Exploring the correlation between airborne pollen levels and respiratory conditions in Jaipur, India.

Airborne pollen, a significant natural pollutant, restricts outdoor activities and impacts quality of life for sensitive individuals with pulmonary disorders. This study examines trends in airborne pollen concentrations and explores whether air pollution, pollen concentration, or both impact patient counts. The annual pollen trend in Jaipur shows peaks in pollen concentration in March (due to trees, 66%), September (due to weeds, 45%), and December (due to grass, 50%). Among the fifteen taxa examined, Holoptelea integrifolia is the largest pollen emitter in Jaipur, followed by Poaceae, among others. The count of patients arriving for clinical consultations in a hospital shows a strong and positive correlation with weed (Asteraceae spp. and Argemone mexicana) and grass pollen. A linear regression equation is developed (R2 value = 0.835) for forecasting consulting patient counts based on Cassia siamea pollen concentration. This can assist hospital administration in resource management, especially during peak allergy seasons.

Changes in Skin Test Aeroallergen Sensitization in Mexico Over the Past 14 Years and According to Climate.

Introduction: Aeroallergen exposure has an intra- and extra-domiciliary component and varies according to climatological zones. Mexico is a large country with a great variety of climates. A previous study (2009) evaluated skin prick test results (SPT) in different regions. In this study, we compare previous sensitization patterns from 14y ago with current ones and compare them between different climatological zones. Methods: Mexican allergists were asked to share their last 100 SPT results in patients with respiratory allergy. Clinics were grouped in (semi)humid vs (semi)dry zones. Results were analyzed nationwide and compared to the 2009 results, calculating odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), with p <0.05 as cut-off. Similarly, we compared (semi)humid versus dry zones. Results: We collected 2915 SPT results from 28 clinics (19 cities). Dermatophagoides was the most frequently sensitizing allergen. There was a significant increase in SPT positivity from 2009 to 2023 in both in- and outdoor aeroallergens (OR 1.26-2.65, 95% CI from 1.06-1.50 to 1.99-3.52). Comparing dry-humid zones, sensitization to pollen from Oleaceae, Fagaceae (p < 0.0001 all) and most weeds is more frequent in humid zones, as are Dermatophagoides and cockroach (both p < 0.0001). Eucalyptus, mesquite, and all grass pollen sensitizations predominate in dry zones (p < 0.05-0.0001). There are no differences in sensitization to cat or dog between zones. Conclusion: We found a general increase in SPT sensitization over the past fourteen years, suggesting that this is probably not only due to climate change. The different sensitization profile throughout the country was mainly related to humidity. Repeating epidemiologic SPT studies over the years could help tracking changes in allergen sensitization over time.

NLRP3 promotes allergic responses to birch pollen extract in a model of intranasal sensitization.

Introduction & Objective: Allergic sensitization is an essential step in the development of allergic airway inflammation to birch pollen (BP); however, this process remains to be fully elucidated. Recent scientific advances have highlighted the importance of the allergen context. In this regard, microbial patterns (PAMPs) present on BP have attracted increasing interest. As these PAMPs are recognized by specialized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), this study aims at investigating the roles of intracellular PRRs and the inflammasome regulator NLRP3. Methods: We established a physiologically relevant intranasal and adjuvant-free sensitization procedure to study BP-induced systemic and local lung inflammation. Results: Strikingly, BP-sensitized Nlrp3-deficient mice showed significantly lower IgE levels, Th2-associated cytokines, cell infiltration into the lung, mucin production and epithelial thickening than their wild-type counterparts, which appears to be independent of inflammasome formation. Intriguingly, bone-marrow chimera revealed that expression of NLRP3 in the hematopoietic system is required to trigger an allergic response. Conclusion: Overall, this study identifies NLRP3 as an important driver of BP-induced allergic immune responses.

The cytoskeletal protein profilin is an important allergen in saltwort (Salsola kali).

