Maternal Salivary miR-423-5p Is Linked to Neonatal Outcomes and Periodontal Status in Cardiovascular-High-Risk Pregnancies.

Periodontal disease (PD) during pregnancy may trigger systemic inflammation, increasing the risk of developing cardiometabolic disease (CMD). As a consequence, PD may result in the activation of cellular and molecular pathways, affecting the disease course and pregnancy outcome. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered ideal biomarkers for many diseases, few studies have investigated salivary miRNAs and their role in pregnancy or neonatal outcomes. In this study, we sought to investigate the associations between salivary miRNAs of pregnant women with oral diseases and their effects on neonatal outcomes. Eleven (n = 11) salivary miRNAs from a cohort of pregnant women with oral diseases (n = 32; oral health, H; gingivitis, G; and periodontitis, P) were detected using a previous profiling analysis with an FDR < 0.20 and a fold change (FC) < 0.5 or FC > 2 for the most highly expressed miRNAs. Spearman correlations were performed for 11 salivary microRNAs associated with oral-derived inflammation, which could affect neonatal outcomes during pregnancies at risk for cardiometabolic disease (CMD), defined by the presence of a high pregestational BMI. In addition, ROC curves demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of the markers used. Upregulation of miR-423-5p expression and a decrease in miR-27b-3p expression were detected in the P-group (p < 0.05), and ROC analysis revealed the diagnostic accuracy of miR-423-5p for discriminating oral diseases, such as gingivitis versus periodontitis (P vs. G, AUC = 0.78, p < 0.05), and for discriminating it from the healthy oral cavity (P vs. H, AUC = 0.9, p < 0.01). In addition, miR-27b-3p and miR-622 were also able to discriminate the healthy group from the P-group (AUC = 0.8, p < 0.05; AUC = 0.8, p < 0.05). miR-483-5p was able to discriminate between the G-group (AUC = 0.9, p < 0.01) and the P-group (AUC = 0.8, p < 0.05). These data support the role of salivary miRNAs as early biomarkers for neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with periodontal disease at high risk for CMD and suggest that there is cross-talk between salivary miRNAs and subclinical systemic inflammation.

Essential oils mouthwash with or without alcohol in relation to effect on parameters of plaque and gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: The primary aim was to systematically assess the available literature on the effect of an essential oils mouthwash without alcohol (EOalc-) compared to an essential oils mouthwash with alcohol (EOalc+) on plaque scores and parameters of gingival health. The secondary aim was to evaluate user appreciation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-CENTRAL databases were searched to identify eligible studies published up to and including March 2024. Papers comparing the effectiveness of EOalc- and EOalc+ were included. The quality was assessed. A descriptive analysis and a meta-analysis were performed. RESULTS: After screening, seven papers were found to be eligible. The descriptive analysis demonstrates a significant difference in plaque scores in favour of EOalc+. This is confirmed by the meta-analyses of plaque scores in non-brushing and brushing studies (DiffM = 0.40; 95% CI [0.27; 0.53], p < 0.00001 and DiffM = 0.05; 95% CI [0.01; 0.10], p = 0.01, respectively). This finding is also supported by the sub-analysis of brands. The meta-analyses of bleeding and gingival scores in brushing studies did not show significant differences between products. For user appreciation, the difference found was for taste perception in favour of EOalc- (DiffM = 1.63; 95% CI [0.72; 2.55], p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION: When an EO-mouthwash is used in non-brushing or brushing situations, with small to moderate certainty, EOalc- provided less effect regarding plaque control than EOalc+. For bleeding and gingival index there is weak certainty for no difference. In terms of the taste perception EOalc- seems more appreciated.

Possible Association between Behçet's Disease and Periodontal diseases.

