Regulating interparticle proximity in plasmonic nanosphere aggregates to enhance photoacoustic response and photothermal stability.

Designing plasmonic nanoparticles for biomedical photoacoustic (PA) imaging involves tailoring material properties at the nanometer scale. A key in developing plasmonic PA contrast nanoagents is to engineer their enhanced optical responses in the near-infrared wavelength range, as well as heat transfer properties and photostability. This study introduces anisotropic plasmonic nanosphere aggregates with close interparticle proximity as photostable and efficient contrast agent for PA imaging. Silver (Ag), among plasmonic metals, is particularly attractive due to its strongest optical response and highest heat conductivity. Our results demonstrate that close interparticle proximity in silver nanoaggregates (AgNAs), spatially confined within a polymer shell layer, leads to blackbody-like optical absorption, resulting in robust PA signals through efficient pulsed heat generation and transfer. Additionally, our AgNAs exhibit a high photodamage threshold highlighting their potential to outperform conventional plasmonic contrast agents for high-contrast PA imaging over multiple imaging sessions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capability of the AgNAs for molecular PA cancer imaging in vivo by incorporating a tumor-targeting peptide moiety.

Breast Cancer Screening Using Inverse Modeling of Surface Temperatures and Steady-State Thermal Imaging.

Cancer is characterized by increased metabolic activity and vascularity, leading to temperature changes in cancerous tissues compared to normal cells. This study focused on patients with abnormal mammogram findings or a clinical suspicion of breast cancer, exclusively those confirmed by biopsy. Utilizing an ultra-high sensitivity thermal camera and prone patient positioning, we measured surface temperatures integrated with an inverse modeling technique based on heat transfer principles to predict malignant breast lesions. Involving 25 breast tumors, our technique accurately predicted all tumors, with maximum errors below 5 mm in size and less than 1 cm in tumor location. Predictive efficacy was unaffected by tumor size, location, or breast density, with no aberrant predictions in the contralateral normal breast. Infrared temperature profiles and inverse modeling using both techniques successfully predicted breast cancer, highlighting its potential in breast cancer screening.

Ceramic Implant Rehabilitation: Consensus Statements from Joint Congress for Ceramic Implantology.

The objectives of the study group focused on the following main topics related to the performance of one- and two-piece ceramic implants: defining bone-implant-contact percentages and its measurement methods, evaluating the pink esthetic score as an esthetic outcome parameter after immediate implantation, recognizing the different results of ceramic implant designs, as redefined by the German Association of Oral Implantology, incorporating the patient report outcome measure to include satisfaction and improvement in oral health-related quality of life, and conducting preclinical studies to address existing gaps in ceramic implants. During the Joint Congress for Ceramic Implantology (2022), the study group evaluated 17 clinical trials published between 2015 and 2021. After extensive discussions and multiple closed sessions, consensus statements and recommendations were developed, incorporating all approved modifications. A one-piece implant design features a coronal part that is fused to the implant body or interfaces with the post-abutment restoration platform, undergoing transmucosal healing. Long-term evaluations of this implant design have been supported by established favorable clinical evidence. Inaccuracies in the pink esthetic score and bone-implant-contact percentages were managed by establishing control groups for preclinical studies and randomizing clinical trials. The patient-reported outcome measures were adjusted to include an individual visual analog scale, collected from each clinical study, that quantified improved oral health and quality of life. Preclinical investigations should focus on examining the spread of ceramic debris and the impact of heat generation on tissue and cellular levels during drilling. Further technical advancements should prioritize wound management and developing safe drilling protocols.

Coupling Gold Nanospheres into Nanochain Constructs for High-Contrast, Longitudinal Photoacoustic Imaging.

Structural parameters play a crucial role in determining the electromagnetic and thermal responses of gold nanoconstructs (GNCs) at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Therefore, developing GNCs for reliable, high-contrast photoacoustic imaging has been focused on adjusting structural parameters to achieve robust NIR light absorption with photostability. In this study, we introduce an efficient photoacoustic imaging contrast agent: gold sphere chains (GSCs) consisting of plasmonically coupled gold nanospheres. The chain geometry results in enhanced photoacoustic signal generation originating from outstanding photothermal characteristics compared to traditional gold contrast agents, such as gold nanorods. Furthermore, the GSCs produce consistent photoacoustic signals at laser fluences within the limits set by the American National Standards Institute. The exceptional photoacoustic response of GSCs allows for high-contrast photoacoustic imaging over multiple imaging sessions. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our GSCs for molecular photoacoustic cancer imaging, both in vitro and in vivo, through the integration of a tumor-targeting moiety.

