monitoreados cada mes. Resultados: La tasa media de crecimiento coralino fue de 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, con tasas de crecimiento anual en largo y ancho de 39.9 ± 14.2 y 36.5 ± 19.5 mm año-1, respectivamente. La eficiencia de la auto-adherencia fue del 78 % y la tasa de supervivencia fue alta (84 %). La tasa de crecimiento difirió significativamente entre los arrecifes. Conclusiones: Al monitorear directamente los corales fragmentados durante un año, las tasas de crecimiento se consideraron lo suficientemente altas como para merecer una restauración activa en la región. Sin embargo, nuestros datos muestran que las diferencias estructurales y abióticas y la variabilidad estacional deben considerarse en general en las iniciativas exitosas de restauración de comunidades de coral a largo plazo en la región del Pacífico oriental.