AIM: This study explores the connection between Behçet's disease (BD), characterized by persistent oral and genital ulcers alongside iritis, and periodontal disease. It examines the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and nitric oxide (NO) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva. METHODS: Forty Behçet's patients with gingivitis or periodontitis and 47 patients with either gingivitis or periodontitis but without BD were studied. Periodontal status was recorded with standard clinical indexes. GCF and saliva samples were obtained. NO, IL-1ß and TNF-α levels were analysed. Current Behçet's symptoms and medications usage were recorded. RESULTS: Mean salivary IL-1ß was elevated (p = .045), and mean NO level was decreased in BD patients with gingivitis compared to patients without BD (p = .000). In contrast, mean NO level in crevicular fluid was higher in Behçet's patients with periodontitis than in patients without BD (p = .009). Furthermore, among Behçet's patients, those with vascular involvement had lower salivary NO level compared to patients without vascular involvement (p = .000). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, the elevated levels of IL-1ß in the saliva of Behçet's patients with gingivitis, along with the decreased NO level, indicate an altered inflammatory response in the oral cavity.

Comparative Evaluation of Herbal Versus Non-herbal Dentifrice in Maintaining Oral Health of Young Adults.

BACKGROUND: Dental plaque may be attributed as a precursor to various oral health problems like dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis, etc. With an ever-increasing awareness about the adverse effects of chemical formulations, emphasis is now being laid on the usage of herbal ingredients, as they are safer for long-term use in addition to their medicinal benefits. AIM: The present study aims to assess the anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory efficacy of herbal toothpaste compared to synthetic toothpaste among 20-40-year-old patients in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. METHODOLOGY: In this study, 130 subjects aged between 20 and 40 years with poor oral hygiene status and signs of gingival inflammation corresponding with chronic marginal gingivitis were selected. Subjects in Group 1 were prescribed herbal toothpaste (KUDOS Ayurveda), whereas patients in Group 2 were administered non-herbal toothpaste. Clinical parameters of gingival health specifically gingival index (GI), patient hygiene performance (PHP), and approximate plaque index (API) were recorded at baseline, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. Chi-square test, student-independent t-test, and paired t-test were performed to find significant differences in various variables between the two groups at different follow-up visits. RESULTS: At the end of the study, a significant reduction in GI and API scores was obtained, along with increased PHP scores. The p-value was set at 0.05, and the power of the study was set at 0.95. There was a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in GI and API and an improvement in PHP scores at various time intervals in Group 1 as compared to Group 2.  Conclusion: Regular application of herbal extract dentifrices for 42 days provided a significant reduction of dental plaque and improvement in overall gingival health without any adverse effects. This instilled motivation in the patients to uphold proper oral hygiene. Hence, herbal dentifrices could be prescribed as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in the maintenance phase.

Comparison of the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Malva mouthwashes: randomized crossover clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Although mechanical oral hygiene is widely practiced, it faces several challenges. Mouthwashes, such as chlorhexidine (CHX), are being explored as adjuncts to biofilm control, but their prolonged use has several side effects. Consequently, there is ongoing research into natural alternatives. This randomized crossover clinical study aimed to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of 0.12% CHX and a 5% Malva sylvestris METHODS: Forty-four participants were involved in two phases, each comprising three stages with variations in the mouthwash solution used only. During the study, participants refrained from mechanical plaque removal for seven days. At first day, they received whole-mouth prophylaxis and oral health assessment. After three days, gingival inflammation assessment and prophylaxis in were performed in contralateral quadrants. Participants then used a randomly assigned mouthwash solution for four days. On the 7th day, they completed a questionnaire about their perception and appreciation of the mouthwash. Additionally, gingival inflammation and plaque index were also performed by a calibrated examiner. After a minimum 21-day washout period, participants entered the second phase, repeating the three stages RESULTS: Results showed no statistically significant differences between the Malva sylvestris and CHX groups regarding inflammation and plaque formation. However, CHX demonstrated a significantly greater mean reduction (7th - 4th day) in gingival inflammation compared to Malva (p=0.02) (0.01±0.19 and 0.00±0.19, respectively). Additionally, participants using CHX reported a more pleasant taste and considered higher plaque control perception (p<0.05) CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, both products exhibited similar antiplaque effects, but CHX outperformed Malva in controlling gingival inflammation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mouthwashes with Malva sylvestris may be a good alternative, in a short-term period, to control biofilm. However, lower antigingivitis efficacy may be expected when compared to chlorhexidine.

