Prevalencia y caracterización de la anemia en cirugía electiva en un Hospital Universitario

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Introduction: Anemia is a highly prevalent disorder. Preoperative anemia is associated with higher mortality, more complications, longer hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Red blood cell transfusion (RBC) does not improve these outcomes. The World Health Organization recommends implementing Patient Blood Management (PBM) programmes, as they can improve these clinical outcomes, reduce unnecessary RBC transfusions, and save costs. Despite compelling evidence, the implementation of these measures has yet to be effectively achieved. The objective of this study is to conduct a situational analysis to raise awareness about this issue and encourage the implementation of these measures. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal, retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single center. All patients undergoing elective surgery from 01/01/2022 to 01/04/2022 at the Hospital de Clínicas were included. Exclusion criteria: absence of a complete blood count in the three months prior to surgery and refusal to participate in the study. Results: A total of 329 surgeries were analyzed. 52 out of 100 procedures were performed on patients with anemia. A statistically significant association was found between preoperative anemia and receiving RBC transfusion during hospitalization. OR 11.746 (4.518 - 30.540). Anemia and RBC transfusions significantly prolonged hospital stay. Length of hospitalization based on patient condition: No anemia: 10.1 ± 1.1 days, with anemia: 27.2 ± 2.3 days. Value of p < 0.001. Non-transfused: 14.5 ± 1.3 days, transfused: 41.8 ± 4.4 days. Value of p < 0.001. Only 49 (28.6%) of the 171 patients with anemia had iron metabolism assessed before surgery. Among the 140 patients with Hb < 12 g/dL undergoing surgeries with non-insignificant bleeding, only 4 received specific treatment to optimize Hb. A total of 185 units of red blood cells (RBC) were administered during hospitalization. 49 to unstable patients (intraoperative or acute hemorrhage) and 136 to stable patients. From the analysis of the latter group, 42.5% of the patients received 3 or more RBC units. The average pre-transfusion hemoglobin was 7.0 ± 0.1. A statistically significant association was found between receiving RBC units and dying during hospitalization. OR 17.182 (3.360 - 87.872). Conclusiones: A situational analysis was conducted, revealing a high prevalence of preoperative anemia, scarce study and treatment of anemia before surgeries, and an excessive amount of blood transfusions received by some patients. This work establishes the need to implement Patient Blood Management programs to reduce the prevalence of preoperative anemia and improve our transfusion practices. It also sets a comparative framework to evaluate the progress of these measures and indicates possible indicators to assess the benefits of their implementation.

Introdução : A anemia é um distúrbio altamente prevalente. A anemia pré-operatória está associada a maior mortalidade, mais complicações, tempo prolongado de internação e maiores custos de saúde. A transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos (TGV) não melhora esses resultados. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda a implementação de medidas de Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente (GSP), pois permitem melhorar esses resultados clínicos, reduzir TGV desnecessárias e economizar custos. Apesar da evidência contundente, a implementação dessas medidas ainda está aquém de ser efetivada. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise da situação para conscientizar sobre o problema e incentivar a implementação dessas medidas. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo de coorte histórica, unicêntrico. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de coordenação de 01/01/2022 a 01/04/2022 no Hospital de Clínicas. Critérios de exclusão: ausência de hemograma nos três meses anteriores à cirurgia e recusa em participar do estudo. Resultados: Foram analisadas um total de 329 cirurgias. 52 a cada 100 procedimentos foram realizados em pacientes com anemia. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a anemia pré-operatória e a recepção de TGR durante a internação. OR 11,746 (4,518 - 30,540). A anemia e as TGR prolongaram significativamente a internação hospitalar. Dias de internação em função da condição do paciente: Sem anemia: 10,1 ± 1,1 dias, com anemia: 27,2 ± 2,3 dias. Valor p < 0,001. Não transfundidos: 14,5 ± 1,3 dias, transfundidos: 41,8 ± 4,4 dias. Valor p < 0,001. Apenas 49 (28,6%) dos 171 pacientes com anemia tinham metabolismo do ferro antes da cirurgia. Dos 140 pacientes com Hb < 12 mg/dL submetidos a cirurgias com sangramento não insignificante, 4 receberam tratamento específico para otimizar a Hb. Foram administradas um total de 185 unidades de glóbulos vermelhos (UGV) durante a internação. 49 em pacientes instáveis (intraoperatório ou hemorragia aguda) e 136 em pacientes estáveis. Da análise desses últimos, 42,5% dos pacientes receberam 3 ou mais UGV. A hemoglobina pré-transfusional média foi de 7,0 ± 0,1. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre receber UGV e falecer durante a internação. OR 17,182 (3,360 - 87,872). Conclusões: Foi realizado uma análise da situação na qual foi observada uma elevada prevalência de anemia pré-operatória, um estudo e tratamento escasso da anemia antes das cirurgias e uma quantidade excessiva de UGV recebidas por alguns pacientes. Este trabalho estabelece a necessidade de implementar programas de Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente para reduzir a prevalência de anemia pré-operatória e melhorar nossas práticas transfusionais. Além disso, estabelece um quadro comparativo para avaliar o progresso dessas medidas e aponta possíveis indicadores para avaliar os benefícios de sua implementação.

Red cell distribution width and mean platelet volume in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Its association with disease activity.

INTRODUCTION: Hemogram parameters have been recently proposed as markers of inflammation in various studies from different parts of the world. Two of these hemogram parameters are red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV). AIM: To evaluate the relation between RDW and MPV with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. To assess whether RDW and MPV can be used to follow disease activity in RA patients. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study that was carried out on 60 rheumatoid arthritis patients who fulfilled the ACR/EULAR2010 classification criteria of RA attending to Rheumatology and Rehabilitation inpatient and outpatient clinics at Zagazig University Hospitals. All cases were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations; differential complete blood picture (CBC), acute phase reactants (CRP and ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Disease activity was measured by disease activity score 28 (DAS28). RESULTS: The cut-off levels of RDW and MPV were 14.85 and 11.25. Patients with RDW>14.85 had higher Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28; p=0.0003), ESR (p=0.0001) and CRP (p=0.0001). RDW was positively correlated with disease activity markers (ESR, CRP and DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. But, DAS28 was not different between patients with MPV>11.25 and <11.25. CONCLUSION: RDW was strongly correlated with disease activity. Also, RDW was better than ESR and CRP in detecting RA disease activity. According to these findings we suggest that RDW can be used in clinics to follow disease activity. In addition, RDW is widely available; as it's usually included in routine complete blood picture and there will be no need for further cost.

BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY AND LEUKOCYTE DIFFERENTIAL OF MORELET'S CROCODILE (Crocodylus moreletii) (CROCODYLIDAE) / Morfología de células sanguíneas y recuento leucocitario del cocodrilo de Morelet (Crocodylus moreletii) (CROCODYLIDAE)

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to determine the morphological characteristics of peripheral blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes) and the leukocyte differential count (heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, azurophils) of captive Morelet's crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii) from Veracruz, Mexico. Peripheral blood from 80 apparently healthy farmed crocodiles (39 subadults [19 females, 20 males] and 41 adults [18 females, 23 males]) was examined for morphology through stained blood smears and manual count was used for the leukocyte differential. Blood was collected during the non-breeding (n = 42) and breeding (n = 38) seasons. Blood examination indicated similar morphological characteristics of blood cells in subadult and adult individuals and in females and males in both seasons. Erythrocytes were the largest blood cells and lymphocytes the smallest. The leukocyte differential count showed that lymphocytes were the most abundant leukocytes and basophils the least numerous. The percentages of some leukocytes showed difference by season (non-breeding and breeding) in subadult and adult males (p < 0.05) and by size (subadults and adults) in males and females but only in the non-breeding season (p < 0.05). The leukocytes that showed the greatest variation were lymphocytes, heterophils and eosinophils. The knowledge of blood cell morphology and the leukocyte differential count in healthy farmed Morelet's crocodiles will allow the accurate diagnosis of some diseases of captive and wild individuals.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características morfológicas de células sanguíneas periféricas (eritrocitos, leucocitos, trombocitos) y el conteo diferencial de leucocitos (heterófilos, eosinófilos, basófilos, linfocitos, monocitos, azurófilos) del cocodrilo de Morelet (Crocodylus moreletii) mantenido en cautiverio en Veracruz, México. Se examinó sangre periférica de 80 cocodrilos aparentemente sanos criados en granja (39 subadultos [19 hembras, 20 machos] y 41 adultos [18 hembras, 23 machos]) mediante frotis sanguíneos teñidos para determinar la morfología celular y mediante conteo manual para el diferencial de leucocitos. La sangre se recolectó durante las temporadas no reproductiva (n = 42) y reproductiva (n = 38). El examen sanguíneo indicó similar morfología de células sanguíneas en individuos subadultos y adultos, así como en hembras y machos, en ambas temporadas. Los eritrocitos fueron las células sanguíneas más grandes y los linfocitos las más pequeñas. El conteo diferencial de leucocitos mostró que los linfocitos fueron los leucocitos más abundantes y los basófilos los menos numerosos. Los porcentajes de algunos leucocitos mostraron diferencia por época (no reproductiva y reproductiva) en machos subadultos y adultos (p < 0,05) y por talla (subadultos y adultos) en machos y hembras sólo en temporada no reproductiva (p < 0,05). Los leucocitos que tuvieron la mayor variación fueron linfocitos, heterófilos y eosinófilos. El conocer la morfología de las células sanguíneas y el conteo diferencial de leucocitos en individuos sanos de cocodrilo de Morelet criados en granja permitirá diagnosticar con precisión algunas enfermedades de individuos manejados en cautiverio y también de individuos silvestres.

Diagnostic accuracy of red blood cell distribution width to platelet ratio for predicting liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically review the performance of red blood cell distribution width to platelet ratio (RPR) in the diagnosis of significant or advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS: The relevant studies were comprehensively searched in English databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, as well as Chinese databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data from the inception to March 2021. Accuracy of RPR in diagnosing significant or advanced fibrosis and liver cirrhosis was assessed by area under the curve (AUC), pooled sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative likelihood ratios. Stata 15.0 software was applied to analyze the data. RESULTS: In total, 13 literature met the requirements, including patients with significant fibrosis (n=1890), advanced fibrosis (n=645), and cirrhosis (n=499). The prevalence rates of significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis were 49.31% (range: 17.25-84.21%), 37.07% (range: 9.60-58.20%) and 2.18% (range: 2.78-44.19%), respectively. The AUCs for predicting significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis by RPR were 0.73 (95%CI: 0.69-0.76), 0.80 (95%CI: 0.77-0.84) and 0.80 (95%CI: 0.76-0.83), respectively. CONCLUSION: RPR is of some diagnostic value to the prediction of HBV-related significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. This conclusion is urgently needed to be verified by further multi-center studies of large sample size and rigorous design.

Comparación de la eficacia de la transfusión de paquetes globulares de ≤ 15 vs ≥ 16 a 40 días de extracción sobre los efectos hemodinámicos y gasométricos de pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico severo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Comparison of the efficacy of the transfusion of globular packages of ≤ 15 vs ≥ 16 to 40 days of extraction on the hemodynamic and gasometric effects of patients with severe traumatic brain in the Intensive Care Unit / Comparação da eficácia da transfusão de hemácias de ≤ 15 vs ≥ 16 a 40 dias de extração sobre os efeitos hemodinâmicos e gasométricos de pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

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Abstract: Introduction: since the beginning of blood banks, refinements in laboratory processes have allowed longer red blood cell storage times. While advantageous to the logistics of stock management, the clinical impact of RBC storage duration prior to transfusion remains uncertain and a topic of growing interest. Although the structural, biochemical, and impermeable changes that red blood cells undergo during storage are well described, the evidence that this storage injury translates into adverse clinical outcomes for patients receiving blood with longer storage times remains controversial. Objective: to compare the efficacy of the transfusion of globular packages of ≤ 15 days of extraction vs. globular packages ≥ 16-40 days of extraction in the hemodynamic and gasometric repercussion of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of HE CMNO. Material and methods: a controlled, single-center, randomized, single-blind, prospective and comparative clinical trial was conducted, where patients between 18 and 80 years of age with severe postoperative cranioencephalic trauma who required blood transfusions were invited to participate. Participants were included in two random groups, group F and group E. Group F was administered packed cells ≤ 15 days of extraction. Group E will be administered globular packages ≥ 16-40 days of extraction. During the study, various hemodynamic and biochemical variables were measured before, during, and after blood transfusion, and a comparison of the results obtained between groups F and E was subsequently made. Results: in the present study, a total of 26 patients with severe TBI were included and who were transfused with red blood cell packs, of the total number of patients, 13 were transfused with a «standard¼ red blood cell pack and another 13 patients with a «fresh¼ red blood cell pack. The average days of transfusion after extraction were 18 and 14 days for the «standard¼ and «fresh¼ packs, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Twenty-one infectious events were reported, 11 in the group of patients who were transfused with the standard pack and 10 in the fresh pack group. Mortality at 28 days was estimated in 31% of the patients transfused with the standard pack and in 23% of the patients with the fresh pack (RR, for 28-day mortality of 0.90 [95% CI 0.56-144]). The median duration time in the intensive care unit was 8 days for both groups (0.32 SD), and of the days associated with the ventilator, 15 days were observed for the group of patients with the standard package and 7 for the group with fresh package (0.60 SD), without discovering statistically significant differences in these variables. However, in this analysis statistically significant differences were found for the gasometric parameters of central venous oxygen saturation, cardiac output (Fick) and lactate before and after transfusion in favor of the group of patients transfused with fresh pack (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: the results of this study infer that there is no association between the storage time of transfused red blood cells and the presence of adverse clinical outcomes with longer storage times. In both groups, transfusions were equally safe and effective. The researchers refer to the sample size as a limitation for this study.

