Stable isotope dilution assay and HS-SPME-GCMS quantification of key aroma volatiles of Australian pineapple (Ananas comosus) cultivars.

Pineapple aroma is one of the most important sensory quality traits that influences consumer purchasing patterns. Reported in this paper is a high throughput method to quantify in a single analysis the key volatile organic compounds that contribute to the aroma of pineapple cultivars grown in Australia. The method constituted stable isotope dilution analysis in conjunction with headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. Deuterium labelled analogues of the target analytes purchased commercially were used as internal standards. Twenty-six volatile organic compounds were targeted for quantification and the resulting calibration functions of the matrix -matched validated method had determination coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9772 to 0.9999. The method was applied to identify the key aroma volatile compounds produced by popular pineapple cultivars such as 'Aus Carnival', 'Aus Festival', 'Aus Jubilee', 'Aus Smooth (Smooth Cayenne)' and 'Aussie Gold (73-50)', grown in Queensland, Australia. Pineapple cultivars varied in its content and composition of free volatile components, which were predominantly comprised of esters, followed by terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones.

Dosimetry of human exposure to furan and 2-methylfuran by monitoring urinary biomarkers.

Furan and 2-methylfuran (2-MF) can form during food processing and accumulate in foods at various concentrations depending on processing technology and beverage/meal preparation methods applied prior to consumption. Here, we report a controlled dosimetry study with 20 volunteers (10 male, 10 female) to monitor dietary furan/2-MF exposure. The volunteers followed an eleven-day furan/2-MF-restricted diet in which they consumed freshly prepared coffee brew containing known amounts of furan and 2-MF on two separate occasions (250 mL and 500 mL on days 4 and 8, respectively). Urine was collected over the whole study period and analyzed for key metabolites derived from the primary oxidative furan metabolite cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) (i.e., Lys-BDA, AcLys-BDA and cyclic GSH-BDA) and the primary 2-MF metabolite acetylacrolein (AcA, 4-oxo-pent-2-enal) (i.e., Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA). A previously established stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) method was utilized. Excretion kinetics revealed two peaks (at 0-2 and 24-36 h) for AcLys-BDA, Lys-BDA, AcLysAcA and LysAcA, whereas GSH-BDA showed a single peak. Notably, women on average excreted the metabolite GSH-BDA slightly faster than men, indicating gender differences. Overall, the study provided further insights into the spectrum of possible biomarkers of furan and 2-methyfuran metabolites occurring in the urine of volunteers after coffee consumption.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Sida acuta Leaf Extract for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Applications, and Catalytic Degradation of Dye through the use of Convolutional Neural Network.

This study synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a novel green approach, with Sida acuta leaf extract as a capping and reducing agent to initiate nucleation and structure formation. The innovation of this study lies in demonstrating the originality of utilizing zinc oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial action, antioxidant potential, and catalytic degradation of Congo red dye. This unique approach harnesses eco-friendly methods to initiate nucleation and structure formation. The synthesized nanoparticles' structure and conformation were characterized using UV-vis (λmax = 280nm), X-ray, atomic force microscopy, SEM, HR-TEM and FTIR. The antibacterial activity of the Nps was tested against Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli, demonstrating efficacy. The nanoparticles exhibited unique properties, with a crystallite size of 20 nm (XRD), a surface roughness of 2.5 nm (AFM), and a specific surface area of 60 m2/g (SEM). A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was effectively employed to accurately classify and analyze microscopic images of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. This research revealed their exceptional antioxidant potential, with an average DPPH scavenging rate of 80% at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Additionally, zeta potential measurements indicated a stable net negative surface charge of approximately -12.2 mV. These quantitative findings highlight the promising applications of green-synthesized ZnO NPs in healthcare, materials science, and environmental remediation. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited catalytic capabilities for dye degradation, and the degradation rate was determined using UV spectroscopy. Key findings of the study encompass the green synthesis of versatile zinc oxide nanoparticles, demonstrating potent antibacterial action, antioxidant capabilities, and catalytic dye degradation potential. These nanoparticles offer multifaceted solutions with minimal environmental impact, addressing challenges in various fields, from healthcare to environmental remediation.

Pronounced Self-Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism in Anisidine Amino Acid Diamides.

