Increasing the productivity and quality of cucumber crop by improving the performance of the evaporative cooling system.

Evaporative cooling in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most important cooling systems used inside greenhouses to obtain an acceptable temperature change in hot, dry climates. It is considered insufficient during very hot summer periods, when temperatures outside the greenhouse reach approximately 48 °C, which affects the efficiency of cooling, and thus, creates stress on the plants, leading to wilting and a decrease in the production rate. The cooling system is developed by making an insulated rectangular tunnel. The air comes out through vertical openings directly to the plants. The results of evaluating plant heat stress in the developed cooling system (DCS) showed an increase in the values of the photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, carbon dioxide exchange, and stomatal conductance. The plants also appeared well in terms of the shape of the leaves, their freshness, the abundance of flowers, and the large size of the fruits, while in the traditional cooling system (TCS) the plants exhibited some wilting and some brown spots. The hectare yield reached 42.49 ton/ha for the DCS system, while it reached 37.53 ton/ha for the TCS with an increasing rate of 13.22 %. The total weight of fruits harvested within 60 days of cultivation was 4.25 kg/m2 for the DCS and 3.75 kg/m2 for the TCS. The dry and fresh weight of fruit, stem, and leaves, total dissolved solids, vitamin C, chlorophyll percentage in leaves, and total plant acidity, were higher in DCS compared to the TCS.

Verification and application of qPCR and viability-qPCR for Legionella monitoring in evaporative cooling systems complementing the conventional culture method.

To date, in many countries the only legally valid method for evaporative cooling system (ECS) monitoring is the culture method. However, a duration of up to 14 days and a risk of underestimation of Legionella concentrations are seen as limitations of cultivation methods. Rapid cultivation-independent methods are an important step towards a more practicable monitoring of ECS to quickly control interventions if elevated concentrations of Legionella are found. Two commercial kits for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and viability-qPCR (v-qPCR) were studied, comprising sample filtration and DNA extraction. Cryopreserved Legionella pneumophila were established as calibration standard with intact (ILC) and total Legionella count (TLC) determined by flow cytometry before conducting spiking experiments in commercial mineral water and artificial process water. Final assessment was carried out using real ECS samples. Recovery and robustness ranged from 86 to 108 % for qPCR with a drop to 40-60 % for v-qPCR when compared to direct extraction, possibly attributable to cell damage during sample concentration. All methods including culture did perform well regarding linearity with R2 ≥ 0.95 for most trials. Detected concentrations in comparison to spiked Legionella counts differed with culture averaging 25 ± 7 % of spiked ILC and v-qPCR being closest to spiked concentrations with 65-144 %. In comparison, qPCR was several fold above spiked TLC concentrations. For real ECS samples Legionella spp. were detected in concentrations above 103 GU/100 mL by v-qPCR in 70-92 % of samples, depending on the kit used. Most of these samples were either culture-negative or not evaluable on agar plates. This study showed that a cryopreserved bacterial standard based examination is applicable and can be used for future v-qPCR verification. For assessment of differences in results between culture and v-qPCR/qPCR in ECS samples expert knowledge about the operating mode and used analytical methods is required. Guidelines addressing this issue could be a solution.

Hybrid Passive Cooling for Power Equipment Enabled by Metal-Organic Framework.

While providing electrical energy for human society, power equipment also consumes electricity and generate heat. Cooling equipment consumes a significant amount of electricity, further increasing energy consumption and load on the power grid. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop low-energy and sustainable cooling technologies for power equipment. In this study, a hybrid passive cooling composite designed to enhance heat dissipation for heavy-load power equipment is introduced. Specifically, the composite material achieves outstanding radiative cooling performance with an average solar reflectance of up to 0.98, while its excellent atmospheric water harvesting performance ensures high evaporation cooling power without the need for manual water replenishment. As a result, the composite effectively lowers the temperature of outdoor heavy-load power equipment (e.g., transformers) by 25.3 °C. The excellent heat dissipation properties of the composite make it a powerful tool in safeguarding electrical systems.

