Comprehensive Insights on MXene-Based TENGs: from Structures, Functions to Applications.

The rapid advancement of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has introduced a transformative approach to energy harvesting and self-powered sensing in recent years. Nonetheless, the untapped potential of TENGs in practical scenarios necessitates multiple strategies like material selections and structure designs to enhance their output performance. Given the various superior properties, MXenes, a kind of novel 2D materials, have demonstrated great promise in enhancing TENG functionality. Here, this review comprehensively delineates the advantages of incorporating MXenes into TENGs, majoring in six pivotal aspects. First, an overview of TENGs is provided, stating their theoretical foundations, working modes, material considerations, and prevailing challenges. Additionally, the structural characteristics, fabrication methodologies, and family of MXenes, charting their developmental trajectory are highlighted. The selection of MXenes as various functional layers (negative and positive triboelectric layer, electrode layer) while designing TENGs is briefed. Furthermore, the distinctive advantages of MXene-based TENGs and their applications are emphasized. Last, the existing challenges are highlighted, and the future developing directions of MXene-based TENGs are forecasted.

A Novel Medium Access Policy Based on Reinforcement Learning in Energy-Harvesting Underwater Sensor Networks.

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are fundamental assets to enable discovery and utilization of sub-sea environments and have attracted both academia and industry to execute long-term underwater missions. Given the heightened significance of battery dependency in underwater wireless sensor networks, our objective is to maximize the amount of harvested energy underwater by adopting the TDMA time slot scheduling approach to prolong the operational lifetime of the sensors. In this study, we considered the spatial uncertainty of underwater ambient resources to improve the utilization of available energy and examine a stochastic model for piezoelectric energy harvesting. Considering a realistic channel and environment condition, a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed. Nodes observe and learn from their choice of transmission slots based on the available energy in the underwater medium and autonomously adapt their communication slots to their energy harvesting conditions instead of relying on the cluster head. In the numerical results, we present the impact of piezoelectric energy harvesting and harvesting awareness on three lifetime metrics. We observe that energy harvesting contributes to 4% improvement in first node dead (FND), 14% improvement in half node dead (HND), and 22% improvement in last node dead (LND). Additionally, the harvesting-aware TDMA-RL method further increases HND by 17% and LND by 38%. Our results show that the proposed method improves in-cluster communication time interval utilization and outperforms traditional time slot allocation methods in terms of throughput and energy harvesting efficiency.

Green Wearable Sensors and Antennas for Bio-Medicine, Green Internet of Things, Energy Harvesting, and Communication Systems.

This paper presents innovations in green electronic and computing technologies. The importance and the status of the main subjects in green electronic and computing technologies are presented in this paper. In the last semicentennial, the planet suffered from rapid changes in climate. The planet is suffering from increasingly wild storms, hurricanes, typhoons, hard droughts, increases in seawater height, floods, seawater acidification, decreases in groundwater reserves, and increases in global temperatures. These climate changes may be irreversible if companies, organizations, governments, and individuals do not act daily and rapidly to save the planet. Unfortunately, the continuous growth in the number of computing devices, cellular devices, smartphones, and other smart devices over the last fifty years has resulted in a rapid increase in climate change. It is severely crucial to design energy-efficient "green" technologies and devices. Toxic waste from computing and cellular devices is rapidly filling up landfills and increasing air and water pollution. This electronic waste contains hazardous and toxic materials that pollute the environment and affect our health. Green computing and electronic engineering are employed to address this climate disaster. The development of green materials, green energy, waste, and recycling are the major objectives in innovation and research in green computing and electronics technologies. Energy-harvesting technologies can be used to produce and store green energy. Wearable active sensors and metamaterial antennas with circular split ring resonators (CSSRs) containing energy-harvesting units are presented in this paper. The measured bandwidth of the matched sensor is around 65% for VSWR, which is better than 3:1. The sensor gain is 14.1 dB at 2.62 GHz. A wideband 0.4 GHz to 6.4 GHz slot antenna with an RF energy-harvesting unit is presented in this paper. The Skyworks Schottky diode, SMS-7630, was used as the rectifier diode in the harvesting unit. If we transmit 20 dBm of RF power from a transmitting antenna that is located 0.2 m from the harvesting slot antenna at 2.4 GHz, the output voltage at the output port of the harvesting unit will be around 1 V. The power conversion efficiency of the metamaterial antenna dipole with metallic strips is around 75%. Wearable sensors with energy-harvesting units provide efficient, low-cost healthcare services that contribute to a green environment and minimize energy consumption. The measurement process and setups of wearable sensors are presented in this paper.