The emergent properties resulting from selective supramolecular interactions are of significant importance for materials and chemical systems. For the directed use of such properties, a fundamental understanding of the interaction mechanism and the resulting mode of function is necessary for a tailored design. The self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism effect (SIDA), which occurs in the intermolecular interaction of chiral molecules, generates unique properties such as chiral self-recognition and nonlinear effects. Here we show that anisidine amino acid diamides lead to extraordinary signal splitting in NMR spectra through supramolecular interaction and homochiral self-recognition. By systematic experiments we have investigated the underlying SIDA effect, explored its limits and finally successfully utilized it in the determination of enantiomeric ratios by NMR spectroscopy of chiral 'SIDA-inactive' compounds such as thalidomide.

Population genetics of Sida fallax Walp. (Malvaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands.

Introduction: Sida fallax (Malvaceae) is the most widespread and variable taxon of Malvaceae in the Hawaiian Islands, growing with a diversity of morphological forms in different habitats including Midway Atoll, Nihoa, and all the main islands. Morphological variation exists within and among populations. The study aimed to investigate the genetic variation within and among populations from various habitats and geographic locations throughout the Hawaiian range of S. fallax. Methods: A total of 124 samples, with up to five samples per population where possible, were collected from 26 populations across six of the main Hawaiian Islands (Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, Moloka'i, Lana'i, and Hawai'i) and Nihoa in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The sampling strategy encompassed collecting populations from different habitats and geographic locations, including coastal and mountain ecotypes, with many intermediate morphological forms. Multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and genetic differences among individuals and populations were evaluated using PCO analyses. Results: The relationship of FST with the geographical distance between the populations was assessed using the Mantel test. The results showed that populations on a single island were more closely related to each other and to populations on islands within their respective groups than they were to populations on other islands. Discussion: The overall genetic relationships among islands were, to a large extent, predictive based on island position within the chain and, to a lesser extent, within island topography.

Linfoma de células B primario de mama en una paciente con sida. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Primary B-cell lymphoma of the breast in an AIDS patient. Case report and literature review

Los LNH constituyen la segunda neoplasia más frecuente en pacientes con VIH. Estas neoplasias están ligadas a la inmunodeficiencia, suelen ser de período de latencia prolongado y más frecuentes en hombres. Más del 95% de estas neoplasias son de fenotipo B, de alto grado de malignidad, extranodales y representan la causa de muerte en un 12% al 16% de los casos. El linfoma no Hodgkin primitivo de mama (LPM) es una entidad infrecuente, que representa el 2,2% de todos los linfomas extranodales y el 0,5% de todas las neoplasias malignas de la mama. Se presenta una mujer con sida y linfoma primario de mama. (AU)

NHL is the second most common neoplasm in patients with HIV. It is linked to immunodeficiency, tends to have a long latency period and is more common in men. More than 95% of these neoplasms are of phenotype B, high-grade, extranodal and are the cause of death in 12% to 16% of cases. Primitive non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast is a rare entity, accounting for 2.2% of all extranodal lymphomas and 0.5% of all breast malignancies. A woman with AIDS and primary breast lymphoma is presented. (AU)

Concordance between two models of stratification for patients living with HIV infection to providing pharmaceutical care.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of agreement of 2 differents stratification models for pharmaceutical care to people living with HIV. METHODS: This was a single-center observational prospective cohort study of patients with regular follow-up in pharmaceutical care consultations according to the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity methodology, conducted between January 1 and March 31, 2023. Patients received the pharmacotherapeutic interventions applied routinely to ambulatory care patients according to this model. As part of the usual clinical practice, the presence or absence of the variables that apply to both stratification models were collected. The scores obtained and the corresponding stratification level were collected for each patient according to both stratification models published (ST-2017 and ST-2022). To analyze the reliability between the measurements of 2 numerical score models of the stratification level with both tools, their degree of concordance was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Likewise, reliability was also evaluated from a qualitative perspective by means of Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Additionally, the existence of correlation between the scores of the 2 models was assessed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of the total of 758 patients being followed in the cohort, finally, 233 patients were enrolled. The distribution of patients for each stratification model was: ST-2017: 59.7% level-3, 25.3% level-2, and 15.0% level-1, while for ST-2022: 60.9% level-3, 26.6% level-2, and 12.4% level-1. It was observed that the reclassification was symmetrical (P=.317). The qualitative analysis of the agreement between the models showed a good Cohen's kappa value, (K=0.66). A value of 0.563 was found as the intraclass correlation coefficient. Finally, the correlation analysis between the quantitative scores of the 2 models yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: The concordance between the 2 models was good, which confirms that the multidimensional adaptation and simplification of the model were correct and that its use can be extended in routine clinical practice.