Resumo: Introdução: desde o surgimento dos bancos de sangue, o refinamento dos processos laboratoriais permitiu tempos de estocagem cada vez mais longos para as hemácias. Embora vantajoso para a logística do gerenciamento de estoque, o impacto clínico da duração do armazenamento de glóbulos vermelhos antes da transfusão permanece incerto e um tópico de interesse crescente. Embora as alterações estruturais, bioquímicas e imunológicas pelas quais as hemácias sofrem durante o armazenamento sejam bem descritas, as evidências de que essa lesão de armazenamento resulta em resultados clínicos adversos para pacientes que recebem sangue armazenado por mais tempo permanecem controversas. Objetivo: comparar a eficácia da transfusão de concentrado de hemácias ≤ 15 dias de extração vs concentrado de hemácias ≥ 16-40 dias de extração nas repercussão hemodinâmica e gasométrica dos pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) grave, internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do HE CMN Occidente. Material e métodos: realizou-se um ensaio clínico, controlado, unicêntrico, randomizado, simples-cego, prospectivo e comparativo, onde foram convidados a participar pacientes com idade entre 18 e 80 anos com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave submetidos a hemicraniectomia descompressiva com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea. Os participantes foram incluídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, grupo F e grupo E. Grupo F recebeu concentrado de hemácias ≤ 15 dias após a extração. O grupo E receberá concentrado de hemácias ≥ 16-40 dias após a extração. Durante o estudo, várias variáveis hemodinâmicas e bioquímicas foram medidas antes, durante e após a transfusão de sangue, e posteriormente foi feita uma comparação dos resultados obtidos entre os grupos F e E. Resultados: no presente estudo incluíram-se um total de 26 pacientes com TCE grave e que foram transfundidos com concentrado de hemácias, do total de pacientes 13 foram transfundidos com um concentrado de hemácias «padrão¼ e outros 13 pacientes com um concentrado de hemácias «fresco¼. A média de dias de transfusão após a extração foi de 18 e 14 dias para as pacotes «padrão¼ e «fresco¼, respectivamente (p ≤ 0.001). Relatou-se 21 eventos infecciosos, 11 no grupo de pacientes que receberam transfusão com concentrado padrão e 10 no grupo com concentrado fresco. A mortalidade em 28 dias foi estimada em 31% dos pacientes transfundidos com concentrado padrão e em 23% dos pacientes com concentrado fresco (RR, para mortalidade em 28 dias de 0.90 (IC 95% 0.56-144). A duração mediana na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 8 dias para ambos os grupos (0.32 DP), sendo que 2 dias associados ao ventilador, foram observados 15 dias para o grupo de pacientes com concentrado padrão e 7 para o grupo de concentrado fresco (0.60 DE), sem descobrir diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas referidas variáveis.No entanto, nesta análise foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para os parâmetros gasométricos de saturação venosa central de oxigênio, débito cardíaco (Fick) e lactato antes e após a transfusão em favor do grupo de pacientes transfundidos com concentrado fresco (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo inferem que não há associação entre o tempo de estocagem das hemácias transfundidas e a presença de desfechos clínicos adversos com tempos de estocagem mais longos. Em ambos os grupos, as transfusões foram igualmente seguras e eficazes. Os pesquisadores referem-se ao tamanho da amostra como limitante para este estudo.

Red Cell Distribution Width and Mean Platelet Volume in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Its Association With Disease Activity.

INTRODUCTION: Hemogram parameters have been recently proposed as markers of inflammation in various studies from different parts of the world. Two of these hemogram parameters are red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV). AIM: To evaluate the relation between RDW and MPV with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. To assess whether RDW and MPV can be used to follow disease activity in RA patients. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study that was carried out on 60 rheumatoid arthritis patients who fulfilled the ACR/EULAR2010 classification criteria of RA attending to Rheumatology and Rehabilitation inpatient and outpatient clinics at Zagazig University Hospitals. All cases were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations; differential complete blood picture (CBC), acute phase reactants (CRP and ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Disease activity was measured by disease activity score 28 (DAS28). RESULTS: The cut-off levels of RDW and MPV were 14.85 and 11.25. Patients with RDW>14.85 had higher Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28; p=0.0003), ESR (p=0.0001) and CRP (p=0.0001). RDW was positively correlated with disease activity markers (ESR, CRP and DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. But, DAS28 was not different between patients with MPV>11.25 and <11.25. CONCLUSION: RDW was strongly correlated with disease activity. Also, RDW was better than ESR and CRP in detecting RA disease activity. According to these findings we suggest that RDW can be used in clinics to follow disease activity. In addition, RDW is widely available; as it's usually included in routine complete blood picture and there will be no need for further cost.

Caracterización geométrica de los eritrocitos nucleados de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp) / Geometric characterization of nucleated erythrocytes of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp)

RESUMEN Introducción. En hematología, el estudio de las alteraciones de la morfología eritrocitaria contribuye con el diagnóstico de la normalidad o anormalidad de estas estructuras, sin embargo, el carácter cualitativo de los criterios diagnósticos dificulta su interpretación y alcance. Objetivo. Caracterizar los eritrocitos nucleados de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp), en el contexto de la geometría fractal y euclidiana. Metodología. Se tomaron 50 eritrocitos nucleados de 20 extendidos de sangre de tilapia roja. Posteriormente todos los contornos del núcleo y el citoplasma de los eritrocitos fueron delineados, para superponer dos rejillas, una con el doble tamaño que la otra, para calcular mediante el método de Box Counting la dimensión fractal de cada eritrocito delineado. Adicionalmente fue calculada la superficie de estas dos partes del eritrocito. Resultados: Los resultados de este estudio revelaron que los valores de la dimensión fractal no permiten hacer comparaciones entre eritrocitos nucleados. Por su parte, la superposición de rejillas de 5x5 y 10x10 píxeles permitió observar que los valores de ocupación del citoplasma y el núcleo permiten hacer comparaciones entre los eritrocitos nucleados, junto con los valores de la superficie de estas dos partes del eritrocito nucleado. Conclusión: Los eritrocitos nucleados de tilapia roja pueden ser caracterizados mediante la medición de los valores espacios ocupados por su citoplasma y el núcleo, junto con los valores de la superficie de cada una de estas dos partes del eritrocito.