Optoelectronics Interfaces for a VLC System for UHD Audio-Visual Content Transmission in a Passenger Van: HW Design.

This work aims to provide the hardware (HW) design of the optoelectronics interfaces for a visible-light communication (VLC) system that can be employed for several use cases. Potential applications include the transmission of ultra-high-definition (UHD) streaming video through existing reading lamps installed in passenger vans. In this use case, visible light is employed for the downlink, while infrared light is used for the uplink channel, acting as a remote controller. Two primary components -a Light Fidelity (LiFi) router and a USB dongle-were designed and implemented. The 'LiFi Router', handling the downlink channel, comprises components such as a visible Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and an infrared receiver. Operating at a supply voltage of 12 V and consuming current at 920 mA, it is compatible with standard voltage buses found in transport vehicles. The 'USB dongle', responsible for the uplink, incorporates an infrared LED and a receiver optimized for visible light. The USB dongle works at a supply voltage of 5 V and shows a current consumption of 1.12 A, making it well suited for direct connection to a universal serial bus (USB) port. The bandwidth achieved for the downlink is 11.66 MHz, while the uplink's bandwidth is 12.27 MHz. A system competent at streaming UHD video with the feature of being single-input multiple-output (SIMO) was successfully implemented via the custom hardware design of the optical transceivers and optoelectronics interfaces. To ensure the system's correct performance at a distance of 110 cm, the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNRmin) for both optical links was maintained at 10.74 dB. We conducted a proof-of-concept test of the VLC system in a passenger van and verified its optimal operation, effectively illustrating its performance in a real operating environment. Exemplifying potential implementations possible with the hardware system designed in this work, a bit rate of 15.2 Mbps was reached with On-Off Keying (OOK), and 11.25 Mbps was obtained with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) obtaining a bit-error rate (BER) of 3.3259 × 10-5 in a passenger van at a distance of 72.5 cm between the LiFi router and the USB dongle. As a final addition, a solar panel was installed on the passenger van's roof to power the user's laptop and the USB dongle via a power bank battery. It took 13.4 h to charge the battery, yielding a battery life of 22.3 h. This characteristic renders the user's side of the system entirely self-powered.

Advanced Materials for Energy Harvesting and Soft Robotics: Emerging Frontiers to Enhance Piezoelectric Performance and Functionality.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting captures mechanical energy from a number of sources, such as vibrations, the movement of objects and bodies, impact events, and fluid flow to generate electric power. Such power can be employed to support wireless communication, electronic components, ocean monitoring, tissue engineering, and biomedical devices. A variety of self-powered piezoelectric sensors, transducers, and actuators have been produced for these applications, however approaches to enhance the piezoelectric properties of materials to increase device performance remain a challenging frontier of materials research. In this regard, the intrinsic polarization and properties of materials can be designed or deliberately engineered to enhance the piezo-generated power. This review provides insights into the mechanisms of piezoelectricity in advanced materials, including perovskites, active polymers, and natural biomaterials, with a focus on the chemical and physical strategies employed to enhance the piezo-response and facilitate their integration into complex electronic systems. Applications in energy harvesting and soft robotics are overviewed by highlighting the primary performance figures of merits, the actuation mechanisms, and relevant applications. Key breakthroughs and valuable strategies to further improve both materials and device performance are discussed, together with a critical assessment of the requirements of next-generation piezoelectric systems, and future scientific and technological solutions.

Simultaneous low-frequency vibration isolation and energy harvesting via attachable metamaterials.