Experimental study on the performance of the vertical shell-tube indirect evaporative cooler with inner grooved tubes.

The vertical tube indirect evaporative cooler (VTIEC) could be preferred one to air-conditioning buildings if its water film quality could be improved. This paper proposed a new VTIEC with inner grooved tubes to improve the water film quality and obtained its performance by experimental method. The results indicated that inner grooved tubes have positive effects on the water film and performance of the new VTIEC. A low working air enthalpy at inlet can significantly improve the total cooling capacity from evaporation, and then VTIEC performance. In this paper conditions, the velocity ratio of 1.52 of the produced air to the working air is better one condition compared to 1.01 and 2.28. The produced air velocity is positive effect on the cooling capacity per unit area until the produced air velocity of about 4.05 m/s and is negative effect on COP. The maximum unit cooling capacity, wet-bulb efficiency and COP are 307.74W/m2, 81.7% and 44.97.The results will promote the application of the new VTIEC.

The upper limit of thermoneutrality is not indicative of thermotolerance in bats.

To assess the vulnerability of birds and mammals to climate change recent studies have used the upper critical limit of thermoneutrality (TUC) as an indicator of thermal tolerance. But, the association between TUC and thermal tolerance is not straightforward and most studies describe TUC based solely on a deviation in metabolism from basal levels, without also considering the onset of evaporative cooling. It was argued recently that certain torpor-using bat species who survived prolonged exposure to high ambient temperatures (i.e. high thermal tolerance) experienced during extreme heat events did so by entering torpor and using facultative heterothermy to thermoconform and save on body water. Assuming that TUC is indicative of thermal tolerance, we expect TUC in torpor-using species to be higher than that of species which are obligate homeotherms, albeit that this distinction is based on confirmation of torpor use at low temperatures. To test this prediction, we performed a phylogenetically informed comparison of bat species known to use torpor (n = 48) and homeothermic (n = 16) bat species using published thermoregulatory datasets to compare the lower critical limit of thermoneutrality (TLC) and TUC in relation to body temperature. The influence of diet, biogeographical region, body mass and basal metabolic rate (BMR) was also considered. Body mass had a positive relationship with BMR, an inverse relationship with TLC and no relationship with TUC. Normothermic body temperature scaled positively with BMR, TLC and TUC. There was no relationship between diet or region and BMR, but both influenced thermal limits. Torpor-using bats had lower body mass and body temperatures than homeothermic bats, but there was no difference in BMR, TLC and TUC between them. Exceptional examples of physiological flexibility were observed in 34 torpor-using species and eight homeothermic species, which included 15 species of bats maintaining BMR-level metabolism at ambient temperatures as high as 40 °C (and corresponding body temperatures ∼39.2 °C). However, we argue that TUC based on metabolism alone is not an appropriate indicator of thermal tolerance as it disregards differences in the ability of animals to tolerate higher levels of hyperthermia, importance of hydration status and capacity for evaporative cooling. Also, the variability in TUC based on diet challenges the idea of evolutionary conservatism and warrants further consideration.

Effects of lead on avian thermoregulation in the heat: An experimental test with pied crows (Corvus albus).

Many of the negative physiological effects of lead involve the hypothalamus, but the possibility that thermoregulation is affected has received little attention. We tested the hypothesis that lead exposure reduces avian thermoregulatory performance under hot conditions in pied crows (Corvus albus) experimentally exposed to lead in their diet. Crows in our high lead treatment (blood [Pb] = 87.3 ± 44.7 µg dL-1) showed significantly higher air temperature (Tair) inflections for evaporative water loss (EWL) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) compared to control (6.4 ± 1.8 µg dL-1) or intermediate (53.9 ± 23.7 µg dL-1) lead groups, which did not differ. EWL, RMR and body temperature (Tb) all increased more rapidly at Tair > Tb in the high lead treatment. In contrast, neither maximum Tair tolerated by the crows nor maximum Tb varied with treatment. Our data reveal that water and energy balance during hot weather is affected by lead exposure.