Pollen from Salsola kali, i.e., saltwort, Russian thistle, is a major allergen source in the coastal regions of southern Europe, in Turkey, Central Asia, and Iran. S. kali-allergic patients mainly suffer from hay-fever (i.e., rhinitis and conjunctivitis), asthma, and allergic skin symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of individual S. kali allergen molecules. Sal k 1, Sal k 2, Sal k 3, Sal k 4, Sal k 5, and Sal k 6 were expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant proteins containing a C-terminal hexahistidine tag and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The purity of the recombinant allergens was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Their molecular weight was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and their fold and secondary structure were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Sera from clinically well-characterized S. kali-allergic patients were used for IgE reactivity and basophil activation experiments. S. kali allergen-specific IgE levels and IgE levels specific for the highly IgE cross-reactive profilin and the calcium-binding allergen from timothy grass pollen, Phl p 12 and Phl p 7, respectively, were measured by ImmunoCAP. The allergenic activity of natural S. kali pollen allergens was studied in basophil activation experiments. Recombinant S. kali allergens were folded when studied by CD analysis. The sum of recombinant allergen-specific IgE levels and allergen-extract-specific IgE levels was highly correlated. Sal k 1 and profilin, reactive with IgE from 64% and 49% of patients, respectively, were the most important allergens, whereas the other S. kali allergens were less frequently recognized. Specific IgE levels were highest for profilin. Of note, 37% of patients who were negative for Sal k 1 showed IgE reactivity to Phl p 12, emphasizing the importance of the ubiquitous cytoskeletal actin-binding protein, profilin, for the diagnosis of IgE sensitization in S. kali-allergic patients. rPhl p 12 and rSal k 4 showed equivalent IgE reactivity, and the clinical importance of profilin was underlined by the fact that profilin-monosensitized patients suffered from symptoms of respiratory allergy to saltwort. Accordingly, profilin should be included in the panel of allergen molecules for diagnosis and in molecular allergy vaccines for the treatment and prevention of S. kali allergy.

The effect of subcutaneous and sublingual birch pollen immunotherapy on birch pollen-related food allergy: a systematic review.

Background: Birch pollen-related food allergy (BPFA) is the most common type of food allergy in birch-endemic areas such as Western and Central Europe. Currently, there is no treatment available for BPFA. Due to the cross-reactivity between birch pollen and a range of implicated plant foods, birch pollen allergen immunotherapy (AIT) may be effective in the treatment of BPFA. In this study, we systematically evaluate the effectiveness of birch pollen-specific subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy in treating BPFA. Methods: A search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane libraries. Studies were independently screened by two reviewers against predefined eligibility criteria. The outcomes of interest were changes in (1) severity of symptoms during food challenge, (2) eliciting dose (ED), and (3) food allergy quality of life (FA-QoL). The validity of the selected articles was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool. We focused on studies with the lowest risk of bias and considered studies with a high risk of bias as supportive. Data were descriptively summarized. Results: Ten studies were selected that included 475 patients in total. Seven studies were categorized into "high risk of bias" and three into "moderate risk of bias." The three moderate risk of bias studies, with a total of 98 patients, reported on severity of symptoms during challenge and on the ED. All three studies had a control group. Compared to the control group, improvement in severity of symptoms was observed during challenge in two out of the three studies and on the eliciting dose in one out of three. Only one study investigated the effect of birch pollen AIT on FA-QoL, showing that there was no significant difference between patients receiving subcutaneous immunotherapy or a placebo. Of the seven supportive studies, four had a control group and of those, three showed improvement on both severity of symptoms and ED. None of the supportive studies investigated the effect of the therapy on FA-QoL. Conclusion: This systematic review shows that there is not enough evidence to draw firm conclusions about the effect of AIT on BPFA. Future research is warranted that uses robust clinical studies that include long-term effects, QoL, and multiple BPFA-related foods.

Insect Cell-Expressed Major Ragweed Allergen Amb a 1.01 Exhibits Similar Allergenic Properties to Its Natural Counterpart from Common Ragweed Pollen.

