Participação do Secretariado Permanente do Fórum de Macau em iniciativas de Saúde Global entre 2015 e 2022 / Participation of the Permanent Secretariat of Forum Macao in Global Health initiatives between 2015 and 2022

Resumo O Fórum para a Cooperação Econômica e Comercial entre a China e os Países de Língua Portuguesa, mais conhecido como Fórum de Macau, fundado em 2003, atua há 20 anos como elo entre a China e os países lusófonos. Desde 2016, o Secretariado Permanente do Fórum de Macau publica um anuário destacando as principais atividades realizadas pelo mesmo no ano anterior. Este artigo tem como foco analisar o papel do Fórum de Macau como organizador e mediador de iniciativas de Saúde Global através da análise de todos os artigos publicados em seus anuários entre 2016 e 2023. Foram encontradas 34 ocorrências de artigos tratando de algum tema relacionado à área da saúde, com quase dois terços relacionados à medicina tradicional chinesa, relatos de organização frequente de atividades que fomentam a cooperação internacional em saúde, além de uma ativa participação durante o primeiro ano da pandemia de Covid-19. O Fórum de Macau é uma plataforma multilateral de diálogo entre a China, Macau e o mundo de fala portuguesa, tendo a pauta da saúde e a divulgação da medicina tradicional chinesa ocupado um espaço de destaque em seu anuário.

Abstract The Forum for Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries, better known as Forum Macao, founded in 2003, has been acting as a link between China and Portuguese-speaking countries for 20 years. Since 2016, the Permanent Secretariat of Forum Macao has published a yearbook highlighting the main activities it carried out in the previous year. This article focuses on analyzing Forum Macao's role as an organizer and mediator of Global Health initiatives by analyzing all the articles published in its yearbooks between 2016 and 2023. We found 34 articles dealing with a health-related topic, with almost two thirds related to traditional Chinese medicine, reports of frequent organization of activities that foster international cooperation in health, as well as active participation during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. Forum Macao is a multilateral platform for dialogue between China, Macao and the Portuguese-speaking world, with the health agenda and the dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine occupying a prominent place in its yearbook.

La cooperación internacional y el sistema de salud cubano desde una perspectiva social / International Cooperation and The Cuban Health System from A Social Perspective

Introducción: Los enfoques políticos, sociales y económicos desde los cuales se canaliza la cooperación internacional en salud influyen en el desarrollo de los sistemas sanitarios. Su adecuada utilización potencia los logros obtenidos como complemento a los esfuerzos gubernamentales para mejorar la salud de la población. Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de la cooperación internacional en salud en Cuba en el periodo de 1960 hasta 2018 y su vínculo con el desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud desde una perspectiva social. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa documental, sobre la base del método histórico-lógico. El periodo de estudio estuvo comprendido entre 1960, fecha de creación del Sistema Nacional de Salud, y 2018. Desde una perspectiva social, se aborda el vínculo desde lo teórico, entre la evolución de la cooperación internacional en salud con el desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano. Conclusiones: Las capacidades de recursos humanos y científico-técnicas de Cuba junto al desarrollo del sistema de salud constituyen una fortaleza que permite un adecuado uso de los recursos que se reciben por la cooperación internacional, con un marcado enfoque social y en beneficio de la salud de la población(AU)

Introduction: The political, social and economic approaches, from which international cooperation in health is channeled, influence the development of health systems. Its proper use enhances the achievements as a complement to government efforts to improve the population health. Objective: To analyze the evolution of international cooperation in health in Cuba 1960 to 2018 and the link with the development of the National Health System from a social perspective. Methods: A qualitative documentary research was carried out, based on the historical-logical method. The study period was from 1960, when the National Health System was created, to 2018. From a social perspective, the theoretical relation between the evolution of international cooperation in health and the development of the Cuban National Health System is addressed. Conclusions: The capacities of human and scientific-technical resources of Cuba, together with the development of the health system, constitute a strength that allows adequate use of the resources received by international cooperation, with marked social approach and for the benefit of health of the population(AU)