An arctic breeding songbird overheats during intense activity even at low air temperatures.

Birds maintain some of the highest body temperatures among endothermic animals. Often deemed a selective advantage for heat tolerance, high body temperatures also limits birds' thermal safety margin before reaching lethal levels. Recent modelling suggests that sustained effort in Arctic birds might be restricted at mild air temperatures, which may require reductions in activity to avoid overheating, with expected negative impacts on reproductive performance. We measured within-individual changes in body temperature in calm birds and then in response to an experimental increase in activity in an outdoor captive population of Arctic, cold-specialised snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), exposed to naturally varying air temperatures (- 15 to 36 °C). Calm buntings exhibited a modal body temperature range from 39.9 to 42.6 °C. However, we detected a significant increase in body temperature within minutes of shifting calm birds to active flight, with strong evidence for a positive effect of air temperature on body temperature (slope = 0.04 °C/ °C). Importantly, by an ambient temperature of 9 °C, flying buntings were already generating body temperatures ≥ 45 °C, approaching the upper thermal limits of organismal performance (45-47 °C). With known limited evaporative heat dissipation capacities in these birds, our results support the recent prediction that free-living buntings operating at maximal sustainable rates will increasingly need to rely on behavioural thermoregulatory strategies to regulate body temperature, to the detriment of nestling growth and survival.

Assessing responses to heat in a range-shifting, nocturnal, flying squirrel.

Over the last few decades North American flying squirrels (Glaucomys spp.) have experienced dramatic northward range shifts. Previous studies have focused on the potential effects of warming winter temperatures, yet the hypothesis that rising summer temperature had a role in these range shifts remained unexplored. We therefore sought to determine the effect of high environmental temperatures on the thermoregulation and energetics of flying squirrels in an area of the Northeast of North America with a recent species turnover. Unable to find a logistically feasible population of the northern species (Glaucomys sabrinus), we focused on Southern Flying Squirrels (G. volans). Using flow-through respirometry, we measured the relationship between metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and body temperature at high ambient temperatures. We also measured core body temperature in free-ranging flying squirrels using temperature-sensitive data loggers. We detected no significant increase in metabolic rate up to ambient temperatures as high as 40 °C. However, evaporative water loss increased at temperatures above 36.2 °C. Free-ranging body temperature of flying squirrels followed a circadian pattern with a ~2 °C difference between active and resting phase modal body temperatures. Rest-phase body temperatures were influenced by environmental temperatures with higher resting temperatures observed on days with higher daily maximum ambient temperatures but not to an extent that energy or water costs were significantly increased during rest. We found that, due to a relatively high level of thermal tolerance, high ambient temperatures are unlikely to cause an energetic strain on Southern Flying Squirrels. However, these findings do not preclude negative impacts of high ambient temperatures on the northern species, and these may still play a role in the changing distributions of Glaucomys in North America.

Las ardillas voladoras norteamericanas (Glaucomys sp.) han experimentado cambios dramáticos en su distribución hacia el norte durante las últimas décadas. Las investigaciones anteriores se han enfocado en los efectos potenciales del aumento de las temperaturas invernales, pero todavía no se ha explorado la hipótesis de que el aumento de la temperatura estival haya desempeñado un papel en estos cambios de rango. Por ende, deseamos determinar el efecto de las altas temperaturas ambientales sobre la termorregulación y la energía en las ardillas voladoras en una zona del noreste de América del Norte que ha mostrado un recambio de especies reciente. Estudiamos las ardillas voladoras del sur (Glaucomys volans), ya que no se pudo encontrar una población de la especie del norte (Glaucomys sabrinus) que fuera viable en términos de logística. Medimos la relación entre la tasa metabólica, la pérdida de agua por evaporación y la temperatura corporal a temperaturas ambiente altas por medio de la respirometría de flujo. Asímismo, determinamos la temperatura corporal interna de ardillas voladoras en libertad utilizando registradores de datos de temperatura. No detectamos ningún aumento estadísticamente significativo en la tasa metabólica hasta temperaturas ambiente de hasta 40 °C, pero la pérdida de agua por evaporación aumentó a temperaturas por encima de los 36,2 °C. La temperatura corporal de las ardillas voladoras en libertad siguió un patrón circadiano con una diferencia de ~2 °C entre las temperaturas corporales modales de la fase activa y de la fase de reposo. Las temperaturas ambientales afectaron las temperaturas de la fase de reposo. Los valores de dichas temperaturas fueron más altos en los días con temperaturas ambientales máximas diarias más elevadas, pero no se presentaron aumentos significativos en los costos de energía o agua durante el reposo. Determinamos que es poco probable que las altas temperaturas ambientales causen una tensión energética en las ardillas voladoras del sur debido a un nivel relativamente alto de tolerancia térmica. No obstante, estos hallazgos no excluyen los impactos negativos de las altas temperaturas ambientales sobre las especies del norte, que podrían tener un efecto sobre las distribuciones cambiantes de Glaucomys en América del Norte.