Effects of stannous fluoride dentifrice on gingival health and oxidative stress markers: a prospective clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease results in oral dysbiosis, increasing plaque virulence and oxidative stress. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) binds lipopolysaccharides to reduce plaque virulence. This study prospectively assessed SnF2 effects on oxidative stress in adults with gingivitis. METHODS: This was a 2-month, single-center, single-treatment clinical trial. Twenty "disease" (> 20 bleeding sites with ≥ 3 pockets 3 mm-4 mm deep) and 20 "healthy" (≤ 3 bleeding sites with pockets ≤ 2 mm deep) adults were enrolled. All participants were instructed to use SnF2 dentifrice twice daily for 2 months. An oral examination, Modified Gingival Index (MGI) examination and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) examination were conducted at baseline, 1 month and 2 months. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, oral lavage and supragingival plaque were collected at each visit to evaluate: Endotoxins, Protein Carbonyls, L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxi-LDL), IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP). A subset-analysis examined participants considered at higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Change-from-baseline analyses within each group were of primary interest. RESULTS: The disease group showed statistically significant reductions in GBI at Month 1 (67%) and Month 2 (85%) and in MGI at Month 1 (36%) and Month 2 (51%) versus baseline (p < 0.001). At baseline, the disease group showed greater LDH in GCF and oxi-LDL levels in saliva versus the healthy group (p ≤ 0.01). Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) in saliva increased versus baseline for the disease group at Months 1 and 2 (p < 0.05), and levels for the disease group were greater than the healthy group at both timepoints (p < 0.05). SnF2 treatment reduced endotoxins (lavage) for both disease and healthy groups at Month 2 (p ≤ 0.021) versus baseline. There was a reduction in oxidative stress markers, namely protein carbonyl in saliva, at Months 1 and 2 (p < 0.001) for both groups and a reduction in cytokine IL-6 (lavage) in the disease group at Month 2 (p = 0.005). A subset analysis of participants at higher coronary disease risk showed reductions in endotoxins in lavage, oxi-LDL, and CRP in saliva at Month 2 (p ≤ 0.04). CONCLUSION: SnF2 dentifrice use reversed gingival inflammation, suppressed endotoxins and reduced some harmful oxidant products in saliva and gingiva. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05326373, registered on 13/04/2022.

The Management of Necrotizing Gingivitis in Paediatric Patients: A Scoping Review and Two Case Reports.

Necrotizing gingivitis (NG) is an acute inflammatory process with an estimated prevalence of less than 1%. The treatment of choice is usually antibiotics in addition to periodontal treatment. This scoping review aims to detail extent and type of proof related to NG in paediatric patient; moreover, a decision tree protocol was developed to define NG management in paediatric patients based on the presence or absence of systemic compromission. In addition, we also propose the use of ozone treatment as an adjuvant therapy. Seven papers (3 case reports, 2 guidelines, and 2 reviews) were selected for evaluation by reading the full texts. This review outlines the lack of research on the treatment of NG in paediatric patients; we, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the decision tree protocol by describing two case reports in which patients were treated with antibiotics according to the presence or absence of systemic involvement through the implementation of an individualized therapeutic approach, with periodontal ozone therapy. Moreover, the supportive use of this molecule in the management of NG can be a valuable tool in the healing of gingival tissues.

The Clinical Incorporation of the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Disease Conditions Part II: The Association Between Clinical Parameters and Gender.

Background The implementation of the new classification system guided clinicians in the best way for disease diagnosis and patient management. The advent of definitions such as clinical gingival health additionally helped in distinguishing between intact and reduced periodontium. The purpose behind introducing new systems was to guide practitioners to improve on managing the requirements of the patients effectively. It also enables professionals to concentrate on clinical practice, and it can be suggested that readers who are concentrating on research make use of the global classification system. In this study, we present a diagnostic approach for periodontal diseases that supports the innovative classification system in relation to gender while remaining compatible with previous guidelines. Aim The present study focuses on the relationship between gender association and the clinical parameters in periodontitis patients that would support the new classification system. Materials and methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study consisting of patient data obtained from past patient records who were diagnosed with periodontitis. Results The data analysis results showed that 95% of the population was similarly distributed across the genders in terms of frequency, and there was minimal statistically significant difference between the genders when compared to the clinical parameters. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the specific clinical characteristics, such as recession, which impacted 48.6% of male patients, and the presence of local factors, which affected 43.2% of female patients, in addition to the 59.4% localized involvement of periodontitis. All the data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY). The chi-square test was used to evaluate the descriptive analysis and frequency tables. Conclusion The addition of correlating clinical parameters with data based on gender had no effect on the new classification system. Meanwhile, it can be used as an adjunct to evaluate the distribution and extent of disease progression among genders.