Amphistomy increases leaf photosynthesis more in coastal than montane plants of Hawaiian 'ilima (Sida fallax).

PREMISE: The adaptive significance of amphistomy (stomata on both upper and lower leaf surfaces) is unresolved. A widespread association between amphistomy and open, sunny habitats suggests the adaptive benefit of amphistomy may be greatest in these contexts, but this hypothesis has not been tested experimentally. Understanding amphistomy informs its potential as a target for crop improvement and paleoenvironment reconstruction. METHODS: We developed a method to quantify "amphistomy advantage" ( AA $\text{AA}$ ) as the log-ratio of photosynthesis in an amphistomatous leaf to that of the same leaf but with gas exchange blocked through the upper surface (pseudohypostomy). Humidity modulated stomatal conductance and thus enabled comparing photosynthesis at the same total stomatal conductance. We estimated AA $\text{AA}$ and leaf traits in six coastal (open, sunny) and six montane (closed, shaded) populations of the indigenous Hawaiian species 'ilima (Sida fallax). RESULTS: Coastal 'ilima leaves benefit 4.04 times more from amphistomy than montane leaves. Evidence was equivocal with respect to two hypotheses: (1) that coastal leaves benefit more because they are thicker and have lower CO2 conductance through the internal airspace and (2) that they benefit more because they have similar conductance on each surface, as opposed to most conductance being through the lower surface. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first direct experimental evidence that amphistomy increases photosynthesis, consistent with the hypothesis that parallel pathways through upper and lower mesophyll increase CO2 supply to chloroplasts. The prevalence of amphistomatous leaves in open, sunny habitats can partially be explained by the increased benefit of amphistomy in "sun" leaves, but the mechanistic basis remains uncertain.

Anti-quorum sensing effects of SidA protein on Escherichia coli receptors: in silico analysis.

Quorum sensing enables cell-cell communication in bacteria and regulates biofilm formation. Biofilm production promotes pathogenicity of Escherichia coli and causes infections. However, antibiotic resistance limits conventional treatment efficacy against biofilm infections. Quorum quenching offers an alternative by disrupting quorum sensing signals. Allicin, extracted from garlic, possesses antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing properties. This study employed molecular docking and dynamics simulations to investigate allicin's interaction with the E. coli quorum sensing system, specifically targeting the cytoplasmic SidA receptor protein. SidA binds to N-acyl-homoserine lactone ligands and regulates quorum sensing in E. coli. The crystal structure of SidA was obtained from the PDB. Molecular docking revealed that allicin competitively binds to the ligand-binding pocket of SidA. Simulations analyzed the effects of allicin binding on SidA stability and affinity for N-acyl-homoserine lactones over 200 ns. Parameters like RMSD, RMSF, and hydrogen bonding indicated SidA was more stable when bound to allicin compared to unbound. Binding free energies suggested allicin reduced SidA's affinity for native ligands. Therefore, allicin binding to SidA alters its conformation and inhibits interaction with N-acyl-homoserine lactones, disrupting quorum sensing signaling and biofilm production in E. coli.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Assessment of Prickly Sida as a Potential Inoculum Source for Sida Golden Mosaic Virus in Commercial Snap Bean Farms in Georgia, United States.

Sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV), an obligate pathogen that infects snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), is known to infect prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), which is a common weed in agricultural farms in Georgia. Prickly sida has also been reported as a suitable host of sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), the vector of SiGMV. Despite being a host for both SiGMV and its vector, the role of prickly sida as a reservoir and inoculum source for SiGMV in snap bean farms has not been evaluated. This study was conducted to document the occurrence of SiGMV-infected prickly sida plants and to assess its potential role as a source of SiGMV inoculum in snap bean farms. A survey of 17 commercial snap bean farms conducted in spring 2021 confirmed the presence of SiGMV-infected prickly sida in southern Georgia. In fall 2021 and 2022, on-farm field trials were conducted in four commercial farms where SiGMV-infected prickly sida plants were documented earlier as a part of survey in spring 2021. The spatial distribution and temporal patterns of adult whiteflies and SiGMV on snap bean were compared between macroplots (13.7 × 30.5 m) "with prickly sida" or "without prickly sida" that were at least 232 m apart from each other. We did not observe any consistent differences in counts of adult whiteflies between macroplots with or without prickly sida in the four commercial farms. SiGMV infection was detected earlier and with higher incidences in snap bean macroplots "with prickly sida" compared with macroplots "without prickly sida." An apparent disease gradient was observed in two of the four farms assessed. Higher SiGMV incidences were observed on the edges of macroplots "with prickly sida." These findings indicate prickly sida as a potential natural reservoir and a source for SiGMV spread in snap bean farms in southern Georgia.