Sustainable Oily Liquid-Proof Passive Cooling (SOC) Textile for Personal Thermal Management.

Sweat passive-cooling textiles with asymmetric wettabilities on different sides offer an effective and low-energy consumption solution to personal thermal management in extreme thermal environments. However, the sweat-wicking and the cooling abilities decrease when the textile is contaminated by low-surface tension oily liquid fouling. The integration of anti-oily liquid fouling and sweat-wicking abilities on textile involves resolving the contradiction between hydrophilic and oleophobic properties and seeking eco-friendly short-chain fluorides to reduce the surface energy. Herein, a sustainable oily liquid-proof passive cooling (SOC) textile for personal thermal management is proposed. The SOC textile is obtained by applying a fluoride-free hydrophobic coating layer to one side of the high thermal conductive superoleophobic/superhydrophilic basal textile, which is fabricated using eco-friendly short-chain fluoride. The SOC textile preserves the anti-oily liquid fouling property even after 2000 abrasion cycles. Experimental test revealed that the SOC textile exhibits a cooling effect of ≈5 °C compared with the cotton textile, and the up to 70% reduction in sweating rate under the constant metabolic heat production rates. The configuration of the SOC textile would inspire the future design of intelligent textiles for personal thermal management, and the proposed strategy have implications for fabrication of eco-friendly oil-water separation materials.

Performance predication of a solar assisted desiccant air conditioning system using radial basis function neural network: An integrated machine learning approach.

In this Paper solar desiccant air conditioning system integrated with cross flow Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) indirect evaporative cooler is used to investigate the performance of whole system in different range of parameters. Solar evacuated tube electric heater is used to supply the regeneration temperature to the desiccant wheel, whereas, Desiccant Wheel (DW) and M-cycle is used to handle latent load and sensible load separately. Major contribution of this research is to predict system level performance parameters of a Solar Assisted Desiccant Air Conditioning (Sol-DAC) system using Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) under real transient experimental inlet conditions. Nine parameters are mainly considered as input parameters to train the RBF-NN model, which are, supply Air temperature at the process side of desiccant wheel, supply air humidity ratio at process side of the desiccant wheel, outlet temperature from the desiccant wheel at process side, outlet humidity ratio from the desiccant wheel at process side, regeneration temperature at regeneration side of the DW, outlet temperature from the heat recovery wheel at process side, outlet humidity ratio out from the Heat Recovery Wheel (HRW) at process side, temperature before heat recovery wheel regeneration side of the system, humidity ratio before heat recovery wheel regeneration side of the system. Four parameters are considered as the output of the RBF-NN model, namely: output temperature, output humidity, Cooling Capacity (CC), and Coefficient of Performance (COP). The results of the RBF-NN model shows that the best Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Regression coefficient (R) for outlet temperature prediction are 0.00998279 and 0.99832 when regeneration temperature is 70 °C and inlet humidity at 18 g/kg. Best MSE and R for predication of outlet humidity are 0.0102932 and 0.99485 when the regeneration temperature is 70 °C and inlet humidity at 16 g/kg. Best MSE and R for predication of COP are 0.0106691 and 0.9981 when the regeneration temperature is 70 °C and inlet humidity 12 g/kg. Best MSE and R for predication of CC are 0.0144943 and 0.99711 when the regeneration temperature is 70 °C and inlet humidity 14 g/kg. Experimental and predicted performance parameters were in close agreement and showed minimal deviation. Investigations of predicted results revealed that trained RBF-NN model was capable of predicting the trend of output result under the varying input condition.