Association between proton pump inhibitors use and the severity of periodontal disease and peri-implantitis: a systematic review.

This systematic review investigates the probable effect of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use on the severity of periodontal disease and peri-implantitis and implant survival. We conducted a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Library up to April 2024. Two review authors independently screened the title and abstracts and then the full texts of retrieved studies. Observational and clinical trial studies that assessed the association between PPIs use and periodontal disease severity and peri-implantitis or implant survival were included. Data extraction from the included studies was done by two reviews independently. Of 940 studies initially retrieved from online searching, 7 research met the inclusion criteria. Three studies examined periodontitis, while four focused on peri-implantitis and implant longevity. On the contrary, evidence regarding the impact of PPIs use on peri-implantits and implant survival is conflicting. Therefore, more well-designed RCTs are warranted to come to a definite conclusion. Since proton pump inhibitors alter the gut microbiome, and affect bone, plus the pathogenesis and etiology of periodontal disease are affected by bacteria within the periodontal pocket, it is hypothesized that they may affect periodontal pathogenesis.

Exploring the Link Between Oral Health Factors and Hearing Impairments in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Hearing-impaired children may face challenges in communication, social interaction, academic performance, and emotional well-being, which can have a notable impact on their overall quality of life. Beyond these challenges, oral health can also be significantly impacted. The relationship between hearing impairment and dental diseases is an intriguing and interconnected aspect of overall well-being that merits attention and exploration. This study aimed to assess the relationship between various oral health factors and hearing impairments. Methodology This cross-sectional study involved 90 hearing-impaired children aged 6-12 years. To evaluate the children's hearing abilities, diagnostic tools such as pure-tone audiometry were employed. To measure dental health, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) indices, as well as plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were calculated. The chi­square test was used to identify significant differences between genders. Spearman's test was used to determine the correlation between variables. Results The severity of hearing impairment varied, with 5.6% having severe hearing loss, 8.9% having profound hearing loss, and 85.6% having complete hearing loss. The mean DMFT score was 2.5 ± 1.86, with no significant difference observed between males and females. The mean dmft score was 4.2 ± 3.12, with no significant difference between genders. However, there was a difference in the PI scores between males and females. Males presented a higher PI score of 2.6 ± 0.09 compared to 1.8 ± 0.08 for females. The overall mean PI was 2.1 ± 0.80. The mean GI was 1.5 ± 0.90, and no significant difference was observed between males and females. Spearman's test identified a significant positive correlation between the severity of hearing impairment and both PI scores (p = 0.000) and GI scores (p = 0.000). Conversely, the severity of hearing impairment showed a weak positive correlation with both DMFT scores (p = 0.487) and dmft scores (p = 0.229), but these correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusions The connection between oral health and severe hearing impairment in children is significant and has potential implications. Pediatric healthcare providers, including dentists and audiologists, need to work collaboratively to monitor the oral and aural health of young patients.

Severe manifestation of plasma cell mucositis in a patient with autism spectrum disorder: A unique overlap illustrating challenges with diagnosis and management.

Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is a rare inflammatory condition affecting the oral tissues, often triggered by allergens or inflammation. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition, poses unique challenges in oral care and hygiene due to behavioral and sensory issues. These conditions have not previously been reported in concert but may share risk factors including through the development of inflammation. We present a case of severe PCM in a 23-year-old male with ASD, illustrating diagnostic complexities and management strategies. The patient presented with widespread and severe lesions, raising the possibility of underlying causes. After multiple interventions, including topical steroids and trigger avoidance, the patient achieved near-complete resolution of the oral lesions. Immunohistochemical and serological investigations suggested an underlying monoclonal gammopathy, warranting hematological evaluation. Our case shows how PCM and ASD can affect each other, highlighting the importance of understanding how these conditions interact, and the need for tailored approaches to oral health in this population. Further research is needed to elucidate any pathophysiological or risk-based link between ASD and inflammatory oral conditions and to refine management strategies for PCM in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Oral health and related outcomes in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: Good oral health is important for children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). The purpose of this scoping review is to describe the existing evidence base regarding oral health in children and adolescents with CF and provide recommendations for future research. METHODS: Using a scoping review framework, a comprehensive search was undertaken using medline, embase, and PubMed. The search strategy included broad terms relating to CF, oral health, and children and adolescents and included only papers written in English. RESULTS: 61 articles were included. Topics investigated included dental caries, enamel defects, periodontal health, dental staining, oral health related quality of life, dental management, and dental development of children and adolescents with CF. CONCLUSION: Dental outcomes of children and adolescents with CF differ from the healthy population. The current literature describing dental health in children and adolescents with CF includes predominately descriptive analyses. A shift to hypothesis-based studies to explore causal relationships that explain the differences in dental outcomes seen in the CF population offers an opportunity to better understand the problems faced by children and adolescents with CF. Research that actively engages stakeholders, including children and adolescents with CF and their families will enable evidence-based recommendations to improve their oral health.

Burden of oral diseases predicts development of excess weight in early adolescence: a 2-year longitudinal study.

Dental caries, gingivitis, and excess weight are highly prevalent, interconnected chronic conditions. The association of oral health with the development of adiposity among children is sparsely addressed. We examined the association of oral health to the development of excess weight and central obesity in early adolescence during a 2-year follow-up period. This prospective study was conducted with 2702 children aged 9-12 years at baseline from the Finnish Health in Teens study. Their weight development was followed up for 2 years. Body mass index with age- and sex-specific cut-offs and the waist-height ratio indicated weight status and central obesity. Oral health data (caries experience and gingivitis/calculus) were collected from outpatient records of public dental services. Having both caries experience and gingivitis/calculus was considered burden of oral diseases. Of the sample, 74% were caries-free but 70% exhibited gingivitis and/or calculus, and 20% had both caries experience and gingivitis/calculus. During the follow-up period, 5.3% (n = 124) and 4.7% (n = 118) of the children became overweight/obese or centrally obese, respectively. Having both caries experience and gingivitis/calculus associated with the development of excess weight in a fully adjusted model (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.03-2.97) but not of central obesity. Caries experience or gingivitis/calculus alone did not associate with adiposity development. CONCLUSION: Having burden of oral diseases without excess weight at early adolescence could imply future weight gain; thus, normal-weight individuals with both caries experience and gingivitis/calculus could be targeted with preventive measures. Our findings warrant further research to explore whether oral diseases and the development of obesity merely share risk factors or if their relationship is of causal nature. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Association of excess weight with caries experience and gingivitis is known to exist both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in children and adolescents. WHAT IS NEW: • Burden of oral diseases, that is, having both caries experience and gingivitis/calculus, was associated with becoming overweight or obese 2 years later during early adolescence. • Normal-weight individuals with burden of oral diseases at early adolescence could be targeted with preventive measures against excess weight gain.

Effect of scaling on levels of interleukin 1-beta and clinical periodontal parameters among e-cigarette users and non-smokers: A prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: This cohort study aimed to compare the effect of ultrasonic scaling on the expression of IL-1ß in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among ENDS users and non-smokers (NS) with gingivitis. METHODS: Self-reported current electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users and NS with generalized gingivitis were included in this study. All the patients underwent scaling at the baseline visit (T0). Clinical measures, periodontal parameters [probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP)], and GCF IL-1ß were measured at T0, after 1 week (T1) and after 3 weeks (T2). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess the changes in the periodontal measurements and IL-1ß levels at different time points and Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 38 individuals (18 NS and 20 ENDS users) participated in the study. The PD was significantly higher in ENDS users than in NS at baseline. However, the PI and BOP were similar in all groups at baseline. At T1, the PI was significantly lower for NS than for ENDS users (p=0.045). At T2, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters assessed between the two groups. For ENDS users, BOP was significantly lower at T1 than at baseline. For NS, the BOP at T1 and T2 and the PI at T1 were significantly lower than at baseline. There was no difference in the GCF IL-1ß levels in NS and ENDS users at baseline, T1, and T2. At T2, there was a significant reduction in IL-1ß (p<0.05) than at baseline in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both ENDS users and NS with gingivitis responded similarly to scaling. GCF IL-1ß levels were significantly higher at baseline (p<0.05) compared with their levels at T1 and T2 for both the groups. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered on the official website of ClinicalTrials.gov. IDENTIFIER: ID NCT05745324.