Polymorphisms of CCR5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes in Cuban HIV/AIDS patients.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic studies have shown associations of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with different rates of progression and variation in susceptibility to HIV infection. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of ccr5Δ32, IL-6-174G/C, IFN-γ+874T/A and IL-10-1082A/G polymorphisms in Cuban HIV-infected patients and a group of sero-discordant couples to assess their influence on risk and disease progression. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 subjects registered at the Institute of Tropical Medicine «Pedro Kour¼ (IPK) and the Ameijeiras Hospital from June 2018 until December 2019. The amplification of fragments of the ccr5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction followed by identification of polymorphisms using the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for IL-6 with the restriction enzymes Nla III. Amplification Refractory Mutation System was used for IFN-γ and IL-10 genes. RESULTS: The allelic and genotypic distributions of the genes ccr5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 did not differ significantly between the two groups. Cell counts and plasma viral load values did not differ significantly between genotypes of the ccr5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes. Only the IL-6 GC genotype was associated with higher viral load values. The combination of alleles of the four considered SNPs showed a highly significant increase in the risk of HIV infection for one of them, but with a very low frequency (<1%). CONCLUSION: This study contributes to evaluating the frequency of these polymorphisms and their influence on biomarkers of the progression of HIV infection in the Cuban HIV-population.

Evaluation of chronic diarrhea in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection through the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment and diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in the immunocompromised patient depends on the ability to rapidly detect the etiologic agents. AIMS: Our aim was to evaluate the results of the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection that presented with chronic diarrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Utilizing nonprobability consecutive convenience sampling, 24 patients were included that underwent molecular testing for the simultaneous detection of 22 pathogens. RESULTS: In 24 HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea, enteropathogen bacteria were detected in 69% of the cases, parasites in 18%, and viruses in 13%. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli were the main bacteria identified, Giardia lamblia was found in 25%, and norovirus was the most frequent viral agent. The median number of infectious agents per patient was three (range of 0 to 7). The biologic agents not identified through the FilmArray® method were tuberculosis and fungi. CONCLUSIONS: Several infectious agents were simultaneously detected through the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel in patients with HIV infection and chronic diarrhea.

An Interspecies Recombinant Sida Yellow Mosaic China Virus Isolate and Betasatellite Cause a Leaf Curl Disease in Tobacco in Hainan, China.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is an herbaceous crop. Cigar tobacco, a group of tobacco cultivars, has recently been planted in a few provinces in China. Since its introduction, symptoms such as leaf curling and vein thickening have appeared. Here we report a begomovirus, Sida yellow mosaic China virus-Hainan isolate (designated SiYMCNV-HN), associated with the betasatellite (designated SiYMCNB-HN) as the causal agent of a leaf curl disease in cigar tobacco (N. tabacum cv. Haiyan101) in Hainan Province, China. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses indicate that SiYMCNV-HN is an interspecies recombinant with a SiYMCNV isolate as the major parent and a Sida yellow vein Vietnam virus isolate as the minor parent. Full-length infectious clones of SiYMCNV-HN and SiYMCNB-HN were generated, which were highly infectious and induced high pathogenicity through agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum. This newly reported recombinant begomovirus poses potential threats to tobacco plantations in the region.

Strength and endurance training in cytokine and body composition of people with hiv/aids / Entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia en citoquinas y composición corporal de personas con vih/sida / Treinamento de força e resistência em citocinas e composição corporal de pessoas com hiv/aids

ABSTRACT Introduction: HIV/AIDS is considered one of the great cases of public health, but it is seen that patients who use antiretroviral therapy (ART) and practice strength training promote a promotion of their health. Objectives: Assess the impact of strength and resistance training on cytokines and body composition in people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: Randomized clinical trial, the sample consisted of 12 patients, 7 from the Strength Group (GF) and 5 from Group 2, Muscular Resistance (MGR). We compared the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α cytokines and body composition in the first and last sessions. The patients completed 36 strength and resistance training sessions over 12 weeks. Results: After 36 sessions of GRM resistance training, there was a significant increase from 4,734 pg/mL to 5,050 pg/mL of IL-10 (p=0.002). Regarding the GFR, no significant results were found. For body composition, there were significant differences in GFR due to the increase in lean mass of the arms from 6,441g to 7,014g (p=0.04), legs from 16,379g to 17,281g (p=0.02) and whole body of 45,640g to 47,343g (p=0.01). In G2 there was a significant decrease in the percentage of fat in the arms from 23,160% to 20,750% (p = 0.04). To assess quality of life, the WHOQOL-HIV-Bref questionnaire was used, where significant improvement was found in all domains, except for the level of independence domain. Conclusion: We conclude that muscular resistance training is effective in increasing IL-10 and decreasing the percentage of fat in the arms, whereas strength training increases lean mass in arms, legs, and the whole body. Level of Evidence I; Randomized Clinical Trial.