Highly Potent Transparent Passive Cooling Coating via Microphase-Separated Hydrogel Combining Radiative and Evaporative Cooling.

Transparent passive cooling materials can cool targets environmentally without interfering with light transmission or visual information reception. They play a prominent role in solar cells and flexible display cooling. However, achieving potent transparent cooling remains challenging, because light transmission is accompanied by thermal energy. Here we propose to realize effective passive cooling in transparent materials via a microscale phase separation hydrogel film. The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) hydrogel presents light transmittance of >96% and infrared emissivity as high as 95%. The microphase-separated structure affords a higher enthalpy of evaporation. The film is highly adhesive. In field applications, it reduces temperatures by 9.14 °C compared to those with uncovered photovoltaic panels and 7.68 °C compared to those for bare flexible light-emitting diode screens. Simulations indicate that energy savings of 32.76-51.65 MJ m-2 year-1 can be achieved in typical tropical monsoon climates and temperate continental climates. We expect this work to contribute to energy-efficient materials and a carbon-neutral society.

Mussel-Inspired Self-Adhesive and Tough Hydrogels for Effectively Cooling Solar Cells and Thermoelectric Generators.

Adhesive hydrogel-based evaporative cooling, which necessitates no electricity input, holds promise for reducing energy consumption in thermal management. Herein, inspired by the surface attachment of mussel adhesive proteins via abundant dynamic covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions, we propose a facile strategy to fabricate a self-adhesive cooling hydrogel (Li-AA-TA-PAM) using a copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) as the primary framework. The monomers formed hydrogen bonds between their carboxyl and amide groups, while tannic acid (TA), rich in catechol groups, enhances the adhesion of the hydrogel through hydrogen bonding. The hydrogel demonstrated strong adhesion to various material surfaces, including plastic, ceramic, glass, and metal. Even under high-speed rotation, it still maintains robust adhesion. The adhesion strength of the Li-AA-TA-PAM hydrogel to aluminum foil reached an impressive value of 296.875 kPa. Interestingly, the excellent contact caused by robust adhesion accelerates heat transfer, resulting in a rapid cooling performance, which mimics the perspiration of mammals. Lithium bromide (LiBr) with hydroactively sorptive sites is introduced to enhance sorption kinetics, thereby extending the effective cooling period. Consequently, the operation temperature of commercial polycrystalline silicon solar cells was reduced by 16 °C under an illumination of 1 kW m-2, and the corresponding efficiency of energy conversion was increased by 1.14%, thereby enhancing the output properties and life span of solar cells. The strategy demonstrates the potential for refrigeration applications using viscous gels.

The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of taurine supplementation on sweating and core temperature responses, including the transition from compensable to uncompensable heat stress, during prolonged low-intensity exercise of a fixed-heat production (~ 200W/m2) in hot conditions (37.5 °C), at both fixed and incremental vapour-pressure. METHODS: Fifteen females (n = 3) and males (n = 12; 27 ± 5 years, 78 ± 9 kg, V ˙ O2max 50.3 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min), completed a treadmill walking protocol (~ 200W/m2 heat production [Hprod]) in the heat (37.5 ± 0.1 °C) at fixed-(16-mmHg) and ramped-humidity (∆1.5-mmHg/5-min) following 1 week of oral taurine supplementation (50 mg/kg/bm) or placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR), sweat gland activation (SGA), core temperature (Tcore), breakpoint of compensability (Pcrit) and calorimetric heat transfer components. Plasma volume and plasma taurine concentrations were established through pre- and post-trial blood samples. RESULTS: Taurine supplementation increased WBSL by 26.6% and 5.1% (p = 0.035), LSR by 15.5% and 7.8% (p = 0.013), SGA (1 × 1 cm) by 32.2% and 29.9% (p < 0.001) and SGA (3 × 3 cm) by 22.1% and 17.1% (p = 0.015) during the fixed- and ramped-humidity exercise periods, respectively. Evaporative heat loss was enhanced by 27% (p = 0.010), heat-storage reduced by 72% (p = 0.024) and Pcrit was greater in taurine vs placebo (25.0-mmHg vs 21.7-mmHg; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Taurine supplementation increased sweating responses during fixed Hprod in hot conditions, prior to substantial heat strain and before the breakpoint of compensability, demonstrating improved thermoregulatory capacity. The enhanced evaporative cooling and reduced heat-storage delayed the subsequent upward inflection in Tcore-represented by a greater Pcrit-and offers a potential dietary supplementation strategy to support thermoregulation.