Comparative evaluation of mucin and total protein in periodontal disease before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

Background: Periodontal ailments cause a quantum leap in the biomarker profile of the saliva. This profile is, in fact, the epiphany of the scale and extent of the disease. Both gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases with a step-grade progression. The study aimed to determine the response of the host in these conditions by analyzing concentrations of salivary mucin and total protein activity, before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Materials and Methods: Sixty adult subjects were clinically examined and divided into three groups (n = 20) according to the clinical assessment and categorized as Group I (healthy), Group II (gingivitis), and Group III (chronic periodontitis). Whole saliva was collected, and salivary mucin and total protein levels were quantitatively measured at baseline in all the groups and additionally after NSPT in Groups II and III. Results: Levels of mucin and total protein increased in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. There was a slight decline in mucin levels in periodontitis patients in comparison with the gingivitis group. A positive correlation was found between the respective clinical parameters of both the groups along with their levels of salivary mucin and total protein. It indicated that the response of salivary glands to increase their protective potential caused the change among the groups. Conclusion: Periodontal diseases induce an increase in the levels of mucins and proteins, which is believed as the action of the salivary glands to protect the oral cavity and put off the chaos caused by the microorganisms.

Inflammatory profile of patients with different weight diagnoses and similar periodontal condition: A systematic review.

Background: This study aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the inflammatory profiles, measured by cytokines and chemokines, of individuals with different diagnoses of weight, but with the similar periodontal condition. Materials and Methods: Searches were performed in five databases (Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane-Central). Studies that compared the inflammatory profile of normal-weight individuals to those with obesity and evaluated the same cytokine, collection method, and periodontal diagnosis (periodontal health, gingivitis, or periodontitis) were included. Cross-sectional studies underwent evaluation by independent researchers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system assessed evidence certainty. Results: Twelve studies were included. The diagnosis of obesity was done on the basis of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF]-α, IL-1ß, IL-31, and IL-34) were analyzed in serum, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and plasma. Periodontal diagnoses varied across studies. TNF-α expression was significantly higher in individuals with obesity and periodontal health or periodontitis. Serum IL-1ß levels showed mixed results, but salivary IL-1ß levels were elevated in obese individuals. IL-6 levels were higher in obese individuals, regardless of periodontal status. IL-34 and IL-10 showed no significant differences across groups. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4) levels were higher in obese individuals with periodontitis or periodontal health. IL-31 and IL-34 in GCF showed no significant differences between obese and nonobese individuals, without periodontitis. Conclusions: Heterogeneous results were noted for IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-31, IL-34, TNF-α, and MCP-4, hindering conclusions on weight's impact on inflammatory profiles in periodontal patients.

Assessing the Correlation of Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) With Systemic Inflammatory Markers.

Background Periodontitis has a vital role in eliciting a cross-reactivity or systemic inflammatory response, making periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) a primary contributor to the inflammatory burden posed by periodontitis. PISA helps in the quantification of the amount of inflamed periodontal tissue. However, the existing literature data concerning PISA as an indicator of inflammatory burden are scarce, with limited research on the relationship between systemic inflammatory markers and PISA. Aim The present clinic-hematological cross-sectional study aimed to correlate PISA with systemic inflammatory markers. The study also aimed to assess serum concentrations of inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and peripheral blood markers such as neutrophils and monocytes and to correlate these markers with PISA. Methods The study assessed 62 subjects, who were divided into two groups of 31 subjects, each following bleeding on probing (BOP) criteria. Group I consisted of subjects with generalized chronic gingivitis, and Group II included subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis. In two groups, BOP, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingival recession were assessed along with PISA by a custom-made R function derived from a pre-existing, freely available MS Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington). The results of the assessment were then compared. Results A statistically highly significant positive correlation was seen in PISA and CRP with a correlation coefficient of 0.4875 and p-value of 0.000059. A similar statistically significant positive correlation was seen in ESR and PISA with a correlation coefficient of 0.4089 and p-value of 0.000968. A statistically non-significant correlation was seen in neutrophils and PISA with p=0.576018. However, a moderate and positive statistically significant association was seen in monocyte and PISA with a correlation coefficient of 0.3258 and p-value of 0.009956. Conclusions The present study concludes that most of the common systemic inflammatory markers have a positive correlation with PISA. However, more studies are required to establish this correlation.