In this study, we achieved energy localization and amplification of flexural vibrations by utilizing the defect mode of plate-attachable locally resonant metamaterials, thereby realizing compact and low-frequency vibration energy suppression and energy harvesting with enhanced output performance. We designed a cantilever-based metamaterial unit cell to induce local resonance inside a periodic supercell structure and form a bandgap within the targeted low-frequency range of 300-450 Hz. Subsequently, a defect area was created by removing some unit cells to break the periodicity inside the metamaterial, which led to the isolation and localization of the vibration energy. This localized vibration energy was simultaneously converted into electrical energy by a piezoelectric energy harvester coupled with a metamaterial inside the defect area. Consequently, a substantially enhanced energy harvesting output power was achieved at 360 Hz, which was 43-times higher than that of a bare plate without metamaterials. The proposed local resonant metamaterial offers a useful and multifunctional platform with the capability of vibration energy isolation and harvesting, while exhibiting easy handling via attachable designs that can be tailored in the low-frequency regime.

Recent Advances in Wearable Textile-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

We review recent results on textile triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs), which function both as harvesters of mechanical energy and self-powered motion sensors. T-TENGs can be flexible, breathable, and lightweight. With a combination of traditional and novel manufacturing methods, including nanofibers, T-TENGs can deliver promising power output. We review the evolution of T-TENG device structures based on various textile material configurations and fabrication methods, along with demonstrations of self-powered systems. We also provide a detailed analysis of different textile materials and approaches used to enhance output. Additionally, we discuss integration capabilities with supercapacitors and potential applications across various fields such as health monitoring, human activity monitoring, human-machine interaction applications, etc. This review concludes by addressing the challenges and key research questions that remain for developing viable T-TENG technology.

Conceptual Piezoelectric-Based Energy Harvester from In Vivo Heartbeats' Cyclic Kinetic Motion for Leadless Intracardiac Pacemakers.

This paper studies the development of piezoelectric energy harvesting for self-powered leadless intracardiac pacemakers. The energy harvester fit inside the battery compartment, assuming that the energy harvester would replace the battery with a smaller rechargeable battery capacity. The power output analysis was derived from the three-dimensional finite element analysis and in vivo heart measurements. A Doppler laser at the anterior basal in the right ventricle directly measured the heart's kinetic motion. Piezoceramics in the cantilevered configuration were studied. The heart motion was periodic but not harmonic and shock-based. This study found that energy can be harvested by applying periodic bio-movements (cardiac motion). The results also showed that the energy harvester can generate 1.1 V voltage. The effect of various geometrical parameters on power generation was studied. This approach offers potential for self-powered implantable medical devices, with the harvested energy used to power devices such as pacemakers.

Enhanced Hybrid Nanogenerator Based on PVDF-HFP and PAN/BTO Coaxially Structured Electrospun Nanofiber.

Nanogenerators have garnered significant interest as environmentally friendly and potential energy-harvesting systems. Nanogenerators can be broadly classified into piezo-, tribo-, and hybrid nanogenerators. The hybrid nanogenerator used in this experiment is a nanogenerator that uses both piezo and tribo effects. These hybrid nanogenerators have the potential to be used in wearable electronics, health monitoring, IoT devices, and more. In addition, the versatility of the material application in electrospinning makes it an ideal complement to hybrid nanogenerators. However, despite their potential, several experimental variables, biocompatibility, and harvesting efficiency require improvement in the research field. In particular, maximizing the output voltage of the fibers is a significant challenge. Based on this premise, this study aims to characterize hybrid nanogenerators (HNGs) with varied structures and material combinations, with a focus on identifying HNGs that exhibit superior piezoelectric- and triboelectric-induced voltage. In this study, several HNGs based on coaxial structures were fabricated via electrospinning. PVDF-HFP and PAN, known for their remarkable electrospinning properties, were used as the primary materials. Six combinations of these two materials were fabricated and categorized into homo and hetero groups based on their composition. The output voltage of the hetero group surpassed that of the homo group, primarily because of the triboelectric-induced voltage. Specifically, the overall output voltage of the hetero group was higher. In addition, the combination group with the most favorable voltage characteristics combined PVDF-HFP@PAN(BTO) and PAN hollow, boasting an output voltage of approximately 3.5 V.

Statistics of the Sum of Double Random Variables and Their Applications in Performance Analysis and Optimization of Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Non-Orthogonal Multi-Access Systems.