An initiative of cooperation in Zika virus research: the experience of the ZIKABRA study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The Zika virus outbreak has triggered a set of local and global actions for a rapid, effective, and timely public health response. A World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, supported by the Department of Chronic Condition Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (DCCI) of the Health Surveillance Secretariat (SVS), Brazil Ministry of Health (MoH) and other public health funders, resulted in the start of the "Study on the persistence of Zika virus in body fluids of patients with ZIKV infection in Brazil - ZIKABRA study". The ZIKABRA study was designed to increase understanding of how long ZIKV persists in bodily fluids and informing best measures to prevent its transmission. Data collection began in July 2017 and the last follow up visit occurred in 06/26/2020. METHODS: A framework for the ZIKABRA Cooperation initiative is provided through a description and analysis of the mechanisms, strategies and the ethos that have guided the models of international governance and technical cooperation in health for scientific exchange in the context of a public health emergency. Among the methodological strategies, we included a review of the legal documents that supported the ZIKABRA Cooperation; weekly documents produced in the meetings and working sessions; technical reports; memorandum of understanding and the research protocol. CONCLUSION: We highlight the importance of working in cooperation between different institutional actors to achieve more significant results than that obtained by each group working in isolation. In addition, we point out the advantages of training activities, ongoing supervision, the construction of local installed research capacity, training academic and non-academic human resources, improvement of laboratory equipment, knowledge transfer and the availability of the ZIKABRA study protocol for development of similar studies, favoring the collective construction of knowledge to provide public health emergency responses. Strategy harmonization; human resources and health services; timing and recruiting particularities and processing institutional clearance in the different sites can be mentioned as challenges in this type of initiative.

Cooperação internacional em saúde do Brasil na era do SUS / Brazilian international cooperation in health in the era of SUS

Resumo O artigo aborda a presença da saúde na diplomacia da saúde e na cooperação internacional do Brasil, desde o surgimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), com ênfase na cooperação Sul-Sul e em linha com as prioridades da cooperação técnica internacional do país desde então, que enfatiza as relações com países da América Latina e Caribe (ALC) e da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), particularmente com os Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP) e Timor Leste. Ressalta os papéis do Ministério da Saúde, por meio da Assessoria Internacional em Saúde (AISA) e da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), além da Agência Brasileira de Cooperação (ABC), do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, e da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Aponta o papel do Termo de Cooperação TC-41 como um dos principais instrumentos da viabilização da cooperação. Apresenta os casos das redes estruturantes dos sistemas de saúde, assim como as negociações paradigmáticas da Convenção-Quadro sobre Controle do Tabaco, do Acordo TRIPS e da criação da UNAIDS, nos quais o papel da diplomacia brasileira foi preponderante.

Abstract This paper addresses the role of health in Brazil's health diplomacy and international cooperation since the emergence of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), focusing in particular on South-South cooperation, in line with the priorities of the country's international technical cooperation since its creation. It highlights the relationship with the Latin American and Caribbean Countries (LAC) and the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP), more specifically, with the Portuguese Speaking African Countries (PALOP) and East Timor. It emphasizes the roles of the Ministry of Health, through the International Advisory Working Group on Health (AISA) and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The article points out that the TC-41 Co-operation Agreement is one of the main instruments for enabling cooperation. It presents the cases of the structuring networks of health systems, as well as the paradigmatic negotiations of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the TRIPS Agreement and the establishment of UNITAIDS, in which Brazilian diplomacy had a predominant role.

A concepção brasileira de "cooperação Sul-Sul estruturante em saúde" / Brazil's conception of South-South "structural cooperation" in health*