ABSTRACT Introduction. In hematology, the study of erythrocyte morphology alterations contributes to the diagnosis of normality or abnormality of these structures. However, the qualitative nature of the diagnostic criteria makes their interpretation and scope difficult. Objective. Characterize the nucleated erythrocytes of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp) in the context of fractal and Euclidean geometry. Methodology. Fifty nucleated erythrocytes were taken from twenty red tilapia blood smears. Subsequently, all the contours of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the erythrocytes were delineated to superimpose two grids, one twice the size of the other, to calculate the fractal dimension of each delineated erythrocyte using the Box Counting method. Additionally, the surface of these two parts of the erythrocyte was calculated. Results: This study revealed that the fractal dimension values do not allow comparisons between nucleated erythrocytes. The superposition of 5x5 and 10x10 pixel grids allowed us to observe that the occupancy values of the cytoplasm and the nucleus allow comparisons between the nucleated erythrocytes, together with the values of the surface of these two parts of the nucleated erythrocyte. Conclusion: Red tilapia nucleated erythrocytes can be characterized by measuring the values of the spaces occupied by their cytoplasm and nucleus, together with the values of the surface of each of these two parts of the erythrocyte.

Do blood parasites increase immature erythrocytes and mitosis in amphibians? / ¿Causan los parásitos sanguíneos un aumento en los eritrocitos inmaduros y la mitosis en los anfibios?

Abstract Introduction: In amphibians, blood may act as a hematopoietic tissue. However, the knowledge concerning hematological features is scarce, there is not much information that allows an analysis about the possible explanations of this physiological feature. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between immature red blood cells (RBCs) mitosis and the presence of blood parasites in amphibians. Methods: We sampled 116 amphibians (31 species) in six Colombian localities. Blood was taken by cardiac puncture or maxillary vein puncture. Smears were prepared, fixed, and Giemsa stained for microscopical analysis. The variables analyzed were the percentage of immature RBCs, mitotic cells in peripheral blood, and blood parasite infection. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon's rank test and exact Fisher statistical tests. Results: Sixty-two individuals showed mitosis in peripheral blood, and these mitotic RBCs shared morphological features with immature RBCs. Overall, parasite prevalence was 30.1 %, distributed as follows: Trypanosoma (24.1 %), Hepatozoon-like (6 %), Dactylosoma (4.3 %), Karyolysus-like (0.9 %), and Filarioidea (2.6 %). A positive association between the percentage of immature RBCs and the presence of mitotic RBCs was found, and also between the blood parasite infection and the percentage of immature RBCs. Conclusions: In this study, we found that the presence of blood parasites, immature RBCs, and RBCs mitosis are frequent events in amphibians' peripheral blood, and our analysis suggests an association between those features. Thus, the release of immature RBCs and the mitosis of those cells in peripheral blood may be a physiological response to blood parasite infection. Further studies characterizing hematology in amphibians and wildlife, in general, are desirable.

Resumen Introducción: En anfibios, la sangre puede actuar como un tejido hematopoyético. Sin embargo, el conocimiento acerca de las características hematológicas es escaso y no hay información que permita un análisis acerca de las posibles explicaciones a este rasgo fisiológico. Objetivo: La intención de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la presencia de eritroblastos, mitosis de glóbulos rojos (GRs) y la infección por hemoparásito en sangre periférica de anfibios. Métodos: Se muestrearon 116 anfibios (31 especies) en seis localidades de Colombia. Se tomaron muestras de sangre mediante punción cardiaca o punción a la vena maxilar. Se prepararon extendidos sanguíneos, se fijaron y tiñeron con Giemsa para su posterior análisis por microscopía. Se analizaron variables como porcentaje de GRs inmaduros, células mitóticas en sangre periférica e infección por hemoparásitos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el test de rango de Willcoxon y el test exacto de Fisher. Resultados: sesenta y dos individuos evidenciaron mitosis en sangre periférica y dichas mitosis compartían características morfológicas con GRs inmaduros. La prevalencia general de parásitos fue del 30.1 %, distribuido de la siguiente forma: Trypanosoma (24.1 %), Hepatozoon-like (6 %), Dactylosoma (4.3 %), Karyolysus-like (0.9 %), y Filarioidea (2. 6 %). Hay una asociación positiva entre el porcentaje de GRs inmaduros y la presencia de células mitóticas, también se encontró una relación entre la infección por hemoparásitos y el porcentaje de GRs inmaduros. Conclusiones: En este estudio encontramos que la presencia de parásitos sanguíneos, GRs inmaduros y mitosis de GRs son eventos frecuentes en sangre periférica de anfibios, y nuestros resultados sugieren una asociación entre dichas características. Por tanto, la liberación de GRs inmaduros y la mitosis de estas células en sangre periférica podría ser una respuesta fisiológica a infecciones parasitarias. Posteriores estudios que caractericen la hematología en anfibios y en vida silvestre en general, son deseables.

Efectos hemorreológicos de los glóbulos rojos y sus implicancias en la salud / Hemorheological effects of red blood cells and their implications in health / Efeitos hemorreológicos das hemácias e suas implicações na saúde

Resumen La reología es una disciplina científica que se dedica al estudio de la deformación y flujo de la materia o, más precisamente, de los fluidos. En particular, la hemorreología se ocupa del comportamiento del flujo de la sangre completa, además de la deformabilidad de los elementos individuales que la componen (es decir, glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos y plaquetas). Debido a su importancia fisiopatológica, la medición de la deformabilidad de los glóbulos rojos ha sido el foco de numerosos estudios en las últimas décadas y en especial su rol en la regulación del suministro de O2. El objetivo de esta revisión fue resumir la información actualmente disponible sobre la reología de la sangre, con especial énfasis en la influencia de la deformabilidad de los glóbulos rojos, destacando su relación con diversas enfermedades humanas tales como trastornos hereditarios de la membrana (esferocitosis, eliptocitosis, ovalocitosis y estomatocitosis), trastornos metabólicos (diabetes y cambios en la membrana inducidos por el estrés oxidativo) y los asociados a enfermedades críticas. Se exponen brevemente las técnicas microfluídicas que han sido identificadas como métodos de gran potencial en el desarrollo de modelos experimentales dinámicos de última generación. Su uso podría dilucidar la importancia de las alteraciones de la membrana de los eritrocitos en condiciones patológicas y las consecuencias de dichas alteraciones en la dinámica del flujo de la microcirculación.