RESUMEN Introducción: El VIH/SIDA es considerado uno de los grandes casos de salud pública, sin embargo, está comprobado que pacientes que hacen uso de la terapia antirretroviral (TARV) y practican entrenamiento de fuerza provoca una promoción de su salud. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto del entrenamiento de fuerza en la resistencia a las citoquinas y en la composición corporal de las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA. Métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, la muestra estuvo compuesta por 12 pacientes, siete del Grupo de Fuerza (TFG) y cinco del Grupo de Resistencia Muscular (GRM). Se compararon los niveles de las citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 y TNF-α y la composición corporal en la primera y la última sesión. Los pacientes completaron 36 sesiones de entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia durante 12 semanas. Resultados: Tras 36 sesiones de entrenamiento de resistencia GRM, se produjo un aumento significativo de 4.734 pg/mL a 5.050 pg/mL de IL-10 (p=0,002). En cuanto a la TFG, no se encontraron resultados significativos. En cuanto a la composición corporal, hubo diferencias significativas en la TFG debido al aumento de la masa magra en brazos de 6.441g a 7.014g (p=0,04), piernas de 16.379g a 17.281g (p=0,02) y cuerpo entero de 45.640g a 47.343g (p=0,01). En el GRM hubo una disminución significativa del porcentaje de grasa en los brazos de 23.160% a 20.750% (p = 0,04). Para la evaluación de la calidad de vida se utilizó el cuestionario WHOQOL-HIV-Bref, donde se encontró una mejoría significativa en todos los dominios, excepto en el dominio nivel de independencia. Conclusión: Concluimos que el entrenamiento de resistencia muscular es eficaz para aumentar la IL-10 y disminuir el porcentaje de grasa en los brazos, mientras que el entrenamiento de fuerza aumenta la masa magra total. Nivel de Evidencia I; Ensayo clínico aleatorizado.

RESUMO Introdução: O HIV/AIDS é considerado um dos grandes casos de saúde pública, porém verifica-se que pacientes que fazem uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) e praticam treinamento de força provocam uma promoção de sua saúde. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto do treinamento de força sobre a resistência nas citocinas e a composição corporal de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, a amostra foi composta por 12 pacientes, sendo sete do Grupo Força (TFG) e cinco do Grupo Resistência Muscular (GRM). Comparou-se os níveis das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α e a composição corporal na primeira e na última sessão. Os pacientes completaram 36 sessões de treinamento de força e resistência ao longo de 12 semanas. Resultados: Após 36 sessões de treinamento resistido GRM, houve um aumento significativo de 4.734 pg/mL para 5.050 pg/mL de IL-10 (p=0,002). Em relação à TFG, não foram encontrados resultados significativos. Para composição corporal, houve diferenças significativas na TFG devido ao aumento da massa magra dos braços de 6.441g para 7.014g (p=0,04), pernas de 16.379g para 17.281g (p=0,02) e corpo inteiro de 45.640g para 47.343g (p=0,01). No GRM houve diminuição significativa do percentual de gordura nos braços de 23.160% para 20.750% (p = 0,04). Para avaliação da qualidade de vida foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL-HIV-Bref, onde foi encontrada uma melhora significativa em todos os domínios, exceto no domínio nível de independência. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento de resistência muscular é eficaz em aumentar a IL-10 e diminuir o percentual de gordura nos braços, enquanto o treinamento de força aumenta a massa magra geral. Nível de Evidência I; Ensaio Clínico Randomizado.