For the future of sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication, simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) technology is emerging as a promising solution to achieve lower power transmission and flawless coverage. To facilitate the performance analysis of RIS-assisted networks, the statistics of the sum of double random variables, i.e., the sum of the products of two random variables of the same distribution type, become vitally necessary. This paper applies the statistics of the sum of double random variables in the performance analysis of an integrated power beacon (PB) energy-harvesting (EH)-based NOMA-assisted STAR-RIS network to improve its outage probability (OP), ergodic rate, and average symbol error rate. Furthermore, the impact of imperfect successive interference cancellation (ipSIC) on system performance is also analyzed. The analysis provides the closed-form expressions of the OP and ergodic rate derived for both imperfect and perfect SIC (pSIC) cases. All analyses are supported by extensive simulation results, which help recommend optimized system parameters, including the time-switching factor, the number of reflecting elements, and the power allocation coefficients, to minimize the OP. Finally, the results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework compared to conventional NOMA and OMA systems.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator Made with Stretchable, Antibacterial Hydrogel Electrodes for Biomechanical Sensing.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted widespread attention as a promising candidate for energy harvesting due to their flexibility and high power density. To meet diverse application scenarios, a highly stretchable (349%), conductive (1.87 S m-1), and antibacterial electrode composed of carbon quantum dots/LiCl/agar-polyacrylamide (CQDs/LiCl/agar-PAAm) dual-network (DN) hydrogel is developed for wearable TENGs. Notably, the concentration of agar alters the pore spacing and pore size of the DN hydrogel, thereby impacting the network cross-linking density and the migration of conductive ions (Li+ and Cl-). This variation further affects the mechanical strength and conductivity of the hydrogel electrode, thus modulating the mechanical stability and electrical output performance of the TENGs. With the optimal agar content, the tensile strength and conductivity of the hydrogel electrode increase by 211 and 719%, respectively. This enhancement ensures the stable output of TENGs during continuous operation (6000 cycles), with open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transferred charge increasing by 200, 530, and 155%, respectively. Additionally, doping with CQDs enables the hydrogel electrode to effectively inhibit the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Finally, the TENGs are utilized as a self-power smart ring for efficient and concise information transmission via Morse code. Consequently, this study introduces a creative approach for designing and implementing multifunctional, flexible wearable devices.

Evaluating the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Potential of 3D-Printed Graphene Prepared Using Direct Ink Writing and Fused Deposition Modelling.

This research aims to use energy harvested from conductive materials to power microelectronic components. The proposed method involves using vibration-based energy harvesting to increase the natural vibration frequency, reduce the need for battery replacement, and minimise chemical waste. Piezoelectric transduction, known for its high-power density and ease of application, has garnered significant attention. Additionally, graphene, a non-piezoelectric material, exhibits good piezoelectric properties. The research explores a novel method of printing graphene material using 3D printing, specifically Direct Ink Writing (DIW) and fused deposition modelling (FDM). Both simulation and experimental techniques were used to analyse energy harvesting. The experimental technique involved using the cantilever beam-based vibration energy harvesting method. The results showed that the DIW-derived 3D-printed prototype achieved a peak power output of 12.2 µW, surpassing the 6.4 µW output of the FDM-derived 3D-printed prototype. Furthermore, the simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics yielded a harvested output of 0.69 µV.

A New Paradigm on Waste-to-Energy Applying Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting Technology to Face Masks.

The widespread use of single-use face masks during the recent epidemic has led to significant environmental challenges due to waste pollution. This study explores an innovative approach to address this issue by repurposing discarded face masks for hydrovoltaic energy harvesting. By coating the face masks with carbon black (CB) to enhance their hydrophilic properties, we developed mask-based hydrovoltaic power generators (MHPGs). These MHPGs were evaluated for their hydrovoltaic performance, revealing that different mask configurations and sizes affect their efficiency. The study found that MHPGs with smaller, more structured areas exhibited better energy output, with maximum open-circuit voltages (VOC) reaching up to 0.39 V and short-circuit currents (ISC) up to 65.6 µA. The integration of CB improved water absorption and transport, enhancing the hydrovoltaic performance. More specifically, MHPG-1 to MHPG-4, which represented different sizes and features, presented mean VOC values of 0.32, 0.17, 0.19 and 0.05 V, as well as mean ISC values of 16.57, 15.59, 47.43 and 3.02 µA, respectively. The findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing discarded masks in energy harvesting systems, offering both environmental benefits and a novel method for renewable energy generation. Therefore, this work provides a new paradigm for waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies and inspires further research into the use of unconventional waste materials for energy production.