Reviewing the effect of aggregates in Rhodamine 6G aqueous solution on fluorescence quantum efficiency.

Rhodamines constitute a class of dyes extensively investigated and applied in various contexts, primarily attributed to their high luminescence quantum yield. This study delves into the impact of aggregation on the thermal and optical properties of Rhodamine 6G (R-6G) solutions in distilled water. Examined properties encompass thermal diffusivity (D), temperature coefficient of the refractive index (dn/dT), fluorescence quantum efficiency (η), and energy transfer (ET). These parameters were assessed through thermal lens (TL) and conventional absorption and emission spectroscopic techniques. The dimerization of R-6G solutions was revisited, revealing that an increase in R-6G concentration alters the features of absorption and emission spectra due to dimer formation, resulting in unexpected behavior of η. Consequently, we introduce a novel model for the fraction of absorbed energy converted into heat (φ), which accounts for emissions from both monomers and dimers. Employing this model, we investigate and discuss the concentration-dependent behaviors of η for monomers (ηm) and dimers (ηd). Notably, our findings demonstrate that ηm values necessitate ηd = 0.2, a relatively substantial value that cannot be disregarded. Additionally, applying the Förster theory for dipole-dipole electric ET, we calculate microparameters for ET between monomers (CDD) and monomer-dimer (CDA). Critical ranges for ET in each case are quantified. Microparameter analysis indicates that ET between monomer-monomer and monomer-dimer species of R-6G dissolved in distilled water holds significance, particularly in determining ηm. These results bear significance, especially in scenarios involving high dye concentrations. While applicable to R-6G in water, similar assessments in other media featuring aggregates are encouraged.

Cutting nanodisks in graphene down to 20 nm in diameter.

A direct focused He+beam direct machining is presented to fabricate solid-state nano-disk at the surface of a graphene multilayer micro-flake deposited on an Au/Ti/sapphire surface. At irradiation doses larger than 5.0 × 1017ions cm-2and with a beam size well below 1 nm, graphene disks down to 20 nm in diameter have been machined with for nano-disk down to 50 nm in diameter, a central hole for preparing the positioning of a rotation axle. The local heat generated by this irradiation is inducing a partial graphene amorphization and deformation, leading to a complete graphene nano-disk vaporization at doses larger than 5 × 1018ions cm-2. A dry transfer printing technique followed by a graphene surface cleaning was used to transfer the nano-disks from its initial surface to a fresh and clean surface. Tapping mode atomic force micrograph have been recorded to follow the vaporization as a function of the He+dose to confirm the graphene solid-state nano-disk fabrication limit to about 20 nm with this process.

A finite difference study of radiative mixed convection MHD heat propagating Casson fluid past an accelerating porous plate including viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects.

A finite difference numerical simulation scrutiny is executed to evaluate the combined impacts of heat generation, buoyancy forces, viscous dissipation and Joule heating in unsteady hydro-magnetic mixed convective chemically reactive and radiative Casson fluid flowing along an exponentially accelerating permeable vertical plate engrossed in a porous media by considering ramp surface concentration and temperature. The dimensionless non-linear coupled PDEs describing the flow model are dealt numerically by adopting the competent implicit Crank-Nicolson finite difference procedure. The variance of velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are exposed via graphical representations due to the dissimilarity of the flow restrained parameters. Computational outcomes of the skin-friction, Nusselt and the Sherwood numbers are portrayed in the tabular pattern. The final outcomes of the research exposed that the impacts of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and heat production parameters enlarges the temperature and velocity distributions. The fluid motion deflates for growing Casson parameter and magnetic field intensity. The rising chemical reaction parameter suppresses the concentration and velocity distributions. Very importantly it is distinguished that fluid momentum, temperature, and concentration are quicker in the instance of isothermal plate temperature than ramp wall temperature. This kind of research may find specific industrial and medical utilizations such as glass manufacturing, crude oil purification, lubrication, paper production, blood transport study in cardiovascular design, etc.