Abstract Rheology is a scientific discipline dealing with the flow and deformation behavior of materials, with the materials under consideration being solids or more precisely, fluids. In particular, hemorheology is concerned with the behaviour of the flow of whole blood and also the deformability of the individual elements that make it up (i.e. red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets). Due to its pathophysiological importance, the measurement of red blood cell deformability has been the focus of numerous studies in recent decades and in particular the role of red blood cells in the regulation of O2 supply. The aim of this review was to summarise the currently available information on blood rheology with special emphasis on the influence of red blood cell deformability, highlighting its relationship with various human diseases such as hereditary membrane disorders (e.g. spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, ovalocytosis and stomatocytosis), metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes and membrane changes induced by oxidative stress) and those associated with critical illnesses. The microfluidic techniques that have been identified are briefly presented here as key methods to develop the state-of-the-art in dynamic experimental models to elucidate the importance of erythrocyte membrane alterations in pathological conditions as well as the role that such alterations play in the dynamics of microcirculation flow.

Resumo Reologia é uma disciplina científica que se dedica ao estudo da deformação e fluxo da matéria ou, mais especificamente, dos fluidos. A hemorreologia trata, em particular, do comportamento do fluxo do sangue total, além da deformabilidade dos elementos individuais que o compõem (ou seja, glóbulos vermelhos, glóbulos brancos e plaquetas). Devido à sua importância fisiopatológica, a mensuração da deformabilidade das hemácias tem sido foco de inúmeros estudos nas últimas décadas e, principalmente, o papel das hemácias na regulação do suprimento de O2. O objetivo desta revisão era resumir as informações atualmente disponíveis sobre a reologia do sangue com ênfase especial na influência da deformabilidade dos glóbulos vermelhos, destacando sua relação com várias doenças humanas, como distúrbios hereditários da membrana (esferocitose, eliptocitose, ovalocitose e estomatocitose), distúrbios metabólicos (diabetes e alterações na membrana induzidas por estresse oxidativo) e aqueles associados a doenças críticas. Técnicas microfluídicas são brevemente discutidas, as quais têm sido identificadas como métodos de grande potencial no desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais dinâmicos de última geração. Seu uso poderia elucidar a importância das alterações da membrana eritrocitária nas condições patológicas e as consequências de tais alterações na dinâmica do fluxo da microcirculação.

Impacto del volumen de sangre extraído por flebotomía sobre el requerimiento transfusional en prematuros menores de 1500 g. Estudio cuasiexperimental / Impact of the volume of blood collected by phlebotomy on transfusion requirements in preterm infants with birth weight of less than 1500 g. A quasi-experimental study

Introducción. La anemia es una complicación para los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer, y los exámenes de laboratorio son un factor de riesgo preponderante. Más del 50 % recibe, al menos, una transfusión de glóbulos rojos. Estas se han asociado a mayor riesgo de infecciones, hemorragia intracraneal, enterocolitis necrotizante y displasia broncopulmonar. En 2012, se implementó, en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, una estrategia de menor volumen de extracción de sangre por flebotomía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar su asociación con el número detransfusiones.Métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental del tipo antes/después. Se comparó el número de transfusiones entre dos grupos de prematuros de muy bajo peso con diferente volumen de extracción. Se evaluó la correlación entre el volumen extraído y el número de transfusiones estimando el coeficiente de Spearman. Para ajustar por confundidores, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística.Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 178 pacientes con edad gestacional media de 29,4 semanas (desvío estándar: 2,7) y peso al nacer de 1145 gramos (875-1345). El perfil de la serie roja inicial fue similar entre ambos grupos. El número de transfusiones (p = 0,017) y el volumen transfundido (p = 0,048) disminuyeron significativamente. El coeficiente de correlación resultó de 0,83. En el análisis multivariado, volumen de extracción y peso al nacer se asociaron a un requerimiento mayor de 3 transfusiones.Conclusión. Un menor volumen de extracción de sangre en prematuros de muy bajo peso está asociado de manera independiente a menor requerimiento transfusional.

Introduction. Anemia is a complication in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, and lab tests are a predominant risk factor. At least one red blood cell transfusion is given in more than 50 % of cases. Transfusions are associated with a higher risk for infections, intracranial hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In 2012, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires implemented a strategy to collect a lower blood volume by phlebotomy. The objective of this study was to assess its association with the number of transfusions.Methods. Before-and-after, quasi-experimental study. The number of transfusions was compared between two groups of VLBW preterm infants with different blood collection volumes. The correlation between the collection volume and the number of transfusions was assessed estimating Spearman's coefficient. A logistic regression model was used to adjust for confounders.Results. The study included 178 patients with a mean gestational age of 29.4 weeks (standard deviation: 2.7) and a birth weight of 1145 g (875-1345). The baseline red series profile was similar between both groups. The number of transfusions (p = 0.017) and the transfusion volume (p = 0.048) decreased significantly. The correlation coefficient was 0.83. In the multivariate analysis, collection volume and birth weight were associated with a requirement of more than three transfusions.Conclusion. A lower blood collection volume in VLBW preterm infants is independently associated with fewer transfusion requirements.

Estabilidad de la hemoglobina sérica posterior a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos en pacientes adultos en el servicio de medicina interna / Stability of serum hemoglobin after red blood cell transfusion in adult patients assisted at an internal medicine service

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la estabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica posterior a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados en el tiempo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo analítico, efectuado de septiembre de 2015 a mayo de 2016, que incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, quienes cursaban con anemia que fue corregida mediante la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados. Se cuantificó la concentración de hemoglobina sérica inicial, una y seis horas después de la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados con el dispositivo HemoCue B Hemoglobin. Se evaluó la estabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica. Se consideró significativo un cambio en la concentración sérica de hemoglobina > 0.5 g/dL. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 121 pacientes. Los diagnósticos principales fueron: sepsis (60.3%), enfermedad renal crónica (31.4%) y cáncer hematológico (24.8%). La hemoglobina sérica promedio inicial fue de 6.9 ± 4.4 g/dL, después de la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados fue de 9.2 ± 1.5 g/dL (a la hora) y de 9.19 ± 1.5 g/dL (a las seis horas). La diferencia en la concentración de hemoglobina fue -0.007 g/dL (p = 0.94). Mediante un modelo de regresión logística se documentó la estabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica en el tiempo. CONCLUSIONES: La concentración de hemoglobina posterior a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados es estable en el tiempo y no se ve afectada por los padecimientos concomitantes, número de unidades de glóbulos rojos empaquetados administradas y variables antropométricas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of serum hemoglobin concentration after packaged red blood cell units (PRBC) transfusion. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective analytical cohort was done from September 2015 to May 2016 including patients older than 18 years who were enrolled with the diagnosis of anemia that was corrected by PRBC transfusion (n = 121). Initial serum hemoglobin concentration was quantified at one hour and six hours after PRBC transfusion with the HemoCue B Hemoglobin device. The stability of post-transfusion serum hemoglobin was evaluated. A change in serum hemoglobin concentration > 0.5 g/dL was considered significant. RESULTS: The main diagnoses were sepsis (60.3%), chronic kidney disease (31.4%) and hematologic cancer (24.8%). The initial mean serum hemoglobin was 6.9 ± 4.4 g/ dL, at one hour 9.2 ± 1.5 g/dL and 9.19 ± 1.5 g/dL at 6 hours following PRBC transfusion. The difference in hemoglobin concentration was -0.007 g/dL (p = 0.94). Using a logistic regression model the stability of serum hemoglobin concentration over time was documented. CONCLUSION: The hemoglobin concentration following PRBC transfusion is stable over time, and is not affected by concomitant diseases, number of PRBC units administered and anthropometric variables.