Common ragweed pollen allergy has become a health burden worldwide. One of the major allergens in ragweed allergy is Amb a 1, which is responsible for over 90% of the IgE response in ragweed-allergic patients. The major allergen isoform Amb a 1.01 is the most allergenic isoform in ragweed pollen. So far, no recombinant Amb a 1.01 with similar allergenic properties to its natural counterpart (nAmb a 1.01) has been produced. Hence, this study aimed to produce a recombinant Amb a 1.01 with similar properties to the natural isoform for improved ragweed allergy management. Amb a 1.01 was expressed in insect cells using a codon-optimized DNA construct with a removable N-terminal His-Tag (rAmb a 1.01). The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography and physicochemically characterized. The rAmb a 1.01 was compared to nAmb a 1.01 in terms of the IgE binding (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot) and allergenic activity (mediator release assay) in well-characterized ragweed-allergic patients. The rAmb a 1.01 exhibited similar IgE reactivity to nAmb a 1.01 in different IgE-binding assays (i.e., IgE immunoblot, ELISA, quantitative ImmunoCAP inhibition measurements). Furthermore, the rAmb a 1.01 showed comparable dose-dependent allergenic activity to nAmb a 1.01 regarding basophil activation. Overall, the results showed the successful expression of an rAmb a 1.01 with comparable characteristics to the corresponding natural isoform. Our findings provide the basis for an improvement in ragweed allergy research, diagnosis, and immunotherapy.

Association between short-term pollen exposure and blood pressure in adults: A repeated-measures study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have related high pollen concentrations to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet very little research concerns pre-clinical cardiovascular health, including effects on blood pressure (BP). The EPOCHAL panel study investigated the exposure-response relationship between ambient pollen exposure and systolic and diastolic BP in adults. METHODS: BP was measured in 302 adults with and in 94 without pollen allergy during the pollen season, on approximately 16 days per person (6253 observations). Average individually-relevant pollen exposure in the 96 h prior to each BP measurement was calculated by summing up the averages of all ambient pollen concentrations to which the individual was found to be sensitized in a skin prick test, and which originated from seven highly allergenic pollen types (hazel, alder, birch, ash, grasses, mugwort and ragweed). Generalized additive mixed models were used to study the association between mean individually-relevant pollen exposure in the last 96 h and BP, adjusting for individual and environmental time-varying covariates. Effect modification by pollen allergy status, sex and BMI was evaluated. RESULTS: Positive non-linear associations between individually-relevant pollen exposure and both systolic and diastolic BP were found in the allergic but not in the non-allergic group. BP increased sharply for exposures from zero to 60/80 pollen/m3 (diastolic/systolic BP), followed by a tempered further increase at higher concentrations. Increases of 2.00 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-3.19] in systolic and 1.51 mmHg [95% CI: 0.58-2.45] in diastolic BP were associated with 96-h average pollen exposure of 400 pollen/m3, compared to no exposure. Obesity and female sex were associated with larger BP increases. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that short-term pollen concentration is associated with increased systolic and diastolic BP in persons with pollen allergy strengthens the evidence that pollen may cause systemic health effects and trigger cardiovascular events.

Ambient pollen exposure and pollen allergy symptom severity in the EPOCHAL study.

BACKGROUND: Ambient pollen exposure causes nasal, ocular, and pulmonary symptoms in allergic individuals, but the shape of the exposure-response association is not well characterized. We evaluated this association and determined (1) whether symptom severity differs between subpopulations; (2) how the association changes over the course of the pollen season; and (3) which pollen exposure time lags affect symptoms. METHODS: Adult study participants (n = 396) repeatedly scored severity of nasal, ocular, and pulmonary allergic symptoms, resulting in three composite symptom scores. We calculated hourly individually relevant pollen exposure to seven allergenic plants (alder, ash, birch, hazel, grasses, mugwort, and ragweed) considering personal sensitization and exposure time lags of up to 96 h. We fitted generalized additive mixed models, with a random personal intercept, adjusting for weather and air pollution as potential time-varying confounders. RESULTS: We identified a clear nonlinear positive association between pollen exposure and ocular and nasal symptom severity in the pollen allergy group: Symptom severity increased steeply with increasing exposure initially, but attenuated beyond approximately 80 pollen/m3. We found no evidence of an exposure threshold, below which no symptoms occur. While recent pollen exposure in the last approximately 5 h affected symptoms most, associations lingered for up to 60 h. Grass pollen exposure (compared to tree pollen) and younger age (18-30 years, as opposed to 30-65 years) were both associated with higher nasal and ocular symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of a threshold and attenuated dose-response curve may have implications for pollen warning systems, which may be revised to include multiday pollen concentrations in the future.