Diplejía facial en paciente con nefropatía por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

Introducción: El síndrome de Guillain-Barré comprende un grupo heterogéneo de polirradiculoneuropatías inflamatorias agudas autoinmunes, las cuales se caracterizan por debilidad simétrica de extremidades con pérdida de reflejos miotáticos. Presenta gran variabilidad clínica, donde la afectación facial es habitual, sin embargo, incluye manifestaciones atípicas que dificultan el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de un caso atípico de diplejía facial en un paciente con nefropatía por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Caso clínico: Se presentó el caso de un paciente portador de nefropatía por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, que comenzó con parálisis facial bilateral, como forma de presentación atípica de este síndrome. Acudió a los servicios de salud refiriendo decaimiento marcado, náuseas, vómitos, hipo y dos deposiciones líquidas. Se realizaron estudios que corroboran el diagnóstico. El tratamiento empleado facilitó la recuperación paulatina de la afección. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico precoz de las variantes atípicas de presentación del síndrome, permite un tratamiento oportuno, donde las posibilidades de complicaciones en el paciente son reducidas, así como la mortalidad asociada a la enfermedad.

Introduction: Guillain-Barré Syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of autoimmune acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies, which are characterized by symmetrical limb weakness with loss of stretch reflexes. It presents great clinical variability, where facial involvement is common; however, it includes atypical manifestations that make early diagnosis of the disease difficult. Objective: To describe the behavior of an atypical case of facial displejía in a patient with nephropathy due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Case report: A case of a patient with HIV nephropathy is presented, which begins with bilateral facial paralysis, as an atypical presentation of this syndrome. The patient went to the health services reporting marked weakness, nausea, vomiting, hiccups and two liquid stools. Studies were performed that corroborate the diagnosis. The treatment used facilitated the gradual recovery of the condition. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of the atypical presentation variants of the syndrome allows timely treatment, where the chances of complications in the patient are reduced, as well as the mortality associated with the disease.

Características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con inicio clínico de sida en Santiago de Cuba / Sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of patients with clinical onset of AIDS in Santiago de Cuba i: en

Introducción: Uno de los desafíos del milenio a nivel mundial es combatir el avance de la epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/sida. Objetivo: Caracterizar a la población de pacientes con inicio clínico de sida según variables sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, desde el 2017 hasta el 2021, de 87 personas diagnosticadas con inicio clínico del sida en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. En el análisis estadístico se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, así como la distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas; también, se computaron intervalos de confianza de 95 % para las proporciones de las variables seleccionadas. Resultados: La edad promedio en la serie fue de 42 años (79,3 %); asimismo, predominaron el sexo masculino (91,9 %), el estado civil soltero (91,9 %), la vinculación laboral (72,4 %), los colores de la piel mestizo (52,8 %) y negro (39,3 %) y la procedencia urbana (73,5 %). El coito anal fue la principal forma de contagio (84,0 %), en tanto la mayoría de los afectados de ambos sexos (65,2 % en el masculino y 66,7 % en el femenino) no usaban el preservativo y en los hombres primó la homosexualidad (55,0 %). Conclusiones: El inicio clínico del sida predominó en hombres jóvenes solteros, con vínculo laboral, entre los cuales fueron muy significativas las conductas sexuales de riesgo.

Introduction: One of the millennium challenges worldwide is to fight the advance of the human immunodeficiency virus/aids. Objective: To characterize the sick population with clinical onset of AIDS according to sociodemographic and epidemiologic variables. Methods: An observational and descriptive study was carried out, from 2017 to 2021, of 87 people diagnosed with clinical onset of AIDS in Santiago de Cuba province. In the statistical analysis, measures of central tendency and dispersion were used, as well as the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies; also, confidence intervals of 95% were computed for the proportions of selected variables. Results: The average age in the series was 42 years (79.3%), likewise, there was a prevalence of the male sex (91.9%), single as marital status (91.9%), working bond (72.4%), mixed race (52.8%) and black skin color (39.3%), and the urban origin (73.5%). The anal coitus was the main way of infection (84.0%), while the majority of the affected individuals of both sexes (65.2% in males and 66.7% in females) did not use condoms and homosexuality predominated among men (55.0%). Conclusions: The clinical onset of AIDS prevailed in young and single men, with working bond, among whom risky sexual behaviors were very significant.