Aplasia pura de células rojas secundaria a infección por parvovirus B19 en paciente VIH positivo / Pure red cell aplasia secondary to parvovirus B19 infection in an HIV positive patient

Resumen La infección crónica por parvovirus B19 en pacientes seropositivos para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es una causa identificable y tratable de anemia en esta población, que en nuestro medio aún no ha sido muy estudiada. La búsqueda activa de este patógeno en pacientes VIH positivos con anemia grave sin compromiso de otras líneas celulares puede llevar a una mejoría en la calidad de vida en el tiempo y reducción de los costos de la enfermedad para el sistema de salud. Nosotros presentamos el caso de un paciente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y anemia a quien se le identifico parvovirus B19. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 42-44).

Abstract The chronic infection by parvovirus B19 in seropositive patients for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an identifiable and treatable cause of anemia in this population, which in our environment has not yet been widely studied. The active search for this pathogen in HIV positive patients with severe anemia without compromising other cell lines can lead to an improvement in the quality of life over time and reduction of the costs of the disease to the health system. We present the case of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and anemia who was identified as parvovirus B19. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 42-44).

Valor diagnóstico de la morfología eritrocitaria en las anemias / Diagnostic value of red cell morphology in anemias / Valor diagnóstico da morfologia eritrocitária nas anemias

A pesar de la disponibilidad de modernos equipos automatizados, el estudio de la morfología eritrocitaria en extendidos de sangre periférica continúa desempeñando un rol fundamental en el diagnóstico de las anemias. En 2005, el Grupo Internacional de Consenso para la Revisión en Hematología publicó un documento con los criterios homogéneos de acción recomendados para la selección de los frotis sanguíneos que deben ser analizados mediante microscopía. Recientemente, el Comité Internacional de Estandarización en Hematología (ICSH) elaboró una serie de recomendaciones para unificar la nomenclatura y graduar los hallazgos morfológicos anormales en el estudio de la sangre periférica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar a los lectores una revisión del tema y las últimas recomendaciones de los grupos de expertos a nivel nacional e internacional para el estudio de las anemias mediante la evaluación de la morfología eritrocitaria en el frotis de sangre periférica.

Despite the availability of modern automated equipment, the study of red cell morphology in peripheral blood smears continues to play a key role in the diagnosis of anemias. In 2005, the International Consensus Group for Hematology Review published a document with uniform criteria recommended action for the selection of blood smears to be analyzed by microscopy. Recently, the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH) produced a series of recommendations to unify the nomenclature and graduate abnormal morphological findings in the study of peripheral blood. The aim of our work was to present readers with a review of the topic and the latest recommendations of the expert groups at national and international levels for the study of anemias by evaluating red cell morphology in the peripheral blood smear.

Apesar da disponibilidade de equipamentos automatizados modernos, o estudo da morfologia eritrocitária em esfregaços de sangue periférico continua a desempenhar um papel fundamental no diagnóstico das anemias. Em 2005, o Grupo Internacional de Consenso em Revisões Hematológicas publicou um documento com os critérios uniformes de ação recomendados para a seleção dos esfregaços sanguíneos que devem ser analisados através do microscópio. Recentemente, a Comissão Internacional de Padronização em Hematologia (ICSH) produziu uma série de recomendações para unificar a nomenclatura e graduar os achados morfológicos anormais no estudo do sangue periférico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar aos leitores uma revisão do tema e as últimas recomendações dos grupos de especialistas em nível nacional e internacional para o estudo de anemias através da avaliação da morfologia eritrocitária no esfregaço de sangue periférico.

Glóbulos rojos nucleados y estado metabólico en recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo intraparto / Umbilical nucleated red blood cells count and metabolic status in newborns with intrapartum fetal distress

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar el conteo de los glóbulos rojos nucleados en sangre de cordón umbilical y estado metabólico en recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo intraparto. Métodos: Se eligieron pacientes de bajo riesgo con frecuencia cardiaca fetal normal al momento del ingreso para la atención del parto. Se determinó el conteo de glóbulos rojos nucleados, pH y déficit de base de la arteria y vena umbilical de recién nacidos con (grupo A) o sin diagnóstico (grupo B) de estado fetal no reactivo por cardiotocografía. Resultados: De las 200 muestras seleccionadas, 9,5 % pertenecían a recién nacidos con diagnóstico de estado fetal no reactivo debido a cambios en la cardiotocografia. Los valores promedio de pH y déficit de base de la arteria y vena umbilical fueron significativamente más altos en los recién nacidos del grupo A que en los recién nacidos del grupo B (p < 0,05). El conteo de glóbulos rojos nucleados en los recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo fue 11,47 ± 4,93 x 100 leucocitos y en los recién nacidos sin estado fetal no reactivo fue de 5,71 ± 1,21 x 100 leucocitos (p < 0,05). No se encontró una correlación significativa entre el conteo de glóbulos rojos nucleados y los valores de pH y déficit de base en la sangre de la arteria y vena umbilical en el grupo de recién nacidos con y sin estado fetal no reactivo. Conclusión: Los recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo intraparto tienen conteos más elevados de glóbulos rojos nucleados comparado con aquellos sin alteraciones.

Abstract Objective: To relate umbilical nucleated red blood cells count and metabolic status in newborns with intrapartum non-reassuring fetal state. Materials and method: All low-risk pregnant women with a normal fetal heart rate at admission to labor and delivery were eligible for participation. Nucleated red blood cells, pH, and base deficit of umbilical artery and vein newborn with (group A) or without diagnosis (Group B) of non-reassuring fetal state by cardiotocography. Results: Of 200 samples selected, 19 (9.5 %) were from newborns with a diagnosis of non-reactive fetal status due to changes in cardiotocography (group A). Mean values of pH and umbilical arterial and venous base deficit were significantly higher in group A than in group B (p < 0.05). Nucleated red blood cells count was 11.47 +/- 4.93 x 100 white cells in group A and 5.71 +/- 1.21 x 100 white cells in group B (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between nucleated red blood cells count and pH and umbilical arterial and venous base deficit values in the groups of newborns with and without intrapartum fetal distress (p = ns). Conclusion: Newborns with non-reassuring fetal state have nucleated red blood cells count was higher than in newborns without alterations.

