Structural associations between self-perception of support and knowledge of disability characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among staff in facilities providing after-school day services.

BACKGROUND: We constructed a hypothetical model of the knowledge of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and self-perception of support of staff working in after-school day services to clarify structural relationships. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted at 194 facilities providing after-school day services in Fukushima Prefecture (October 2020), including a basic attributes questionnaire, the Literacy Scale of Characteristics of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (LS-ASD), and a staff questionnaire. We developed a hypothetical model of the relationship between self-perception and LS-ASD total scores of after-school service staff. To obtain latent variables for structural equation modeling (SEM) to confirm factor extraction and the interrelationships among variables, exploratory factor analysis was performed. SEM was used to examine the fit of the hypothetical model to the data and the relationships among variables. RESULTS: The study included 302 staff members from 58 of 194 facilities. Four factors (Factor 1, motivation; 2, self-perception of knowledge; 3, information sharing; 4, self-confidence) were extracted. The final model showed that Factor 2 had a positive direct effect (path coefficient = 0.64) and Factor 4 had a negative direct effect (path coefficient = -0.22) on LS-ASD scores. The model goodness of fit was acceptable (Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.890; Comparative Fit Index = 0.912; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.086; Akaike's Information Criterion = 392.7). CONCLUSION: Self-perception of knowledge contributes greatly to knowledge acquisition, while excessive confidence may hinder knowledge retention.

Compared analysis of the school day in european union countries / Analyse comparée de la journée scolaire des pays de lunion européenne / Análisis comparado de la jornada escolar en países de la unión europea / Análise comparada da jornada escolar em países da união europeia

Abstract This article aims to analyze the school days in European Union countries, systematizing similarities and differences between education systems. The compared analysis involved fifteen member countries and focused on the descriptive and comparative phases of the classical comparative method. School days are socio-historical and cultural constructions, which result in sometimes convergent, sometimes divergent policies in the region. In general, the compulsory school day in European countries is from 5 to 6 hours per day. However, there are many features, including investment in policies that integrate curricular and extracurricular activities, as supervised socio-educational times. Through compared analysis, it was possible to identify perspectives and alternatives to the school day configuration to better answer to the demands and needs of the subjects of education.

Résumé Cet article vise à analyser la durée de la journée scolaire des pays de l'Union européenne et systematiser les similitudes et les différences entre les systèmes éducatifs. L'analyse comparée a porté sur quinze pays membres et s'est concentrée sur les phases descriptive et comparative de la méthode comparative classique. Les journées scolaires sont des constructions socio-historiques et culturelles, qui entrainent des politiques tantot convergentes, tantot divergentes dans la région. En général, la journée scolaire obligatoire dans les pays européens est de 5 à 6 heures par jour. Cependant, il existe de nombreuses spécificités, notamment l'investissement dans des politiques intégrant les programmes d'études, les activités parascolaires et les périodes socio-éducatives supervisées. Grâce à une analyse comparative, il a été possible d'identifier des perspectives et des alternatives à la configuration de la journée scolaire afin de mieux répondre aux demandes et aux besoins des sujets de l'éducation.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las jornadas escolares de países de la Unión Europea, sistematizando similitudes y diferencias entre los sistemas educativos. El análisis comparado involucró a quince países miembros y se centró en las fases descriptiva y comparativa del método comparativo clásico. Las jornadas escolares son construcciones sociohistóricas y culturales, que resultan en políticas a veces convergentes y otras veces divergentes en la región. En general, la jornada escolar obligatoria en los países europeos es de 5 a 6 horas al día. Sin embargo, hay muchas especificidades, entre ellas la inversión en políticas que integran actividades curriculares, extracurriculares y tiempos socioeducativos supervisados. A través del análisis comparado fue posible identificar perspectivas y alternativas a la configuración de la jornada escolar para responder mejor a las demandas y necesidades de los sujetos de la educación.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as jornadas escolares de países da União Europeia, sistematizando semelhanças e diferenças entre os sistemas educativos. A análise comparada envolveu quinze países-membros e focalizou as fases descritiva e comparativa do método comparativo clássico. As jornadas escolares são construções sócio-históricas e culturais, o que resulta em políticas ora convergentes, ora divergentes na região. De forma geral, a jornada escolar compulsória dos países europeus é de 5 a 6 horas diárias. No entanto existem muitas especificidades, entre as quais o investimento em políticas que integram atividades curriculares, extracurriculares e tempos socioeducativos supervisionados. Por meio da análise comparada foi possível identificar perspectivas e alternativas à configuração da jornada escolar para melhor responder às demandas e necessidades dos sujeitos da educação.