Heat Transfer by Sweat Droplet Evaporation.

Sweating regulates the body temperature in extreme environments or during exercise. Here, we investigate the evaporative heat transfer of a sweat droplet at the microscale to unveil how the evaporation complexity of a sweat droplet would affect the body's ability to cool under specific environmental conditions. Our findings reveal that, depending on the relative humidity and temperature levels, sweat droplets experience imperfect evaporation dynamics, whereas water droplets evaporate perfectly at equivalent ambient conditions. At low humidity, the sweat droplet fully evaporates and leaves a solid deposit, while at high humidity, the droplet never reaches a solid deposit and maintains a liquid phase residue for both low and high temperatures. This unprecedented evaporation mechanism of a sweat droplet is attributed to the intricate physicochemical properties of sweat as a biofluid. We suppose that the sweat residue deposited on the surface by evaporation is continuously absorbing the surrounding moisture. This route leads to reduced evaporative heat transfer, increased heat index, and potential impairment of the body's thermoregulation capacity. The insights into the evaporative heat transfer dynamics at the microscale would help us to improve the knowledge of the body's natural cooling mechanism with practical applications in healthcare, materials science, and sports science.

Wettability Gradient-Induced Diode: MXene-Engineered Membrane for Passive-Evaporative Cooling.

Thermoregulatory textiles, leveraging high-emissivity structural materials, have arisen as a promising candidate for personal cooling management; however, their advancement has been hindered by the underperformed water moisture transportation capacity, which impacts on their thermophysiological comfort. Herein, we designed a wettability-gradient-induced-diode (WGID) membrane achieving by MXene-engineered electrospun technology, which could facilitate heat dissipation and moisture-wicking transportation. As a result, the obtained WGID membrane could obtain a cooling temperature of 1.5 °C in the "dry" state, and 7.1 °C in the "wet" state, which was ascribed to its high emissivity of 96.40% in the MIR range, superior thermal conductivity of 0.3349 W m-1 K-1 (based on radiation- and conduction-controlled mechanisms), and unidirectional moisture transportation property. The proposed design offers an approach for meticulously engineering electrospun membranes with enhanced heat dissipation and moisture transportation, thereby paving the way for developing more efficient and comfortable thermoregulatory textiles in a high-humidity microenvironment.

Post-exercise management of exertional hyperthermia in dogs participating in dog sport (canicross) events in the UK.