Isolating pollen signals from laser diode aerosol Optical Particle Counter (OPC) data through positive matrix factorization (PMF) and Unmix receptor models.

Pollen, a significant natural bioaerosol and allergen for sensitized individuals, is expected to increase in prevalence due to climate change. Mitigating allergy symptoms involves avoiding pollen exposure and pre-medication, emphasizing the importance of real-time knowledge of localized ambient air pollen concentrations. Laser diode Optical Particle Counters (OPCs) are commonly used for monitoring particle number concentrations in ambient air. This study explores the hypothesis that OPCs can monitor pollen but may struggle to distinguish them from other particles. We aimed to isolate the pollen signal from collective particle number concentrations using source apportionment models, specifically Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Unmix, applied to multiple bin OPC data. The pollen signals isolated using PMF show slightly better correlation values than those isolated using Unmix. PMF-derived pollen signals exhibit strong correlations with Holoptelea (r = 0.64) and total pollen (r = 0.54) concentrations, while a moderate correlation is observed with Poaceae (r = 0.47). Exclusion of low pollen events strengthens correlations for Holoptelea and Poaceae to very strong (r = 0.87) and strong (r = 0.67), respectively. Although both model types effectively isolate the pollen signal, metrics suggest that Unmix has the potential for more accurate predictions of both moderate and extreme pollen events simultaneously. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) metrics for Holoptelea are 46.2 grains m-3, 72.4 grains m-3, and 15.3; for Poaceae, 3.9 grains m-3, 4.9 grains m-3, and 13.0; and for total pollen, 43.5 grains m-3, 72.1 grains m-3, and 14.1. This study represents a significant development in the use of source apportionment models and ambient OPCs for real-time pollen monitoring, offering a cost-effective alternative to conventional automated pollen sensors. Despite challenges, the proposed methodology provides a practical and accessible solution for pollen monitoring, contributing to the advancement of bioaerosol monitoring technologies.

[Aerobiological study in Lima, Perú. ¿Tipuana-Tipu, perhaps a new allergen?] / Estudio aerobiológico en Lima, Perú. ¿Tipuana-Tipu, tal vez un nuevo alérgeno?

OBJECTIVE: To report the Tipuana tipu pollen as a new allergen capable of triggering allergic symptoms. METHODS: The pollen counts were made according to standardized technique with a Burkard seven days following the European Aerobiology Society´s Network Group recommendations.1 The trap was installed on the roof of Clinica SANNA, El Golf, San Isidro, which is 20 m high, 12°5'54"S 77°3'6"W in the west-south of the Lima urban area. The sampling period was performed from September 2020 to October 2021. Collection of Tipuana tipu pollens and Preparation of Tipuana tipu pollen extracts 1:20 w/v was done using a previously described method.2 We carried out systematic skin prick testing with Tipuana tipu pollen extract and other aeroallergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Blomia tropicalis), molds (Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum), cat and dog danders, Periplaneta americana, grass six mix, weed mix (Inmunotek, Spain) on 80 patients (18 to 50 years old) seen in our allergy center, they suffering from november to january rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis symptoms. The majority living near avenues and large green areas, where Tipuana trees grew. RESULTS: We found a total of 952 grains/m3 of Tipuana tipu pollen between November 2020 to january 2021, with the maximum concentration of 37 grains/m3 on December 10th. We also found other airborne pollen Types: Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Compositae and Betulaceae. 14/80 patients (17,5%) showed positive skin prick test only to Tipuana tipu extract. Most of the patients with positive tests to Tipuana extract presented symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis during the Tipuana pollination period. Four patients showed positive skin prick test to Tipuana tipu and grass 6 mix extracts, most of the rest of our patients were sensitized to dust mites' extracts (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus). CONCLUSIONS: The west-south population of Lima urban city is exposed to Tipuana tipu pollen. We do not foud previous publications about Tipuana tipu allergy. Almost 18% of the patients tested in our sample were mono-sensitized to this pollen. The results of this study should be compared with data from the forthcoming years, to identify seasonal and annual fluctuations, extend the traps to other locations in Lima, and of course try to standardize and improve the Tipuana tipu pollen extract.