Predicting the thermal distribution in a convective wavy fin using a novel training physics-informed neural network method.

Fins are widely used in many industrial applications, including heat exchangers. They benefit from a relatively economical design cost, are lightweight, and are quite miniature. Thus, this study investigates the influence of a wavy fin structure subjected to convective effects with internal heat generation. The thermal distribution, considered a steady condition in one dimension, is described by a unique implementation of a physics-informed neural network (PINN) as part of machine-learning intelligent strategies for analyzing heat transfer in a convective wavy fin. This novel research explores the use of PINNs to examine the effect of the nonlinearity of temperature equation and boundary conditions by altering the hyperparameters of the architecture. The non-linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) involved with heat transfer is reduced into a dimensionless form utilizing the non-dimensional variables to simplify the problem. Furthermore, Runge-Kutta Fehlberg's fourth-fifth order (RKF-45) approach is implemented to evaluate the simplified equations numerically. To predict the wavy fin's heat transfer properties, an advanced neural network model is created without using a traditional data-driven approach, the ability to solve ODEs explicitly by incorporating a mean squared error-based loss function. The obtained results divulge that an increase in the thermal conductivity variable upsurges the thermal distribution. In contrast, a decrease in temperature profile is caused due to the augmentation in the convective-conductive variable values.

Removal of broken abutment screws using ultrasonic tip - a heat development in-vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Dental implants can cause complications, including the loosening of the abutment screw or fracture. However, there is no standardized technique for removing broken abutment screws. This necessitates further research. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure heat generation during screw removal to better understand its implications for dental implant procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental setup involved using synthetic bone blocks and titanium implants. An ultrasonically operated instrument tip was utilized for screw removal. Infrared thermometry was employed for accurate temperature measurement, considering factors such as emissivity and distance. Statistical analysis using linear regression and ANOVA was conducted. RESULTS: The findings revealed an initial rapid temperature increase during the removal process, followed by a gradual decrease. The regression model demonstrated a strong correlation between time and temperature, indicating the heat generation pattern. CONCLUSION: Heat generation during screw removal poses risks such as tissue damage and integration issues. Clinicians should minimize heat risks through an intermittent approach. The lack of a standardized technique requires further research and caution. Understanding the generated heat optimizes implant procedures.

Recent advances in functionalized ferrite nanoparticles: From fundamentals to magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy.

Cancers are fatal diseases that lead to most death of human beings, which urgently require effective treatments methods. Hyperthermia therapy employs magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as heating medium under external alternating magnetic field. Among various MNPs, ferrite nanoparticles (FNPs) have gained significant attention for hyperthermia therapy due to their exceptional magnetic properties, high stability, favorable biological compatibility, and low toxicity. The utilization of FNPs holds immense potential for enhancing the effectiveness of hyperthermia therapy. The main hurdle for hyperthermia treatment includes optimizing the heat generation capacity of FNPs and controlling the local temperature of tumor region. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT) of FNPs, which is accomplished by elucidating the underlying mechanism of heat generation and identifying influential factors. Based upon fundamental understanding of hyperthermia of FNPs, valuable insights will be provided for developing efficient nanoplatforms with enhanced accuracy and magnetothermal properties. Additionally, we will also survey current research focuses on modulating FNPs' properties, external conditions for MHT, novel technical methods, and recent clinical findings. Finally, current challenges in MHT with FNPs will be discussed while prospecting future directions.

New aerosol-decreasing dental handpiece functions sufficiently decrease pulp temperature: An in vitro study.