Caracterización Epidemiológica del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida en Itapúa, Paraguay 2017-2021

Introducción: Un mayor conocimiento y difusión acerca del comportamiento epidemiológico de la infección por VIH en el Departamento de Itapúa genera una evidencia significativa para la toma de decisiones a nivel regional. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológicamente a pacientes con VIH que forman parte del PRONASIDA del Hospital Regional de Encarnación desde el año 2017 a 2021. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo en pacientes con VIH captados por el PRONASIDA del Hospital Regional de Encarnación, 7ª Región Sanitaria, durante los años 2017-2021 (n=375). Los datos se expresaron en medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, y tabla de proporciones. Resultados: El mayor número de casos (80) se evidenció en los años 2018 y 2019. El rango etario de 20-29 años reportó el mayor número de casos, 20% (75), con predominancia del sexo femenino 64% (229), el 47% (177) procedente de Encarnación. Se halló un 43% (106) de casos de sida con CD4 menor a 200 células/mL, la mediana de la carga viral fue de 96.030cél/mL con un rango intercuartílico de 401.884,5cél/mL. Conclusión: Se identificó la disminución de nuevos diagnósticos en el año 2020, lo cual guarda relación con las medidas sanitarias a causa de la pandemia por COVID-19. Las características analizadas mostraron predominancia del sexo femenino en grupos etarios en edad joven con procedencia de Encarnación. Se considera importante fortalecer el primer nivel de atención en Itapúa a fin de evidenciar las brechas con el objetivo de ampliar el acceso para captación de pacientes y asegurar un diagnóstico precoz.

Introduction: Increased knowledge and dissemination about the epidemiological behavior of HIV infection in the Department of Itapúa generates significant evidence for decision-making at the regional level. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with HIV who are part of the PRONASIDA of the Regional Hospital of Encarnación from 2017 to 2021. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on HIV patients enrolled in the PRONASIDA program at the Regional Hospital of Encarnación, 7th Health Region, during the years 2017-2021 (n=375). Data were expressed in measures of central tendency and dispersion, and proportions table. Results: The highest number of cases (80) was observed in 2018 and 2019. The age range of 20-29 years reported the highest number of cases, 20% (75), predominantly among females 64% (229), with 47% (177) originating from Encarnación. Forty-three percent (106) of AIDS cases had CD4 counts lower than 200 cells/mL, with a median viral load of 96,030 cells/mL and an interquartile range of 401,884.5 cells/mL. Conclusion: A decrease in new diagnoses was identified in the year 2020, likely associated with health measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analyzed characteristics showed a predominance of females in younger age groups originating from Encarnación. It is considered important to strengthen primary care in Itapúa to highlight gaps, aiming to broaden access for patient enrollment and ensure early diagnosis.

Influencia de los factores de vulnerabilidad al VIH/sida sobre comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en adolescentes

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los factores de vulnerabilidad al VIH/sida sobre los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en los adolescentes. Método: Estudio transversal correlacional predictivo. Muestra aleatoria estratificada de 1000 adolescentes de colegios públicos de una localidad de Bogotá, Colombia. Se estimó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que examinó los efectos de los factores vulnerabilidad al VIH/sida sobre los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo (escala EVA-CSR), controlando las variables: consumo de alcohol, número de parejas sexuales, inicio de la vida sexual y edad. Resultados: Sobre los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo el modelo presentó: un ajuste adecuado; explica un 31% de la varianza; reportó efecto directo de educación sexual sanitaria, educación sexual escolar, expresión emocional el colegio, relaciones sexuales por amor a la pareja, maltrato de la pareja, consumo de alcohol, inicio de la vida sexual, número de parejas sexuales; y efecto mediador de la expresión emocional en el colegio, la educación sexual sanitaria y las relaciones sexuales por amor a la pareja. Conclusiones: Los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo del adolescente se explican con cinco factores de vulnerabilidad al VIH/sida y tres variables de control. Los estudios futuros deben centrarse en factores causales y mediadores que fortalezcan la evidencia de causalidad y en intervención sobre comportamientos sexuales de riesgo controlando las variables predictoras.

Objective: To determine the influence of vulnerability factors to HIV/AIDS on sexual risk behaviors in adolescents. Method: Predictive correlational cross-sectional study. Stratified random sample of 1000 adolescents from public schools in a locality of Bogotá-Colombia. A model of structural structures was estimated that demonstrated the effects of vulnerability factors to HIV/AIDS on sexual risk behaviors (VAS-CSR scale), controlling the variables: alcohol consumption, number of sexual partners, beginning of sexual life and age. Results: Regarding risky sexual behaviors, the presented model: an adequate fit; explains 31% of the variance; reported direct effect of: sexual health education, school sexual education, emotional expression at school, sexual relations for love of the partner, partner abuse, alcohol consumption, beginning of sexual life, number of sexual partners; and mediating effect of: emotional expression at school, sexual health education, and sexual relations for love of the couple. Conclusions: Adolescent sexual risk behaviors are explained with five factors of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and three control variables. Future studies should occur in causal factors and mediators that strengthen the evidence of causality and in intervention on risky sexual behaviors controlling the predictor variables.