Quantum Rectification Based on Room Temperature Multidirectional Nonlinearity in Bi2Te3.

Recent interest in quantum nonlinearity has spurred the development of rectifiers for harvesting energy from ambient radiofrequency waves. However, these rectifiers face efficiency and bandwidth limitations at room temperature. We address these challenges by exploring Bi2Te3, a time-reversal symmetric topological quantum material. Bi2Te3 exhibits robust room temperature second-order voltage generation in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. We harness these coexisting nonlinearities to design a multidirectional quantum rectifier that can simultaneously extract energy from various components of an input signal. We demonstrate the efficacy of Bi2Te3-based rectifiers across a broad frequency range, spanning from existing Wi-Fi bands (2.45 GHz) to frequencies relevant to next-generation 5G technology (27.4 GHz). Our Bi2Te3-based rectifier surpasses previous limitations by achieving a high rectification efficiency and operational frequency, alongside a low operational threshold and broadband functionality. These findings enable practical topological quantum rectifiers for high-frequency electronics and energy conversion, advancing wireless energy harvesting for next-generation communication.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Transition Metal Carbo-Chalcogenide (Nb2S2C and Ta2S2C) for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing.

With burgeoning considerations over energy issues and carbon emissions, energy harvesting devices such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are developed to provide renewable and sustainable power. Enhancing electric output and other properties of TENGs during operation is the focus of research. Herein, two species (Nb2S2C and Ta2S2C) of a new family of 2D materials, Transition Metal Carbo-Chalcogenides (TMCCs), are first employed to develop TENGs with doping into Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Compared with control samples, these two TMCC-based TENGs exhibit higher electric properties owing to the enhanced permittivity of PDMS composite, and the best performance is achieved at a concentration of 3 wt. ‰ with open circuit voltage (Voc) of 112 V, short circuit current (Isc) of 8.6 µA and charge transfer (Qsc) of 175 nC for Nb2S2C based TENG, and Voc of 127 V, Isc of 9.6 µA, and Qsc of 230 nC for Ta2S2C based TENGs. These two TENGs show a maximum power density of 1360 and 911 mW m-2 respectively. Moreover, the tribology performance is also evaluated with the same materials, revealing that the Ta2S2C/PDMS composite as the electronegative material presented a lower coefficient of friction (COF) than the Nb2S2C/PDMS composite. Their applications for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing are also demonstrated.

Titania-Based Coral-Structured Solar Absorber Coating with Improved Scalability and Durability at High Temperature.

Solar energy harvesting and storage are essential in the future mix of renewable energy technologies. Hierarchical coral-structured coatings have been shown to yield high solar absorptance in concentrating solar thermal (CST) systems. However, interfacial delamination and scalability challenges owing to material complexity pose significant hurdles for the widespread industrial adoption of these hierarchical CST coatings. Here, a coral-structured coating is proposed whose black pigments are strongly bonded by titania, which is a material that mitigates interfacial delamination. Importantly, this coating follows a facile deposition procedure suitable for large-scale solar receivers. The drone-deposited coating inhibits cation diffusion and maintains a stable solar absorptance of 97.39 ± 0.20 % $97.39\pm 0.20\%$ even after long-term (3000 h) high-temperature ( 800 ∘ C $800 \,^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ) aging. The scalability of developed coating represents a substantial advancement in the implementation of light-trapping enhancement and maintenance approaches across a wide range of CST applications.

Room Temperature Single-Component Organic Multiferroics with Large Magnetoelectric Coupling: Proficient Approach for Stray-Magnetic Field Harvesting.