PURPOSE: To assess the changes in intrapulpal temperature between electric high-speed handpieces of different coolant functions ('Water Jet' and 'Water Spray'), coolant port designs (1- and 4-port), suction use, and bur and tooth types using an experimental in vitro setup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four extracted anterior and posterior teeth were collected. A total of 18 groove cuts (n = 18/coolant port spray design, bur and tooth type group) and 12 groove cuts (n = 12/tooth type and suction use) were completed, with a total of 264 groove cuts. Real-time temperature and duration were recorded at 1-s intervals throughout the preparation process using a thermocouple and digital data logger setup (GFX Data Logger Series and EL USB-TC; Lascar Electronics Inc., USA), and the data retrieved using EasyLog Software (EasyLog USB; Lascar Electronics Inc., USA). Statistical analysis was performed (SPSS V.27) for the change in temperature using the analysis of variance and post hoc analysis. RESULTS: The majority of the specimen cuts, regardless of tooth (anterior or posterior) and bur (diamond or carbide) types, handpiece coolant port design, and suction use showed an overall decreasing trend in intrapulpal temperature. No cuts caused a mean temperature change that reached the critical temperature of 42.5°C or resulted in an overall increase in intrapulpal temperature when the 60-s duration was completed. CONCLUSIONS: The tested electric handpieces efficiently reduced intrapulpal temperature, with the majority displaying a decreasing trend. A greater decrease in intrapulpal temperature was observed in canines compared to premolars; carbide burs compared to diamond; and with no suction preparations compared to when suction was used.

Light-to-Heat Conversion of Optically Trapped Hot Brownian Particles.

Anisotropic hybrid nanostructures stand out as promising therapeutic agents in photothermal conversion-based treatments. Accordingly, understanding local heat generation mediated by light-to-heat conversion of absorbing multicomponent nanoparticles at the single-particle level has forthwith become a subject of broad and current interest. Nonetheless, evaluating reliable temperature profiles around a single trapped nanoparticle is challenging from all of the experimental, computational, and fundamental viewpoints. Committed to filling this gap, the heat generation of an anisotropic hybrid nanostructure is explored by means of two different experimental approaches from which the local temperature is measured in a direct or indirect way, all in the context of hot Brownian motion theory. The results were compared with analytical results supported by the numerical computation of the wavelength-dependent absorption efficiencies in the discrete dipole approximation for scattering calculations, which has been extended to inhomogeneous nanostructures. Overall, we provide a consistent and comprehensive view of the heat generation in optical traps of highly absorbing particles from the viewpoint of the hot Brownian motion theory.

Cattaneo-Christov heat flow model at mixed impulse stagnation point past a Riga plate: Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation method.

Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) via soft computing procedures have attracted the attention of researchers due to their effective modeling, simulation procedures, and detailed analysis. In this article, the designing of intelligence computing through a neural network that is backpropagated with the Levenberg-Marquardt method (NN-BLMM) to study the Cattaneo-Christov heat flow model at the mixed impulse stagnation point (CCHFM-MISP) past a Riga plate is investigated. The original model CCHFM-MISP in terms of PDEs is converted into non-linear ODEs through suitable similarity variables. A data set is generated for all scenarios of CCHFM-MISP through Lobatto IIIA numerical solver by varying Hartman number, velocity ratio parameter, inverse Darcy number, mixed impulse variable, non-dimensional constraint, Eckert number, heat generation variable, Prandtl number, thermal relaxation variable. To find the physical impacts of parameters of interest associated with the presented fluidic system CCHFM-MISP, the approximate solution of NN-BLMM is carried out by performing training (80 %), testing (10 %), and validation (10 %), and then the results are equated with the reference data to ensure the perfection of the proposed model. Through MSE, state transition, error histogram, and regression analysis, the outcomes of NN-BLMM are presented and analyzed. The graphical illustration and numerical outcomes confirm the authentication and effectiveness of the solver. Moreover, mean square errors for validation, training and testing data points along with performance measures lie around 10-10 and the solution plots generated through deterministic (Lobatto IIIA) approach and stochastic numerical solver are matching up to 10-6, which surely validate the solver NN-BLMM. The outcomes of M and B on velocity present the similar impacts. The velocity of material particles decreases under Da while, it increases through velocity ratio and magnetic parameters.

Mixed convection of two layers with radiative electro-magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid flow in vertical enclosure.