Exercise is a common trigger of heat-related illness (HRI) events in dogs, accounting for 74% of canine HRI cases treated under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom. However, few empirical studies have evaluated the effectiveness of differing cooling methods for dogs with exertional hyperthermia or HRI. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate effects of ambient conditions and post-exercise management practices (cooling methods and vehicular confinement) on the post-exercise temperature change of dogs participating in UK canicross events. Canine temperature was recorded at three intervals post-exercise: as close as possible to 0- (immediately post-exercise), 5-, and 15-min post-exercise. Ambient conditions and post-exercise management were recorded for 115 cooling profiles from 52 dogs. In 28/115 (24.4%) profiles, the dog's temperature increased during the first 5-min post-exercise. Overall, 68/115 (59.1%) profiles included passive cooling (stood or walked outside), 35 (30.4%) active cooling (cold-water immersion or application of a cooling coat), and 12 (10.4%) involved no cooling and were immediately housed in vehicles. No dogs developed hypothermia during the study and no adverse effects were observed from any cooling method. In hyperthermic dogs, overall post-exercise body temperature change was significantly negatively associated (i.e. the dogs cooled more) with 0-min post-exercise body temperature (ß = -0.93, p < 0.001), and not being housed in a vehicle (ß = -0.43, p = 0.013). This study provides evidence cold-water immersion (in water at 0.1-15.0 °C) can be used to effectively and safely cool dogs with exertional hyperthermia. Progressive temperature increases in many dogs - even after exercise has terminated - supports the message to "cool first, transport second" when managing dogs with HRI. When transporting dogs post-exercise or with HRI even after active cooling, care should be taken to cool the vehicle before entry and promote air movement around the dog during transport to facilitate ongoing cooling and prevent worsening of hyperthermia during travel.

Behavioral thermoregulation in primates: A review of literature and future avenues.

Primates face severe challenges from climate change, with warming expected to increase animals' thermoregulatory demands. Primates have limited long-term options to cope with climate change, but possess a remarkable capacity for behavioral plasticity. This creates an urgency to better understand the behavioral mechanisms primates use to thermoregulate. While considerable information exists on primate behavioral thermoregulation, it is often scattered in the literature in a manner that is difficult to integrate. This review evaluates the status of the available literature on primate behavioral thermoregulation to facilitate future research. We surveyed peer-reviewed publications on primate thermoregulation for N = 17 behaviors across four thermoregulatory categories: activity budgeting, microhabitat use, body positioning, and evaporative cooling. We recorded data on the primate taxa evaluated, support for a thermoregulatory function, thermal variable assessed, and naturalistic/manipulative study conditions. Behavioral thermoregulation was pervasive across primates, with N = 721 cases of thermoregulatory behaviors identified across N = 284 published studies. Most genera were known to utilize multiple behaviors ( x ¯ = 4.5 ± 3.1 behaviors/genera). Activity budgeting behaviors were the most commonly encountered category in the literature (54.5% of cases), while evaporative cooling behaviors were the least represented (6.9% of cases). Behavioral thermoregulation studies were underrepresented for certain taxonomic groups, including lemurs, lorises, galagos, and Central/South American primates, and there were large within-taxa disparities in representation of genera. Support for a thermoregulatory function was consistently high across all behaviors, spanning both hot- and cold-avoidance strategies. This review reveals asymmetries in the current literature and avenues for future research. Increased knowledge of the impact thermoregulatory behaviors have on biologically relevant outcomes is needed to better assess primate responses to warming environments and develop early indicators of thermal stress.

Self-sustained and Insulated Radiative/Evaporative Cooler for Daytime Subambient Passive Cooling.

Passive cooling technologies are one of the promising solutions to the global energy crisis due to no consumption of fossil fuels during operation. However, the existing radiative and evaporative coolers still have problems achieving daytime subambient cooling while maintaining evaporation over the long term. Here, we propose a self-sustained and insulated radiative/evaporative cooler (SIREC), which consists of a porous polyethylene film (P-PE) at the top, an air layer in the middle, and poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with lithium bromide (PLH) at the bottom. In particular, the P-PE shows high solar reflectance (R̅solar = 0.91) and long-wave infrared transmittance (τ̅LWIR = 0.92), which reflects sunlight while enhancing the direct radiative heat transfer between outer space and PLH (ε̅LWIR = 0.96) for sky radiative cooling. In addition, the desirable vapor permeability (579 s m-1) of the P-PE also results in good compatibility with PLH for evaporative cooling (EC). Moreover, the PLH's ability to harvest atmospheric water at night provides self-sustainment for daytime EC. The air layer between P-PE and PLH further enhances the subambient cooling performance of the SIREC. These findings indicate promising prospects for the integration of passive cooling technologies.