OBJETIVO: Reportar al polen de Tipuana tipu como un nuevo alérgeno capaz de desencadenar síntomas alérgicos. MÉTODOS: Los conteos de polen se realizaron según la técnica estandarizada con un equipo colector tipo Hirst, Burkard spore trap for seven days, siguiendo las recomendaciones del grupo de la Red Europea de Sociedades de Aerobiología1. El equipo se instaló en la azotea de la Clínica SANNA El Golf, San Isidro, a 20 m de altura desde el nivel del suelo, 12°5'54"S 77°3'6"O en la zona suroeste del área urbana de Lima. El periodo de captación se llevó a cabo entre septiembre de 2020 y octubre de 2021. La recolección de granos de polen de Tipuana tipu, y la preparación del extracto alergénico (peso/volumen) 1:20 p/v, se realizó usando metodología previamente descrita2. Se realizaron estudios de pruebas cutáneas (skin prick test), en 80 pacientes (entre 18 y 50 años), con sintomatología de rinoconjuntivitis; referían, además, mayor intensidad de sus síntomas entre noviembre y enero. La mayoría de pacientes dijeron vivir cerca a avenidas y parques donde había árboles de Tipuana tipu. Fueron evaluados en el servicio de Alergología de la Clínica SANNA, El Golf, San Isidro. Se aplicaron extractos de polen de Tipuana tipu, y otros aeroalérgenos como ácaros del polvo (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Blomia tropicalis), hongos ambientales (Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum), epitelios de gato y perro, Periplaneta americana, mezclas de seis gramíneas, mezclas de malezas (Inmunotek, España). RESULTADOS: Encontramos un total de 952 granos/m3 de polen de Tipuana tipu entre noviembre de 2020 y enero de 2021; con la máxima concentración de 37 granos/m3 el 10 de diciembre. También identificamos otras familias polínicas: Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Compositae y Betulaceae. 14/80 pacientes (el 17,5%), resultaron positivos solo al extracto de Tipuana tipu, en el skin prick test. La mayoría de los pacientes con resultado positivo al extracto de Tipuana tipu referían síntomas de rinoconjuntivitis durante el periodo de polinización de los árboles de Tipuana. Cuatro pacientes tuvieron positividad al extracto de Tipuana tipu, y al extracto en mezcla de seis gramíneas; la mayoría del resto de pacientes mostraron sensibilidad a ácaros del polvo doméstico (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus). CONCLUSIONES: Los habitantes de la zona suroeste de la ciudad urbana de Lima están expuestos al polen de Tipuana tipu. No hemos encontrado publicaciones previas sobre alergia a este tipo de polen. Casi un 18% de pacientes estudiados en nuestra muestra, estuvieron monosensibilizados al extracto del polen de Tipuana tipu. Los resultados de este estudio deberían ampliarse y ser comparados con data en los años siguientes, identificar fluctuaciones estacionales y anuales, extender los captadores a otras locaciones en Lima, y por supuesto, intentar estandarizar y mejorar el extracto del polen de Tipuana Tipu.

Incidence of grass and weed sensitization in Bangkok, Thailand: a clinical study.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent public health concern globally, significantly impacting quality of life. In Thailand, the prevalence of AR is rising, with grass and weed pollen identified as primary outdoor triggers. Objectives: This study aimed to (1) assess patterns of pollen sensitization in Thai AR patients and (2) investigate correlations between demographics/clinical data and SPT results. Methods: A total of 121 individuals aged ≥18 years with clinically diagnosed AR were recruited. Skin prick testing (SPT) was performed using a panel of commonly encountered tropical grass and weed pollen extracts. SPT wheal sizes and clinical symptom scores were recorded. Correlations between SPT outcomes and symptom scores were analyzed. Results: Among the participants, 104 (85.95%) exhibited positive SPT reactions to at least one pollen type. Nutsedge (76/121), para grass (57/121), and Bermuda grass (48/121) were the most frequently identified allergens. Hurricane grass elicited the strongest reaction, evidenced by the highest average wheal size (6.2 mm). Poly-sensitization was observed in 77 (63.6%) of the SPT-positive individuals, with most cases involving two different pollen extracts (35/77). Notably, AR severity positively correlated with both average wheal size and the number of positive SPT tests. Conclusion: This study highlights nutsedge, para grass, and Bermuda grass as major allergenic pollen sources for Thai AR patients. Including nutsedge, hurricane grass, and careless weed in clinical SPT panels is recommended for improved diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, the positive correlation between AR severity and pollen reaction strength emphasizes the importance of implementing patient education and avoidance strategies.