Efectos de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación entretenimiento de prevención del VIH

Introducción: Se presentan los resultados de un estudio experimental para contrastar el efecto de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento (escrito versus audiovisual) en los procesos cognitivos de recepción, en función de la necesidad de cognición. Método: Participaron 109 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos condiciones experimentales (mensaje escrito versus mensaje audiovisual). Resultados: Se encontró que la necesidad de cognición moderó el efecto de la modalidad del mensaje sobre la elaboración cognitiva (el mensaje escrito incrementaba la elaboración cognitiva en participantes con baja necesidad de cognición) y sobre la contraargumentación (el formato escrito generó menor contraargumentación en participantes con alta necesidad de cognición), pero no sobre la reactancia. Conclusiones: La efectividad de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento está determinada tanto por las características del mensaje (la modalidad de presentación) como por las diferencias individuales de las personas (la necesidad de cognición). De manera particular, la necesidad de cognición es una variable relevante para comprender los procesos cognitivos de recepción (la elaboración cognitiva y la contraargumentación) que desempeñan un papel fundamental en el estudio de la persuasión narrativa.

Introduction: This article presents the results of an experimental study that sought to contrast the effect of the entertainment education message (written versus audiovisual) on the cognitive processes of reception, as a function of the need for cognition. Method: 109 MSM participated, randomly distributed, in two experimental conditions (written versus audiovisual message). Results: We found that the need for cognition moderated the effect of message modality on cognitive elaboration and in contra-argumentation, but not on reactance. Data shows that written message increased cognitive elaboration in participants with low need for cognition and generated less contra-argumentation in participants with a higher need for cognition. Conclusions: The effectiveness of an entertainment-education message is determined by both the characteristics of the message (the modality of presentation) and the individual differences of people (the need for cognition). In particular, the need for cognition is a relevant variable for understanding the cognitive processes of reception (cognitive elaboration and contra-argumentation) that play a fundamental role in the study of narrative persuasion.

Conocimientos sobre VIH/SIDA y disposición para la realización de la prueba de VIH en adolescentes escolarizados / Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and disposition to HIV testing in adolescents schooled

INTRODUCCIÓN: los adolescentes experimentan varios cambios que pudieran determinar la presencia de conductas de riesgo, uno de los aspectos es la sexualidad responsable principalmente ante la prevención de VIH/SIDA. OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación entre el conocimiento sobre VIH/SIDA y la disposición a realizarse la prueba del VIH en adolescentes escolarizados de Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, México. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo-correlacional llevado a cabo en 241 adolescentes que decidieron participar de manera voluntaria en la investigación, se utilizó la escala de Conocimientos hacia el VIH/SIDA y la Escala de Pros y Contras hacia la prueba de VIH, los datos fueron capturados y analizados en el programa estadístico SPSS V23. RESULTADOS: 18,7% de los adolescentes manifestó una vida sexualmente activa, 1,7% señalo haberse realizado la prueba de VIH anteriormente. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p= <0,05) por sexo, donde los conocimientos hacia el VIH/SIDA y pros hacia la prueba de VIH fueron mayores en las mujeres, además se identificó una relación positiva y significativa de los conocimientos de los adolescentes hacia el VIH/SIDA y los pros hacia la prueba de VIH (rs= 0,213, p= 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: durante la adolescencia se conciben los conocimientos, pros y contras ante la detección del VIH/SIDA, lo que pudiera ser un punto de partida para una sexualidad responsable este grupo etario.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescents experience various changes that could determine the presence of risk behaviors, one of the aspects is sexuality responsible mainly for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the willingness to undergo an HIV test in school adolescents from Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive correlational study carried out in 241 adolescents who decided to voluntarily participate in the research, the Knowledge scale towards HIV/AIDS and the Scale of Pros and Cons towards the HIV test were used, the data were captured and analyzed in the statistical program SPSS V23. RESULTS: 18.7% of students manifested to have a sexually active life, whereas 1.7% of students indicated having previously an HIV test. Significant differences were obtained (p=<0.05) by sex where knowledge towards HIV and pros towards HIV testing were higher in women, furthermore, a positive and meaningful relationship of knowledge of adolescents towards HIV/AIDS and pros towards HIV testing were identified (rs=0.213, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: During adolescence, the knowledge, pros and cons of detecting HIV/AIDS are conceived, which could be a starting point for responsible sexuality in this age group.