Transfusiones de glóbulos rojos en pacientes críticos / Red blood cell transfusions in critical patients

La anemia es muy frecuente en los pacientes críticos, pudiendo estar presente en casi el 100 por ciento después una semana de hospitalización en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Se ha descrito que la anemia es un factor de riesgo de mayor mortalidad y morbilidad para los pacientes críticos. La etiología de la anemia en UCI es multifactorial, destacando la anemia de la inflamación, los déficits nutricionales, la hemodilución y el aumento de las pérdidas. Dentro del aumento de las pérdidas destaca la toma seriada de exámenes de sangre. A pesar de lo deletéreo de la anemia, no se ha demostrado que las transfusiones de glóbulos rojos (GR) puedan mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con anemia. Por el contrario, hay estudios que han descrito un aumento de las complicaciones y mortalidad asociadas al aporte de GR. La evidencia actual sugiere que en pacientes críticos estables y que no presentan sangrado activo, las transfusiones deberían evitarse si la concentración de hemoglobina es mayor a 7 g/dL. Sin embargo, un umbral transfusional estricto puede no ser adecuado para todos los pacientes, por lo que también deberían considerarse las alteraciones de la perfusión y la condición cardíaca y respiratoria en la decisión de transfundir GR.(AU)

Anemia is very common in critically ill patients and may be present in almost 100 percent after a week of hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). It has been reported that anemia is a risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients. The etiology of anemia in ICU is multifactorial, highlighting anemia of inflammation, nutritional deficits, hemodilution and increased losses. Within the increase of losses, serial blood samples results in important cause of anemization. Despite the deleterious effects of anemia, red cell transfusions (RBC) have not been shown to improve the prognosis of patients with anemia. In contrast, there are studies that have reported an increase in complications and mortality associated with RBC transfusions. Current evidence suggests that transfusions should be avoided if hemoglobin concentration is greater than 7 g/dL in critically ill not bleeding patients. However, a strict transfusional threshold may not be appropriate for all patients, so alterations in perfusion and cardiac and respiratory status should also be considered in the decision to transfuse RBC.(AU)

Clasificación automática de glóbulos rojos en frotis de sangre periférica / Healthy lifestyles and risk behavior of medical students

Introducción: El diagnóstico del estado eritrocitario en frotis de sangre periférica es un proceso realizado normalmente de forma manual a partir de observación microscópica, lo cual implica una considerable inversión de tiempo y recursos, además de posibles problemas de subjetividad y dificultad en la reproducibilidad del diagnóstico. Objetivo: Desarrollar una aplicación que permita la clasificación automática de glóbulos rojos en frotis de sangre periférica, de utilidad como herramienta de ayuda diagnóstica. Metodología: Se usaron técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes para segmentar los eritrocitos en las fotografías microscópicas y medir en ellos área, perímetro, solidez, circularidad, excentricidad, textura y dimensión box-counting. Se usó una red neuronal artificial para clasificar los eritrocitos según sus características en siete clases, incluyendo normalidad y seis alteraciones patológicas. La red se entrenó de acuerdo con la clasificación de 262 eritrocitos realizada por un hematólogo experto. Los desarrollos se hicieron en matlab®, una poderosa plataforma de computación científica. Resultados: La red escogida alcanza el 97.3% de aciertos en los datos de validación. Las equivocaciones en la red corresponden a células de dudosa clasificación aún para un experto, por presentar características correspondientes a varias clasificaciones patológicas. Conclusiones: La aplicación desarrollada clasifica de manera rápida y acertada los diferentes tipos de glóbulos rojos presentes en una muestra microscópica de frotis de sangre periférica, siendo de utilidad como herramienta de apoyo diagnóstico.

Introduction: The process of erythrocyte classification in peripheral blood smear is normally done manually from microscopic observation. This implies not only a considerable investment of time and resources but also brings potential problems of subjectivity and difficulty in the reproducibility of diagnosis. Objective: To develop an application that allows the automatic classification of red blood cells in peripheral blood smears, as a diagnostic aid tool. Methodology: Image processing techniques were used in order to segment erythrocytes in the microscopic photographs and to measure characteristics as area, perimeter, solidity, circularity, eccentricity, texture and boxcounting dimension. An artificial neural network was used to classify the red blood cells in the images in seven classes, including normal and six pathological changes, according to their characteristics. The network was trained according to the classification of 262 erythrocytes by an expert hematologist. The developments were made in matlab®, a powerful scientific computing platform. Results: The chosen network reaches 97.3% correct in the validation data. Mistakes in the network correspond to cells with various pathological classifications features, which make them difficult to classify even for an expert. Conclusions: The developed application classifies quickly and accurately the different types of red blood cells in a microscopic sample of peripheral blood smear, so it could be useful as a diagnostic support tool.

Embolismo de líquido amniótico / Amniotic fluid embolism

Se valoró un caso de una femenina quien es internada por embarazo en vías de prolongación para inducción del mismo, posterior a su labor presenta sangrado transvaginal abundante por lo que es ingresada a sala de operaciones, no se le encuentra sitio de sangrado, le realizan histerectomía y fallece; es enviada para su respectiva autopsia, se determina como causa de muerte: embolismo de líquido amniótico. Este artículo pretende revisar la etiología de esta patología, fisiopatología, criterios diagnósticos del mismo, factores de riesgo, diagnósticos diferenciales y su tratamiento.

A case of a female who is hospitalized for pregnancy-way extension for induction thereof, after their work presents TVB abundant so it is entered into operating room were assessed, you will not find the bleeding site, we performed hysterectomy and dies; is sent to the respective autopsy determined the cause of death: amniotic fluid embolism. This article reviews the etiology of this pathology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria thereof, risk factors, differential diagnosis and treatment.

Transfusiones de glóbulos rojos en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso de nacimiento / Red blood cell transfusions in very low birth weight newborns

Introducción: Se ha reportado que el 80% de los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso de nacimiento (RNMBPN) es receptor de transfusiones de glóbulos rojos desplasmatizados (trGRD) y en el 90 por ciento de ellos, la indicación de transfusión es la reposición de sangre extraída. La acción en salud que mayor impacto ha tenido sobre el descenso del número de transfusiones, es la existencia de guías para la práctica transfusional. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características de los RNMBPN receptores de trGRD. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo, que incluyó las fichas clínicas de todos los RNMBPN, mayores de 72 h de vida, egresados de Neonatología, Hospital Base Valdivia, entre el año 2005 y 2006. Se evaluaron el peso de nacimiento, edad gestacional, surfactante pulmonar, membrana hialina, ventilación mecánica, displasia broncopulmonar, sepsis y transfusiones de GRD. Se utilizó la Guía para la Práctica Transfusional de GRD en neonatos del Centro Base. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 93 neonatos, siendo transfundidos 62 de 93 neonatos (66,7 por ciento recibiendo 2,1 +/- 0,9 trGRD, la exposición a donantes diferentes fue de 2,1 +/- 0,9. Los RNMBPN susceptible de ser receptor de trGRD fueron de edad gestacional < 30 sem, peso inferior a 1.250 g, con falla respiratoria, ventilación mecánica y sepsis. Conclusión: Los porcentajes observados de RNMBPN transfundidos, la media de trGRD y de exposición a diferentes donantes, podrían ser atribuidos a la existencia de guías para la práctica transfusional neonatal y a un equipo de neonatólogos altamente sensibilizado.