[Study on allergen components of birch pollen in Beijing area].

Objective:To explore the allergen components of birch pollen in the Beijing area and interpret its clinical significance. Methods:A total of 58 patients with birch pollen allergy were included in the cross-sectional study and divided into allergic rhinitis（AR） and allergic asthma（AA） groups according to clinical manifestations. Concentration of birch pollen allergen sIgE, as well as Bet v 1, Bet v 2, Bet v 4 and Bet v 6 sIgE were detected by ImmunoCAP immunolinked immunoassay. Differences of sIgE concentration of birch pollen allergen component in AR and AA were analyzed. Results:There were 44（75.9%） cases of AR and 14（24.1%） cases of AA were enrolled. All the 18 patients with spring pollen allergy were AR patients without AA. There were 40 cases with both spring and autumn pollen allergy, of which 26 cases（65%） were AR and 14 cases（35%） were AA. The sIgE of birch pollen allergen was level 2 or above in all subjects. 94.8% were positive for any four allergen components. 77.6% were mono-sensitized to any allergen component while 17.2% were dual-sensitized. The positive rate of Bet v 1 and/or Bet v 2 was 93.1%. The positive rates of four protein components were: Bet v 1（82.8%）, Bet v 2（29.3%）, Bet v 6（1.7%）, Bet v 4（0%）. sIgE of birch pollen was positively correlated with sIgE level of Betv 1（r=0.898, P<0.001）. The sIgE concentration of Bet v2 in AA group was significantly higher than that in AR group（[4.34±14.35] kUA/L vs [1.56±3.26] kUA/L, P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in other components. Conclusion:Bet v 1 is the main allergen component of birch pollen in the Beijing area, and Bet v 1 plus Bet v 2 can diagnose more than 90% of birch pollen allergy.

[TWO CASES OF ALLERGIC VULVOVAGINITIS DIAGNOSED BY DIRECT MICROSCOPIC URINE SEDIMENT EXAMINATION].

Cedar pollen is known as a typical allergen that causes various allergic symptoms in the nasal mucosa, conjunctiva, and skin. However, inflammation of the vulvar mucosa due to sensitization to cedar pollen is not well-known. We experienced two cases in which the detection of cedar pollen during microscopic urine sediment examination led to the diagnosis of allergic vulvovaginitis caused by cedar pollen. The cases involved a 4-year-old girl and a 10-year-old girl. In both cases, the patients presented with chief complaints of pruritis in the vulva and insomnia due to frequent urination during the season of cedar pollen dissemination. Both patients were afebrile. No inflammatory skin changes such as erythema, swelling, or non-purulent discharge from mucous membranes of the vulva were observed. Microscopic urine sediment examination revealed large amounts of shed cedar pollen. The patients' conditions improved after treatment with oral antihistamines and instruction to dry their underwear indoors. Follow-up blood tests revealed high levels of specific anti-IgE antibodies to cedar pollen, thus confirming a diagnosis of allergic vulvovaginitis due to cedar pollen. Cedar pollen can cause allergic vulvovaginitis. Microscopic urine sediment examination is useful, and when combined with specific IgE antibody testing, leads to an appropriate diagnosis. This disease should also be considered in patients with complaints of vulvar discomfort during the season of cedar pollen dissemination.

Pollen and sub-pollen particles: External interactions shaping the allergic potential of pollen.