Examining differences in school hour and school day dietary quality among Canadian children between 2004 and 2015.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to: (i) evaluate changes in Canadian children's dietary quality during school hours and on school days between 2004 and 2015; and (ii) explore whether changes in dietary quality over time were moderated by sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN: Nationally representative 24 h dietary recall data were obtained from the 2004 (n 4827) and 2015 (n 2447) Canadian Community Health Surveys. Dietary quality was measured using the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) which evaluates respondents' compliance with 2007 national dietary recommendations, and the school-HEI which assesses respondents' dietary quality during school hours. Multivariable regression models compared differences in dietary quality between 2004 and 2015. Interaction effects were used to test whether changes over time were moderated by sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age group, ethnicity, residential location, province of residence, parental education, food security status). SETTING: Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 6-17 years. RESULTS: Mean school-HEI score rose from 51.3 to 58.0 points (maximum = 100) from 2004 to 2015 (P < 0.001). School-HEI sub-scores for total vegetables and fruit, whole fruit, dark green and orange vegetables, milk and alternatives, and meat and alternatives improved over time, but remained well below recommendations. Decreased energy from minimally nutritious foods accounted for 39 % of the improvement in mean school-HEI scores. Mean whole day C-HEI scores also improved (60.8 to 66.4 points, P < 0.001). There was no evidence of a moderating effect for any of the sociodemographic variables examined. CONCLUSIONS: Mean dietary quality of Canadian children during school hours and on school days improved modestly for all age and sex groups but remained below 2007 national dietary recommendations.

Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey.

This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005-2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers' odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance.

PROGRAMA MAIS EDUCAÇÃO: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA / More Education Program: literature review / Programa Más Educación: revisión de la literatura

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre Educação Integral no Brasil no âmbito do Programa Mais Educação (PME). O PME surgiu como política pública implantada pelo Governo Federal para induzir a ampliação da jornada escolar e a organização curricular na perspectiva da Educação Integral. Foram localizados oito artigos sobre o PME, publicados entre 2007/2015. Realizou-se Análise de Conteúdo, focalizando-se: aspectos históricos, ideológicos e políticos da Educação Integral e principais benefícios e desafios do PME. Dentre os benefícios foram identificados a formação integral e a melhoria do processo ensino-aprendizagem. As dificuldades apontadas referem-se à estrutura física das escolas e à política assistencialista do PME. Conclui-se pela necessidade da ampliação da produção científica sobre o PME enquanto política indutora da Educação Integral.

The aim of this study was a literature review of Comprehensive Education in Brazil inserted into the More Education Program (PME). The PME emerged as a public policy implemented by the Federal Government to induce the extension of the school day and curriculum organization from the perspective of Comprehensive Education. The literature review included articles on CAPES Portal from 2007 to 2015. Content Analysis was also carried through with focus on the historical, ideological and political aspects of comprehensive education, and also on the main advantages and challenges of PME. Among the advantages, comprehensive training and improvement of learning process were identified. The difficulties pointed out concern the precariousness of the physical structure of schools and the program welfarist policy. We concluded that there is a need to expand the scientific production on the PME as policy that leads to Comprehensive Education.

El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre la Educación Integral en Brasil en el marco del Programa Más Educación (PME). El PME ha surgido como una política pública implementada por el Gobierno Federal para inducir la expansión de la jornada escolar y la organización del currículo desde la perspectiva de la Educación Integral. Se encontrarón ocho artículos sobre el PME, publicados entre 2007/2015. Se ha realizado el análisis del contenido focalizando los aspectos históricos, ideológicos y políticos de la educación integral y principales beneficios y desafíos de la PME. Dentre los benefícios se identificaron: la formación integral y la mejoria de la enseñanza y aprendizaje. Las dificultades identificadas se relacionaron com la estructura física de las escuelas y la política asistencialista del PME. Se concluye por la necesidad de expansión de la literatura científica sobre PME como política de inducción de la Educación Integral.

Examining school-day dietary intakes among Canadian children.

Understanding how dietary intakes vary over the course of the school day can help inform targeted school-based interventions, but little is known about the distribution or determinants of school-day dietary intakes in Canada. This study examined differences between school-hour and non-school-hour dietary intakes and assessed demographic and socioeconomic correlates of school-hour diet quality among Canadian children. Nationally representative data from the Canadian Community Health Survey were analyzed using 24-h dietary recalls falling on school days in 2004 (n = 4827). Differences in nutrient and food-group densities during and outside of school hours and differences in School Heathy Eating Index (School-HEI) scores across sociodemographic characteristics were examined using survey-weighted, linear regression models. Children reported consuming, on average, 746 kcal during school hours (one-third of their daily energy intakes). Vitamins A, D, B12, calcium, and dairy products densities were at least 20% lower during school hours compared with non-school hours. Differences in School-HEI scores were poorly explained by sociodemographic factors, although age and province of residence emerged as significant correlates. The school context provides an important opportunity to promote healthy eating, particularly among adolescents who have the poorest school-hour dietary practices. The nutritional profile of foods consumed at school could be potentially improved with increased intake of dairy products, thereby increasing intakes of protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium.