Magnetoelectric materials are highly desirable for technological applications due to their ability to produce electricity under a magnetic field. Among the various types of magnetoelectric materials studied, their organic counterparts provide an opportunity to develop solution-processable, flexible, lightweight, and wearable electronic devices. However, there is a rare choice of solution-processable, flexible, lightweight magnetoelectric materials which has tremendous technological interest. A supramolecular scaffold with precisely positioned structure-forming and functional units (electrical dipoles and magnetic spins) is designed so that self-assembly results in functional unit organization. Structure-forming segments allow these scaffolds to self-assemble into hierarchically ordered structures in nonpolar solvents, creating nanofibrous organogel networks. In particular, the xerogel derived from this organogel exhibits the highest magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (αME ≈ 216 mV Oe-1 cm-1) reported to date for organic materials. This is even greater than commonly envisioned composite materials made of piezoelectric polymers and inorganic magnets. This single-component organic multiferroic material displays ferroelectricity (Tc ≈ 46 °C) and paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. With this, it is demonstrated that the possibilities of effectively harvesting stray magnetic fields that are copiously available in the surroundings and wasted otherwise.

Waste cotton textile-derived cellulose composite porous film with enhanced piezoelectric performance for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.

Integrating flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) into wearable and portable electronics offers promising prospects for motion monitoring. However, it remains a significant challenge to develop environmentally friendly PENGs using biodegradable and cost-effective natural polymers for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Herein, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and barium titanate (BTO) were introduced into regenerated cellulose pulp to fabricate a composite porous film-based PENG. The incorporation of rGO not only increased the electrical conductivity of the porous film but also enhanced the dispersibility of BTO. Moreover, the unique pore structure of the composite porous film improved the polarization effect of the air inside the pores, thereby greatly boosting the overall piezoelectric performance. The piezoelectric coefficient of the resulting composite porous film reaches up to 41.5 pC·N-1, which is comparable to or higher than those reported in similar studies. Consequently, the PENG assembled from this cellulose/rGO/BTO composite porous film (CGB-PENG) achieved an output voltage of 47 V, a current of 4.6 µA, and a power density of 30 µW·cm-2, approximately three times the output voltage and ten times the power density of similar studies. This work presents a feasible approach for the fabrication of high-performance cellulose-based PENGs derived from recycled waste cotton textiles.

Biowaste-Derived Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Emerging Bioelectronics.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) combine contact electrification and electrostatic induction effects to convert waste mechanical energy into electrical energy. As conventional devices contribute to electronic waste, TENGs based on ecofriendly and biocompatible materials have been developed for various energy applications. Owing to the abundance, accessibility, low cost, and biodegradability of biowaste (BW), recycling these materials has gained considerable attention as a green approach for fabricating TENGs. This review provides a detailed overview of BW materials, processing techniques for BW-based TENGs (BW-TENGs), and potential applications of BW-TENGs in emerging bioelectronics. In particular, recent progress in material design, fabrication methods, and biomechanical and environmental energy-harvesting performance is discussed. This review is aimed at promoting the continued development of BW-TENGs and their adoption for sustainable energy-harvesting applications in the field of bioelectronics.

Modular Customized Biomimetic Nanofluidic Diode for Tunable Asymmetric Ion Transport.

Artificial ion diodes, inspired by biological ion channels, have made significant contributions to the fields of physics, chemistry, and biology. However, constructing asymmetric sub-nanofluidic membranes that simultaneously meet the requirements of easy fabrication, high ion transport efficiency, and tunable ion transport remains a challenge. Here, a direct and flexible in situ staged host-guest self-assembly strategy is employed to fabricate ion diode membranes capable of achieving zonal regulation. Coupling the interfacial polymerization process with a host-guest assembly strategy, it is possible to easily manipulate the type, order, thickness, and charge density of each module by introducing two oppositely charged modules in stages. This method enables the tuning of ion transport behavior over a wide range salinity, as well as responsive to varying pH levels. To verify the potential of controllable diode membranes for application, two ion diode membranes with different ion selectivity and high charge density are coupled in a reverse electrodialysis device. This resulted in an output power density of 63.7 W m-2 at 50-fold NaCl concentration gradient, which is 12 times higher than commercial standards. This approach shows potential for expanding the variety of materials that are appropriate for microelectronic power generation devices, desalination, and biosensing.