No despontar do novo milênio, as necessidades em saúde dos países pobres além de não terem diminuído parecem ter piorado, devido a uma complexa interação entre vários fatores, que resulta em agudas iniquidades, num mesmo país e entre os países. Essa situação crítica questiona, mais uma vez, a cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento e estimula a reflexão. Nesse processo, a cooperação Sul-Sul tem ganhado crescente importância. No início do século XXI, a cooperação internacional, principalmente no âmbito Sul-Sul, passou a ocupar um lugar estratégico na política externa brasileira e a saúde é considerada um tema prioritário nessa agenda. Este artigo discute a concepção brasileira de "cooperação estruturante em saúde" entre os países em desenvolvimento. Apresenta uma breve revisão histórica sobre a cooperação para o desenvolvimento e a cooperação em saúde; elabora o conceito de "cooperação estruturante em saúde", discute a proposta brasileira formulada ao longo da última década e a sua implementação até o presente momento. A abordagem brasileira está centrada no conceito de "construção de capacidades para o desenvolvimento", mas inova em dois aspectos: integra formação de recursos humanos, fortalecimento organizacional e desenvolvimento institucional; e rompe com a tradicional transferência passiva de conhecimentos e tecnologias. É cedo para avaliar o seu impacto, mas essa cooperação vem sendo implementada com base em cinco aspectos estratégicos, políticos e técnicos interrelacionados: (a) priorização da cooperação horizontal; (b) foco no desenvolvimento de capacidades em saúde; (c) iniciativas coordenadas no contexto regional; (d) forte envolvimento de ministros da saúde na construção de consensos estratégicos e políticos; e (e) estimulo à parceria entre saúde e relações exteriores

At the dawn of the new millennium, not only have poor countries' health needs not diminished, but they seem to have worsened due to a complex interplay among many factors that result in huge inequities within and between countries. This critical situation calls international development cooperation into question once again and prompts new thinking. In this process, South-South cooperation has steadily gained importance. At the start of the 21st century, international ­ particularly South-South ­ cooperation has come to occupy a strategic place in Brazilian foreign policy, and health is a priority item on this agenda. This paper examines the Brazilian conception of horizontal "structural cooperation in health". It presents a brief historical review of international development cooperation and health cooperation, explores the concept of "structural cooperation in health", and discusses the Brazilian proposal formulated over the past decade and its implementation to date. This Brazilian approach centers on the concept of "capacity building for development", but innovates in two respects: by integrating human resource development with organisational and institutional development and by breaking with the traditional passive transfer of knowledge and technology. It is still early to evaluate its impact, but this cooperation has been implemented on the basis of five interrelated strategic, political and technical considerations: (a) priority for horizontal cooperation; (b) focus on developing health capabilities; (c) coordinated initiatives in the regional context; (d) strong involvement of health ministers in building strategic and political consensus; and (e) encouraging partnership between ministries of health and foreign relations

Ensaio crítico sobre a cooperação internacional em saúde / Critical essay on international cooperation in health

Este ensaio discute as necessidades de cooperação internacional em saúde, o modelo dominante da cooperação neste campo, algumas alternativas ao mesmo − que inclui a cooperação Sul-Sul - e prognósticos para o cenário cooperação internacional, considerada parte da diplomacia da saúde

This essay discusses the need for international cooperation in health, the current dominant model of cooperation in the area, as well as a few alternatives to this model - such as South-South cooperation - and prognoses for the international cooperation sphere, considered a part of health diplomacy

La investigación en tecnología médica: apoyo a la cooperación entre países / Research in medical technology: support to the cooperation between nations

El presente documento expone los trabajos y acciones de investigación sobre tecnología médica realizados por diferentes países, instituciones y grupos académicos para favorecer e instrumentar la cooperación e intercambio de información. Se pone especial énfasis en las acciones llevadas a cabo por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud que, con este fin, ha apoyado la ejecución de 45 protocolos de investigación sobre el tema, y ha promovido el trabajo conjunto de grupos académicos, instituciones nacionales y agencias internacionales. Se hace referencia particular a las investigaciones y resultados obtenidos por el grupo de investigación sobre tecnología del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, que trabaja en este tema desde 1988 y ha ejecutado dos protocolos de investigación sobre equipamientos médicos. Los resultados de estas investigaciones han servido de base para realizar propuestas de intercambios con países de la Región.

This paper discusses the results of the research work on medical technology in several countries by research teams whose goals are to prompt the exchange of information and support practical cooperation. Emphasis is placed on the work developed by the Pan American Health Organization, which has supported 45 research proposals on medical technology and stimulated the association of academic groups, national institutions and international agencies. The authors also describe the research activities of the team devoted to medical technology research at the National Institute of Public Health in Mexico.