Pollen allergies, such as allergic rhinitis, are triggered by exposure to airborne pollen. They are a considerable global health burden, with their numbers expected to rise in the coming decades due to the advent of climate change and air pollution. The relationships that exist between pollens, meteorological, and environmental conditions are complex due to a lack of clarity on the nature and conditions associated with these interactions; therefore, it is challenging to describe their direct impacts on allergenic potential clearly. This article attempts to review evidence pertaining to the possible influence of meteorological factors and air pollutants on the allergic potential of pollen by studying the interactions that pollen undergoes, from its inception to atmospheric traversal to human exposure. This study classifies the evidence based on the nature of these interactions as physical, chemical, source, and biological, thereby simplifying the complexities in describing these interactions. Physical conditions facilitating pollen rupturing for tree, grass, and weed pollen, along with their mechanisms, are studied. The effects of pollen exposure to air pollutants and their impact on pollen allergenic potential are presented along with the possible outcomes following these interactions, such as pollen fragmentation (SPP generation), deposition of particulate matter on pollen exine, and modification of protein levels in-situ of pollen. This study also delves into evidence on plant-based (source and biological) interactions, which could indirectly influence the allergic potential of pollen. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and a brief overview of future research directions are outlined and discussed. We suggest that future studies should utilise a multi-disciplinary approach to better understand this complex system of pollen interactions that occur in nature.

Heterogeneity of sensitization profiles and clinical phenotypes among patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in Southern European countries-The @IT.2020 multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Pollen allergy poses a significant health and economic burden in Europe. Disease patterns are relatively homogeneous within Central and Northern European countries. However, no study broadly assessed the features of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) across different Southern European countries with a standardized approach. OBJECTIVE: To describe sensitization profiles and clinical phenotypes of pollen allergic patients in nine Southern European cities with a uniform methodological approach. METHODS: Within the @IT.2020 multicenter observational study, pediatric and adult patients suffering from SAR were recruited in nine urban study centers located in seven countries. Clinical questionnaires, skin prick tests (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) tests with a customized multiplex assay (Euroimmun Labordiagnostika, Lübeck, Germany) were performed. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-eight children (mean age 13.1 years, SD: 2.4 years) and 467 adults (mean age 35.7 years SD: 10.0 years) with a predominantly moderate to severe, persistent phenotype of SAR were recruited. Grass pollen major allergenic molecules (Phl p 1 and/or Phl p 5) ranged among the top three sensitizers in all study centers. Sensitization profiles were very heterogeneous, considering that patients in Rome were highly poly-sensitized (sIgE to 3.8 major allergenic molecules per patient), while mono-sensitization was prominent and heterogeneous in other cities, such as Marseille (sIgE to Cup a 1: n = 55/80, 68.8%) and Messina (sIgE to Par j 2: n = 47/82, 57.3%). Co-sensitization to perennial allergens, as well as allergic comorbidities also broadly varied between study centers. CONCLUSIONS: In Southern European countries, pollen allergy is heterogeneous in terms of sensitization profiles and clinical manifestations. Despite the complexity, a unique molecular, multiplex, and customized in-vitro IgE test detected relevant sensitization in all study centers. Nevertheless, this geographical diversity in pollen allergic patients imposes localized clinical guidelines and study protocols for clinical trials of SAR in this climatically complex region.

Sublingual Tablet Immunotherapy Improves Quality of Life in Adults With Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis with or without conjunctivitis can negatively impact many aspects of quality of life (QoL). The efficacy and safety of standardized quality (SQ) sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets have been confirmed across large clinical trials in adults with grass, tree, ragweed, and house dust mite (HDM) allergic rhinitis with or without conjunctivitis. OBJECTIVE: This pooled analysis investigates whether the reduction in symptom burden found across the clinical trials is supported by improvements in QoL. METHODS: A total of 11 phase II/III randomized placebo-controlled trials across the SQ grass, tree, ragweed, and HDM SLIT tablets (grass: N = 3179; ragweed: N = 767; tree: N = 634; HDM: N = 2221) were included. QoL was assessed using the standardized Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), with the exception of 3 grass trials, which used the nonstandardized version. The overall RQLQ scores were expressed as a mean of 7 domains. In the pooled analysis, treatment was used as fixed effect; and the trial, and the interaction between region/country and trial as random effects. RESULTS: The pooled analysis showed consistent and statistically significant improvements in overall RQLQ scores across all 4 SQ SLIT tablets versus placebo (pooled estimate [95% CI], P value-grass: -0.20 [-0.28 to -0.12], P < .001; tree: -0.42 [-0.58 to -0.26], P < .001; ragweed: -0.36 [-0.55 to -0.17], P < .001; HDM: -0.28 [-0.39 to -0.17], P < .001). Furthermore, significant improvements versus placebo for all 4 SQ SLIT tablets were seen across the 7 individual domains. CONCLUSIONS: The proven efficacy of SQ SLIT tablets to reduce symptoms across 4 of the most common respiratory allergens is supported by concurrent significant improvements in RQLQ scores overall and for all 7 domains.