Determination of dysbiosis by the method of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction in chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the microbiota of dento-gingival plaque in children to improve the quality of treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: It was examined 16 children aged 9-16 years with a diagnosis of K05.1: chronic gingivitis and 10 persons with intact gums were taken as a comparison group. A clinical dental examination was performed on the study participants and a sample was taken to determine the bacteria in the periodontal plaque. RESULTS: Results: The results of statistical processing of the research data allowed us to establish that in patients with chronic gingivitis, quantitative indicators of the total bacterial mass, Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Gardnerella vaginalis/Prevotella bivia/Porphyromonas spp. in the sample of periodontal plaque significantly exceeded the indicators of healthy patients. It was determined that the examined children with chronic gingivitis, the total number of Lactobacillus spp. significantly exceeds its amount in people with intact gums. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the main representatives of the microf i lm of dento-gingival plaque, which characterize dysbiosis, are of signif i cant clinical signif i cance. Study of the quantitative characteristics of Lactobacterium spp., Enterobacterium spp., Streptococcacea spp., Gardnerella spp., Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Eubacteridacea spp., Mycoplasma (hominis + genitalium), Candida spp. is a diagnostic factor in determining the condition of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

The role of periodontitis in cancer development, with a focus on oral cancers.

Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that begins as gingivitis and can lead to gum recession, bone loss, and tooth loss if left untreated. It is primarily caused by bacterial infection, which triggers inflammation and the formation of periodontal pockets. Notably, periodontitis is associated with systemic health issues and has been linked to heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and cancers. Accordingly, the presence of chronic inflammation and immune system dysregulation in individuals with periodontitis significantly contributes to the initiation and progression of various cancers, particularly oral cancers. These processes promote genetic mutations, impair DNA repair mechanisms, and create a tumor-supportive environment. Moreover, the bacteria associated with periodontitis produce harmful byproducts and toxins that directly damage the DNA within oral cells, exacerbating cancer development. In addition, chronic inflammation not only stimulates cell proliferation but also inhibits apoptosis, causes DNA damage, and triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these factors play a crucial role in the progression of cancer in individuals affected by periodontitis. Further, specific viral and bacterial agents, such as hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Porphyromonas gingivalis, contribute to cancer development through distinct mechanisms. Bacterial infections have systemic implications for cancer development, while viral infections provoke immune and inflammatory responses that can lead to genetic mutations. This review will elucidate the link between periodontitis and cancers, particularly oral cancers, exploring their underlying mechanisms to provide insights for future research and treatment advancements.

Nesfatin-1 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and senescence in human dental pulp cells.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered damage in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) is associated with the progression of gingivitis, which is inflammation of the gingival tissue. Nesfatin-1 is a peptide secreted by neurons and peripheral tissues. Here, we report a novel property of Nesfatin-1 in ameliorating LPS-induced inflammatory response and senescence in hDPCs. First, we demonstrate that Nesfatin-1 repressed LPS-triggered expression of inflammatory factors. Secondly, Nesfatin-1 restored telomerase activity and the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TERF2) against LPS. Senescence-associated ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) staining assay revealed that Nesfatin-1 attenuated LPS-induced cellular senescence in hDPCs. We also found that Nesfatin-1 increased telomerase activity in LPS-challenged hDPCs. It is also shown that Nesfatin-1 reduced the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and p16. Additionally, LPS stimulation reduced the expression of SIRT1, which was rescued by Nesfatin-1. However, the silencing of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) abrogated the protective property of Nesfatin-1 in preventing cellular senescence, implying that the function of Nesfatin-1 is regulated by SIRT1. Taken together, our findings suggest that Nesfatin-1 might possess a protective effect against gingivitis.