Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Leaf Extract of Salvia coccinea and Its Effects of Anti-inflammatory Potential in Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells.

Inflammation is one of the basic pathophysiologically important components in many life-threatening diseases. Metallic nanoparticles play a crucial role in biomedical applications. The present study was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (ScAgNPs) using Salvia coccinea leaf extracts and characterizing them using physical and chemical methods, followed by evaluation of their cytotoxic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials in monocytic THP-1 cells. Luciferase reporter assays and qRT-PCRs were used for gene expression studies. As oxidative stress and inflammation are mutually induced by each other, inhibiting oxidative stress could subsequently lead to inhibition of inflammation. Spherical-shaped ScAgNPs with 24 nm average size were successfully synthesized. The DCF staining technique, in addition to DPPH and reducing power activity assays, showed that 100-400 µg/mL concentration of ScAgNPs decreased oxidative stress significantly, induced by high glucose, in THP-1 cells. Anti-inflammatory effects of ScAgNPs have corroborated inhibition of high-glucose-induced oxidative stress-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB-driven transcription of proinflammatory COX-2, MCP-1, IP-10, IL-17E, and IL-6 promoters significant in high-glucose-grown THP-1 cells, consistent with promoter inhibition, and the corresponding mRNA expression levels were also decreased, suggesting that ScAgNPs could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent, which could efficiently inhibit inflammation in THP-1 cells. Our initial in vitro studies suggested that ScAgNPs could serve as therapeutic candidates to alleviate inflammatory diseases by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

Anticandidal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: effect on growth, cell morphology, and key virulence attributes of Candida species.

Purpose: The pathogenicity in Candida spp was attributed by several virulence factors such as production of tissue damaging extracellular enzymes, germ tube formation, hyphal morphogenesis and establishment of drug resistant biofilm. The objective of present study was to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on growth, cell morphology and key virulence attributes of Candida species. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized by the using seed extract of Syzygium cumini (Sc), and were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ScAgNPs were used to evaluate their antifungal and antibacterial activity as well as their potent inhibitory effects on germ tube and biofilm formation and extracellular enzymes viz. phospholipases, proteinases, lipases and hemolysin secreted by Candida spp. Results: The MICs values of ScAgNPs were ranged from 0.125-0.250 mg/ml, whereas the MBCs and MFCs were 0.250 and 0.500 mg/ml, respectively. ScAgNPs significantly inhibit the production of phospholipases by 82.2, 75.7, 78.7, 62.5, and 65.8%; proteinases by 82.0, 72.0, 77.5, 67.0, and 83.7%; lipase by 69.4, 58.8, 60.0, 42.9, and 65.0%; and hemolysin by 62.8, 69.7, 67.2, 73.1, and 70.2% in C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei, respectively, at 500 µg/ml. ScAgNPs inhibit germ tube formation in C. albicans up to 97.1% at 0.25 mg/ml. LIVE/DEAD staining results showed that ScAgNPs almost completely inhibit biofilm formation in C. albicans. TEM analysis shows that ScAgNPs not only anchored onto the cell surface but also penetrated and accumulated in the cytoplasm that causes severe damage to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Conclusion: To summarize, the biosynthesized ScAgNPs strongly suppressed the multiplication, germ tube and biofilm formation and most importantly secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (viz. phospholipases, proteinases, lipases and hemolysin) by Candia spp. The present research work open several avenues of further study, such as to explore the molecular mechanism of inhibition of germ tubes and biofilm formation and suppression of production of various hydrolytic enzymes by Candida spp.

Eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the sesame oil cake and its potential anticancer and antimicrobial activities.

In recent years, much attention is focused on silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications and then synthesis using plant procedure has drawn a great focus. In the current study silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the oil cake of Sesamumindicum, which has been used traditionally for several therapeutic purposes. Silver nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesizedin the presence of sesame oil cake. The sesame oil cake facilitated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SCAgNPs). The synthesized SCAgNPs were subjected to several studies using UV-Visspectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDS and the particle characteristics were confirmed. The synthesized SCAgNPs was tested for antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion method. The antitumor activity of the synthesized SCAgNPs was also tested usingbreast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). TEM result revealed spherical shape with a diameter ranging from 6.6 nm to 14.8 nm. Presence of elemental silver in the prepared SCAgNPs was confirmed by EDS. Further a cytotoxicity study was done on two different concentrations of SCAgNPs (2.5 and 7.5 µg/mL) on human breastcancer cell line (MCF-7 cells). Initially, 2.5 µg/mL dose treatment showed a viable cells region of 72.02%, apoptosis 11.81%; late apoptosis 15.18% and necrosis 1.20%. Interestingly, 7.5 µg/mL exhibited substantial cytotoxic effects, viable cells region 56.97%, apoptosis 7.42%, late apoptosis 31.19% and necrosis 4.85%. In the control, viable cells region was 73.72%, apoptosis 10.82%, late apoptosis 14.54% and necrosis 1.58%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (0.5 µg/mL), study was done on P. aeruginosa (27853), K. pneumoniae (70063), E. coli (25922). Silver nanoparticles synthesized using sesame oil cake exhibited a good antibacterial and antitumor activity. Hence it's a first report to spell out the therapeutic effect of AgNPs of sesame oil cake origin.