Uncovering a Severe Patient Group With Pollen-Related Extrarespiratory Allergic Symptoms: A Year-Long Diary Survey in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The most common symptoms of pollen allergy are rhinitis and conjunctivitis. However, in real-world clinical practice, we sometimes encounter patients with pollen allergy suffering from severe extrarespiratory symptoms including skin, gastrointestinal, or flu-like symptoms in relation to exposure to sensitized pollen. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the extrarespiratory symptoms in patients with pollen allergy. METHODS: We performed a non-drug-focused prospective study of patients with pollen allergy (n = 384). During the 1-year observational period, they were asked to complete a weekly electronic diary consisting of visual analog scale (VAS) scores to assess all symptoms experienced in various organs over the past week. An association between seasonal pollen levels and seasonal increase in VAS scores was evaluated using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures. A k-means cluster analysis was performed to identify a group of patients experiencing stronger extrarespiratory symptoms. RESULTS: In patients sensitized to grass or birch pollen, higher seasonal levels of these pollen grains were associated with higher VAS scores for headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin symptoms, and fatigue. A cluster analysis identified a group of severe pollen-allergic patients with higher extrarespiratory symptoms (n = 42). This group was characterized by a higher frequency of comorbid food allergy/atopic dermatitis, higher rate of IgE sensitization to pollens, and higher impaired activity and work productivity. CONCLUSIONS: This 1-year survey identified a small but nonnegligible group of patients with pollen-related extrarespiratory symptoms. More attention should be paid to this patient group considering their impaired activity and work productivity.

Diagnosis and Management of Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome to Nuts.

Oral allergy syndrome or pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS) represents a common clinical conundrum when the reported trigger food is a tree nut (usually almond or hazelnut) or peanut. The PFAS may give rise to uncertainty about the potential severity of the future reactions, indications for prescribing epinephrine, and the extent of the necessary dietary avoidance. As a food allergy, secondary to cross-reactivity with airborne pollen, PFAS usually manifests toward the end of the first decade of life as contact urticaria of the oropharyngeal mucous membranes. Molecular allergology facilitates diagnosis and risk stratification by establishing the profile of sensitization. Exclusive sensitization to pathogenesis-related proteins family 10 (PR10) and profilins indicates that signs and symptoms are due to PFAS, whereas sensitization to seed storage proteins with or without sensitization to PR10 and profilins may indicate a more severe primary nut allergy phenotype. Management relies on avoidance of the specific nut trigger, advice on the likelihood of more severe local or systemic symptoms, and treatment of reactions according to the severity. Future studies are needed to better delineate the risk of systemic reactions in individuals with nut PFAS and to establish the role of food or pollen allergen immunotherapy for the prevention or moderation of this condition.

Green Roof Gardens - Selecting Allergy-Friendly Vegetation: A Global Allergy and Asthma Excellence Network (GA²LEN) Position Paper.

Green roof gardens are important for planetary health by mitigating the effects of urbanization. Because of the nature of green roof gardens, only particular plants can be used. The allergologic impact of these plants remains ill-characterized and guidance on building allergy-friendly green roof gardens is missing. To address this gap, we investigated the plant spectrum of several German green roof companies and categorized plants based on their primary pollination mechanism. Except for grasses, most plants were insect-pollinated and of low allergenicity. In addition, we conducted a review on the allergologic impact of plants used for green roof gardens. Our aim was to provide landscape architects with guidance on how to develop allergy-friendly green roof gardens. We highlight the need for universally accepted standards for assessing the allergenicity of roof top plants. Also, we recommend the joint development, by green roof producers and allergists, of criteria for allergy-friendly roof gardens. Their implementation may help to reduce the risk of allergen sensitization and allergy exacerbation, such as by avoiding the use of wind-pollinated plants of proven allergenicity including grasses. Green infrastructure, such as green roofs, should benefit planetary health without increasing the prevalence and burden of allergies.