Mixed convection flow of two layers nanofluid in a vertical enclosure is studied. The channel consists of two regions. Region I is electrically conducting while Region II is electrically non-conducting. Region I is filled with base fluid water with copper oxides nanoparticles and Region II is filled with base fluid kerosene oil with iron oxides. The simultaneous effects of electro-magnetohydrodynamics and Grashof number are also taken into account. The governing flow problem consists of nonlinear coupled differential equations which is tackled using analytical technique. Analytical results have been obtained by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The results for the leading parameters, such as the Hartmann numbers, Grashof numbers, ratio of viscosities, width ratio, volume fraction of nanoparticles, and the ratio of thermal conductivities for three different electric field scenarios under heat generation/absorption were examined. It is found that the effect of the negative electric load parameter assists the flow while the effect of the positive electric load parameter opposes the flow as compared to the case when the electric load parameter is zero. All outcomes for significant parameters on velocity and temperature are discussed graphically.

Numerical simulation of variable density and magnetohydrodynamics effects on heat generating and dissipating Williamson Sakiadis flow in a porous space: Impact of solar radiation and Joule heating.

This study is confined to the numerical evaluation of variable density and magnetohydrodynamics influence on Williamson Sakiadis flow in a porous space. In this study, Joule heating, dissipation, heat generation effect on optically dense gray fluid is encountered. The inclined moving surface as flow geometry is considered to induce the fluid flow. A proposed phenomenon is given a mathematical structure in partial differential equations form. These partial differential equations are then made dimensionless using dimensionless variables. The obtained dimensionless model in partial differential equations is then changed to ordinary differential equations via stream function formulation. A set of transformed equations has been solved with bvp4c solver. The numerical fallout of velocity field, temperature field, skin friction, and heat transfer rate are illustrated in graphs and tables with flow parametric variations. Conclusion is drawn that mounting values of density variation parameter confirm the reduction in velocity field and augmentation in temperature of the fluid. When Williamson fluid parameter enhances, both fluid velocity and temperature are rising correspondingly. Growing magnitudes of the magnetic number, radiation parameter, heat generation, and Eckert number rise the temperature of the fluid. A rise in a porous medium parameter weakens the fluid velocity. Skin friction is reducing as radiation parameter and density variation parameter are increased. The present solutions are compared to those that have already been published in order to validate the current model. The comparison leads to the conclusion that the two outcomes are in excellent agreement, endorsing the veracity of the current answers.

Heat generation and radiative effects on time-dependent free MHD convective transport over a vertical permeable sheet.

This paper investigates the role of heat absorption or production on time-dependent free MHD convective transport over a vertical porous plate with thermal radiation. The PDEs are changed into non-dimensional couple ODEs by adopting proper similarity analysis. Then the finite difference method (FMD) is used for solving the converted non-dimensional coupled ODEs. The roles of the dimensionless parameters or numbers like the radiative parameter (R), internal heat absorption or generation(Q), the suction (v0), the magnetic force parameter (M), the Schmidt number (Sc), and Prandtl number (Pr) the on the numerical results of the temperature, velocity, and concentration distributions are explained in graphically. The results indicate that improving values of the heat absorption or production with thermal radiation improves the thermal boundary layer thickness. The local skin friction coefficient increases by about 11 % and the heat transfer rate reduces by about 85 % due to improving values of Q from 1.0 to 2.0. Growing values of the radiative parameter from 1.0 to 4.0 improves the local skin friction coefficient by about 13 %. The heat transfer rate lessens by about 41 %. Our numerical results are more compared with the published paper.

Effects of initial temperature and moisture content on heat generation during degradation of municipal solid waste.

Heat generation from degradation of organic matter in municipal solid waste (MSW) often leads to increased landfill temperature. However, it is difficult to measure environmental heat loss in laboratory and field tests; therefore, little research has been conducted to evaluate heat generation during waste degradation under different initial temperatures and moisture contents. In this study, tests were conducted to investigate the effects of initial temperature and moisture content on heat generation during waste degradation. A simple formula for calculating heat generation was proposed. Within 200 h, the waste temperature decreased by about 70%, and lower initial moisture contents were associated with greater temperature decreases. The smallest temperature decrease of 47% and the greatest heat generation occurred when the initial temperature was 40 °C. The initial moisture content increased from 30% to 60% and the heat generation increased from 5% to 36%. The heat generation per unit mass of organic matter during the aerobic and anaerobic stages were 19.44-23.77 and 0.27-0.50 MJ·kg-1, respectively, indicating that the proposed formula for calculation of heat generated from waste degradation was reasonable. The results presented herein provide theoretical support for the prediction of heat generation and the recycling of heat resources in MSW landfill sites.