Introduction: It has been reported that 80 percent of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) are receiving packed red blood cell transfusions (PRBCtr), and in 90 percent of cases, the indication is the replacement of the blood collected. The existence of guidelines for transfusion practices has had a great impact on the decline in the number of transfusions. The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of VLBW infants who are packed red blood cell transfusion receptors. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which included the medical records of all VLBW newborns older than 72 hours, released from the Neonatology department of the Hospital Valdivia Base, between 2005 and 2006. Birth weight, gestational age, pulmonary surfactant, hyaline membrane, mechanical ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis and packed red blood cell transfusions were evaluated. Guidelines for packed red cell transfusions were used at the Hospital. Results: 93 newborns were evaluated and 62 of them were transfused (66.7 percent); they received 2.1 +/- 0.9 PRBC transfusion and the exposure to different donors was 2.1 +/- 0.9. The VLBW infants susceptible to be PRBCtr receptor were those younger than 30 weeks' gestational age, weighing less than 1,250 g and with respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation and sepsis. Conclusion: The observed percentages of transfused infants with very low birth weight, median PRBCtr and exposure to different donors can be attributed to the existence of guidelines for neonatal transfusion practices and a team of highly experienced neonatologists.

Interacción fisiológica de la hormona eritropoyetina, relacionada con el ejercicio físico en altitud moderada y alta / Physiological interaction of the erythropoietin hormone, related to physical exercise in moderate and high altitude

Objetivo. Identificar la interacción fisiológica de la hormona eritropoyetina, relacionada con el ejercicio físico en altitud moderada y alta. Dado el auge de diversas estrategias metodoló-gicas de entrenamiento utilizadas especialmente en las comunidades deportivas de algunos deportes como el ciclismo y el atletismo entre otros, para mejorar el rendimiento de los atletas y sus marcas, es necesario revisar la importancia del efecto hipóxico del entrenamiento en alturas medias y altas en la estimulación retroactiva de la eritropoyetina, con las conse-cuencias cardiocirculatorias y respiratorias confrontadas a la resistencia aeróbica y el aporte de oxígeno a los tejidos, porque pueden retrasar el inicio de la fatiga frente al ejercicio físico. Metodología. Se hizo una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs, Redalyc, Pubmed y libros en archivos digitales y físicos, así como artículos de estudios seleccionados a conve-niencia sobre el tema, aplicando periodos límites, con combinación de términos selecciona-dos. En la presente revisión se utilizaron 77 referencias. Conclusiones. Debido a las bondades de las respuestas fisiológicas de la eritropoyetina en la exposición a la altura para realizar ejercicio físico, constituyen un método natural y lícito de alcanzar el mismo objetivo que el dopaje sanguíneo: incrementar la capacidad de transpor-tar oxígeno de la sangre y, con ello, el rendimiento deportivo

Objective: Identify the physiological interaction of the eritropoyetina hormone, which is related with the physical exercise in a high and moderate altitude. Taking into the account the different methodological strategies trainining ́s boom worked specially in sporting com-munities of some sports such as cycling and athletics among others, to improve the capacity of the athletes and their records, it is necessary to check the hipoxico effect of the training in medium and high heights with the retrospective stimulation of the eritropoyetina, with the respiratory and cardioblood vessel consequences which must be faced to the aerobic resistance and the contribution of oxygen to the tissues, because they could postpone the fatigue ́s beginning with the physical exercise. Methodology. A literature search was conducted on Medline, Lilacs, Redalyc and Pubmed databases, virtual libraries, digital and paper books. as well as articles manually selected about the topic of interest. The search was conducted applying specific time periods, with combinations of selected terms. In this review, 77 references were included. Finding:When being exposed to do physical practices under high ­ altitude conditions the eritropoyetina hormone provides a natural and legal method to increase the capacity to carry oxygen to the blood, which are exactly the same properties of blood doping, hence, the athletic performance increases.

Estudio prospectivo y randomizado de suplementación de hierro temprana versus tardía en niños con peso al nacer menor de 1.301 g / Prospective randomized study of early versus late enteral iron supplementation in children who weighed < 1, 301 grams at birth

Objetivo: Determinar si la suplementación temprana de hierro disminuye la necesidad, el número y volúmen de glóbulos rojos transfundidos, en relación a la suplementación tardía de hierro en niños con peso de nacimiento menor a 1.301 g. Pacientes y Método: Recién nacidos de muy bajo peso (RNMPN) fueron randomi-zados a recibir suplementación temprana de hierro de 3 mg/kg/día, tan pronto estaban tolerando alimentación enteral de 100 ml/kg/día, o a los 61 días de vida como suplementación tardía. Se midió niveles de hemoglobina al inicio de la suplementación temprana de hierro y a los 2 meses de vida. La transfusión de glóbulos rojos fue restringida de acuerdo a las guías de transfusión y no se administró eritropoyetina. Resultados: No hay diferencias en el número de transfusiones de glóbulos rojos entre los grupos y en relación a las morbilidades asociadas con la prematuridad no habría diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: La suplementación temprana de hierro cuando el niño este tolerando 100 ml/kg/día de leche, no disminuiría la incidencia de las transfusiones de glóbulos rojos en relación al inicio tardío de hierro a los 61 días de vida y probablemente sea segura en los niños menores de 1.301 g.

Objective: Determine whether early iron supplementation would decrease the need, the number and volume of transfused red blood cells in relation to late iron supplementation in children with birth weight less than 1,301 g. Patients and Methods: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were randomly assigned to receive early iron supplementation of 3 mg/kg/day as soon as they could tolerate enteral feeding of 100 ml/kg/day, or at 61 days of life as late supplementation. Hemoglobin levels were measured at the beginning of early iron supplementation and at 2 months of age. The red blood cell transfusion was performed according to transfusion guidelines and erythropoietin was not administered. Results: No differences were observed regarding the number of red cell transfusions between the groups. Morbidities associated with prematurity presented no significant differences. Conclusions: Early iron supplementation to a child that is tolerating 100 mL/kg/day of milk, does not decrease the incidence of red blood cell transfusions compared to late start iron at 61 days of life, and it is probably safe in infants with birth weight < 1,301 g.