Quantitative analysis and health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in pet food samples using ultrasound assisted hydrogen peroxide extraction followed by ICP-OES analysis.

There is a lack of information regarding the presence of heavy metals in feed ingredients for animals. Therefore, this study examines 10 feed samples collected from commercial pet food in South African market. The optimal working parameters for ultrasound assisted hydrogen peroxide extraction (UA-HPE) confirmed by multivariate optimization were sonication temperature at 80 °C for 60 min, sample mass of 0.1 g, and H2O2 concentration of 5 mol/L. The UA-HPE results demonstrated high accuracy of (>95%), reproducibility (≤1.9%), low method of detection limits (0.3498 and 0.49 µg/g), and strong linearity as confirmed by regression analysis. The environmental friendliness of the UA-HPE method was assessed using AGREEPrep metric tool that resulted with a score of 0.74. The concentration levels of Cd, Pb and As, ranged between 0.86 and 11.34, 4.50-11.45, and 2.61-12.5 µg/g, respectively greater than the standardized limits, whilst Cr, and Sn were below the limits of detection in all pet food. The health index calculations (HI > 1) revealed that the cat, dog, and horse feed pose health risk for animal consumption. Consequently, this study demonstrated a green, efficient, and cost-effective method for the analysis of animal feed with high accuracy.

Integrated spectroscopic approaches for the facile one pot quantification of olanzapine in pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human plasma.

In this work, the xanthene dye, erythrosine B, was employed as a probe for the determination of olanzapine using two fast and highly simple analytical approaches. The assay was based on the formation of a binary complex between the drug and erythrosine B in a slightly acidic aqueous buffered solution. In the first method, the absorbance of the formed product was monitored at 558 nm. The reaction stoichiometry was investigated, and the stability constant of the formed complex was estimated. The linear range of the method that obeyed Beer's law was in the concentration range of 0.6-8.0 µg/ml. The calculated detection and quantitation limits were 0.2 and 0.6 µg/mL. Upon adding the drug solution to erythrosine B, the native fluorescence of the dye was quenched and monitored at 550 nm after excitation at 528 nm. Thus, the fluorescence quenching was utilized as the quantitative signal in the spectrofluorimetric approach. The extent of quenching in the fluorescence intensity was rectilinear with the drug concentration in a range of 0.1-2.5 µg/ml with a detection limit of 0.032 µg/ml. Both approaches were analytically validated based on the guiding rules of the ICH with acceptable results, and were utilized efficiently in the analysis of olanzapine in commercial tablets containing the cited drug. In addition, owing to its high sensitivity and selectivity, the spectrofluorimetric method was applied for drug analysis in spiked human plasma with satisfactory % recoveries. Finally, the greenness of the methods was confirmed using eco-score scale and Analytical Green Evaluation metrics.

An eco-friendly and cost-effective HPTLC method for quantification of COVID-19 antiviral drug and co-administered medications in spiked human plasma.

The coronavirus-2 has led to a global pandemic of COVID-19 with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome leading to worldwide quarantine measures and a rise in death rates. The objective of this study is to propose a green, sensitive, and selective densitometric method to simultaneously quantify remdesivir (REM) in the presence of the co-administered drug linezolid (LNZ) and rivaroxaban (RIV) in spiked human plasma. TLC silica gel aluminum plates 60 F254 were used as the stationary phase, and the mobile phase was composed of dichloromethane (DCM): acetone (8.5:1.5, v/v) with densitometric detection at 254 nm. Well-resolved peaks have been observed with retardation factors (Rf) of 0.23, 0.53, and 0.72 for REM, LNZ, and RIV, respectively. A validation study was conducted according to ICH Q2 (R1) Guidelines. The method was rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 0.2-5.5 µg/band, 0.2-4.5 µg/band and 0.1-3.0 µg/band for REM, LNZ and RIV, respectively. The sensitivities of REM, LIN, and RIV were outstanding, with quantitation limits of 128.8, 50.5, and 55.8 ng/band, respectively. The approach has shown outstanding recoveries ranging from 98.3 to 101.2% when applied to pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma. The method's greenness was assessed using Analytical Eco-scale, GAPI, and AGREE metrics.

Fluorescence based methodology with greenness consideration for concurrent estimation of anti-allergic medication; application to dosage form.

A green, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method for quantitative assay of an anti-allergic medication composed of montelukast and fexofenadine mixture in raw materials and dosage form was developed. The method was based on measuring the synchronous fluorimetric peak without interference, pre-separation or pre-extraction procedures. Montelukast was analyzed at 360 nm while fexofenadine was measured at 263 nm using Δλ = 20 nm for both drugs using ethanol as diluting solvent and acetate buffer of pH 4. The assay was rectilinear over the concentration range of 1.0-10.0 µg/mL for fexofenadine and 0.1-0.6 µg/mL for montelukast. The method was full validated according to ICH guidelines. The applicability of the method enables the assay of both drugs in raw materials, synthetic mixture as well as combined tablets. Moreover, the greenness of the method was assessed using different methods including; analytical eco-scale, GAPI and AGREE. All of these methods confirm that the proposed method is an eco-friendly method.

Sensitive spectrofluorimetric determination of the prokinetic drug prucalopride succinate based on supramolecular aggregation approach with evaluation of method greenness: application to content uniformity test.

The prokinetic drug, prucalopride (PCP) succinate, was determined using a new spectrofluorimetric approach with a highly sensitive, rapid, and simple procedure. The method exploited the enhancement of the inherent native fluorescence of PCP by micellar aggregation with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant. Different factors that could affect the fluorescence intensity were carefully studied in order to achieve the maximal fluorescence signal. Measurement of the enhanced fluorescence was done at 354 nm after the excitation at 276 nm. The fluorescence intensity-concentration plot was rectilinear in the concentration range of 50-600 ng/ml with detection and quantitation limits of 13.9 and 42.1 ng/ml, respectively. The method underwent validation according to the International Council for Harmonisation criteria in order to assess its analytical performance, and promising results were achieved that proved the validity and reliability of the method. Furthermore, the method was employed effectively for the analysis of the cited drug in commercial pharmaceutical tablets.

Facile decoration of one-pot fluorescence probe-patterned reaction for sensing and ultrasensitive determination of tradjenta, a new type 2 diabetes oral therapy.

Type 2 diabetes can be cured by using tradjenta (also known as Linagliptin), a new therapeutic drug that is an inhibitor of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme. Tradjenta is administered orally alone or in combination with metiguanide or empagliflozin. An easy and specific fluorimetric analysis of Tradjenta was developed and demonstrated in the present investigation. The Hantzsch reaction method, which generates a fluorescent dihydropyridine derivative, is the basis of this assay. In a Toerell-Stenhagen buffered solution, the unsubstituted amine group of Tradjenta interacted with 2,4-Pentadione/Oxomethane. Spectrofluorimetry was utilized for this investigation at an excitation/emission wavelength of 421/480 nm. When comparing the Tradjenta concentration to the tracked fluorimetric signal, the method revealed linearity over the concentration range of 0.05 to 1.2 µg/mL. By strictly altering system parameters and analyzing the validation factors following International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) requirements, the outcomes were achieved. Finally, the proposed approach was successfully applied to assay the drug not only in its raw form and prescribed formulations but also to evaluate the tablet's uniformity of content.