The impact of different polishing systems on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline crowns in relation to heat generation.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the heat generation on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) crowns during polishing with coarse and fine polishing systems at various speeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two polishers (coarse and fine) at three polishing speeds were investigated. Two simulation models of the first mandibular molars were prepared for full coverage Y-TZP restorations with different reduction dimensions. Preheated water was pumped into the abutment chamber, to simulate the intrapulpal temperature and blood flow. Twelve Y-TZP crowns (3M™ Lava™ Esthetic) were milled for each prepared tooth abutment and each cusp (n = 10) was individually ground for 30 s and polished for 2 min. Thermocouple wire was secured to the intaglio surface of the crown and linked to a data logger for recording temperature changes. Selected scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the treated surfaces and polishers were analyzed. The data was statistically analyzed using Prism 9. RESULTS: The highest temperature rise was observed in the 20,000 RPM polishing speed groups for both coarse and fine polishing, and higher than the threshold value of 5.5°C for pulp damage. The Kruskal-Wallis test, revealed statistically significant differences (p < .0001) in heat generation between low (10,000 RPM) and high (20,000 RPM) polishing speeds. CONCLUSIONS: High-speed polishing at 20,000 RPM generated the most heat over the threshold of 5.5°C, which would threaten the dental pulp. The results suggest that a cautionary approach should be taken to high-speed intraoral polishing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dental clinicians should be aware of the choice of polishing systems and speeds to avoid pulp damage from intraoral polishing of Y-TZP restorations.

Impact of thermal radiation and internal heat generation on Casson nano-fluid flowing by a curved stretchable surface with suspension of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

The function of present work is to inspect heat transmission of radiative nanofluid in regard to boundary layer description. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dependent fluid is being evaluated and it flows overtop a curved stretching surface. Special features, like thermal radiation and internal heat generation, which corresponds to heat transmission along the flow have been incorporated. Dual nature of carbon nanotubes, that is, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as well as multiple walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) together with blood (base fluid) have been utilized for the composition of nanofluid. The rheological properties of blood have been captured using Casson fluid model. Appropriate transformations have been applied to reduce the modeled system of nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To achieve the desired numerical solution of obtained system of ODEs, NDSolve technique is employed using Mathematica. Numerous parameters appearing in governing equations, exert influence on focused physical quantities. Graphs have been engaged to capture these variations for both SWCNTs and MWCNTs. Likewise, numeric charts have been displayed to investigate impressions on skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for distinct parameters.

Interaction of nanoparticles with motile gyrotactic microorganisms in a Darcy-Forchheimer magnetohydrodynamic flow- A numerical study.

The present work aims to interpret the mass and heat transferal flow through Darcy Forchheimer porous medium involving, simultaneously, microorganisms and nanoparticles. The involvement of gyrotactic microorganisms in the flow of nanoparticles reinforces the thermal characteristics of several energy systems. The amalgamation of microorganisms (microbes) in the nanofluids not only enhances the thermal properties of the fluid but it also causes the stability in the flow. Some other prominent effects such as chemical reaction and heat generation have also been taken into account. The reduced form of the governing model equations is further simplified in order to obtain the algebraic system of equations. Afterward, the approximate solution is obtained by developing an algorithm in the MATLAB software. To check the validity and efficiency of code, we have correlated our numerical outcomes with the previously accomplished ones. The outcomes are explained via the tabular and graphical representations. The flow of nanofluids will be more stable if it involves the motile microorganisms. Another example of the utilization of microorganisms is the microbial-enhanced oil recovery. In order to maintain the variation in the oil bearing layers, the microorganisms along with other nutrients can be incorporated. A significant enhancement is noticed in temperature in case of an increase in the values of heat generation and thermophoresis parameter.