Impact of the Balanced School Day on Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The balanced school day (BSD) is an alternative elementary school schedule whereby children have 2 20-minute eating periods instead of 1 20-minute lunch, as is found in the traditional schedule (TS). We assessed the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels of children with type 1 diabetes in the TS vs. the BSD because 2 eating periods have the potential to impact blood glucose control. METHODS: A1C levels representative of the summer months (SumA1C) and A1C levels occurring at least 3 months after the start of the school year (SchA1C) were obtained retrospectively. A parental survey of perceptions of lunch planning, activity levels and diabetes management at school was also completed. RESULTS: Our sample included 97 students (TS=42, BSD=55). The mean age ± SD was 10.9±2.6 and 10.1±2.8 years in the TS and BSD, respectively (p=0.12). Sex distribution was not statistically different; 54% were female in TS vs. 36% in BSD; p=0.08. SumA1C was similar in the 2 groups (TS: 8.3±1.1% vs. BSD: 8.0±0.8%; p=0.08). There was a significant within-group increase from SumA1C to SchA1C in the BSD group only (p=0.001), with mean A1C values increasing from 8.0%±0.8% to 8.5%±1.0% in the BSD group compared to no significant increase in the TS group. Parental perceptions of lunch planning, physical activity and diabetes management were similar, regardless of school schedule. CONCLUSIONS: Children with type 1 diabetes in the BSD appear to have worse diabetes control during the school year compared to the summer, which is not evident in children in the TS. Additional school supports may assist students in the BSD.

Correlates of sedentary time in different age groups: results from a large cross sectional Dutch survey.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that prolonged sitting is associated with an increased risk of mortality, independent of physical activity (PA). The aim of the study was to identify correlates of sedentary time (ST) in different age groups and day types (i.e. school-/work day versus non-school-/non-work day). METHODS: The study sample consisted of 1895 Dutch children (4-11 years), 1131 adolescents (12-17 years), 8003 adults (18-64 years) and 1569 elderly (65 years and older) who enrolled in the Dutch continuous national survey 'Injuries and Physical Activity in the Netherlands' between 2006 and 2011. Respondents estimated the number of sitting hours during a regular school-/workday and a regular non-school/non-work day. Multiple linear regression analyses on cross-sectional data were used to identify correlates of ST. RESULTS: Significant positive associations with ST were observed for: higher age (4-to-17-year-olds and elderly), male gender (adults), overweight (children), higher education (adults ≥ 30 years), urban environment (adults), chronic disease (adults ≥ 30 years), sedentary work (adults), not meeting the moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) guideline (children and adults ≥ 30 years) and not meeting the vigorous PA (VPA) guideline (4-to-17-year-olds). Correlates of ST that significantly differed between day types were working hours and meeting the VPA guideline. More working hours were associated with more ST on school-/work days. In children and adolescents, meeting the VPA guideline was associated with less ST on non-school/non-working days only. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights in the correlates of ST in different age groups and thus possibilities for interventions in these groups. Correlates of ST appear to differ between age groups and to a lesser degree between day types. This implies that interventions to reduce ST should be age specific. Longitudinal studies are needed to draw conclusions on causality of the relationship between identified correlates and ST.

Assessing Barriers and Enhancers to Increasing Physical Activity during the School Day in Children on an American Indian Reservation: A Qualitative Research Study.

OBJECTIVE: We attempted to determine factors that enhance or limit physical activity (PA) in children living on an American Indian (AI) reservation. METHODS: Six audio-recorded focus groups (FGs) were conducted. Each group included 6 - 8 participants (N = 42) with 3 grade specific FGs (4th - 6th grade students) and 3 adult FGs. RESULTS: FG analysis identified 4 main barriers to PA: school environment; community and school resources; electronic devices; and the role of parents and family. Analysis revealed 3 main strategies to increase PA: structured/non-competitive activities; structured/competitive activities; and increasing school and community-wide capacity. CONCLUSION: The results from this study provide a school health perspective on the 4-day school week.

Educação integral: significações por alunos de ensino fundamental pelo par educativo / Full-time school: meanings for students of elementary education using educational pair drawing

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os significados de um Programa de Educação Integral para crianças utilizando o desenho do Par Educativo. Os programas de Educação Integral oferecem atividades esportivas, culturais e de ampliação do currículo, supostamente em situações favorecedoras da qualidade de ensino e de formação. Foram avaliados, por meio da técnica gráfica do Par Educativo, os desenhos de três alunos com idades entre 10 e 11 anos, com e sem dificuldades de aprendizagem de escolas públicas de um município paulista. Foi solicitado aos alunos que desenhassem uma situação de aprendizagem em oficinas oferecidas no contra turno da aula e outra situação de aprendizagem em sala de aula. Como critérios de avaliação dos desenhos elegeram-se indicadores de conflito na relação de aprendizagem. Os resultados sugerem maior incidência de indicadores de conflito nos dois alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem, quando comparados ao aluno sem dificuldades, em qualquer das situações; no entanto, na comparação dos desenhos de situações de aprendizagem nas oficinas com os das situações em sala de aula, não se obteve resultados consistentes. Embora se trate de uma amostra pequena para conclusões, pode-se afirmar que o Par Educativo é uma boa técnica para avaliar representações de relação vincular com a aprendizagem, sendo necessária a continuidade de estudos visando à validação de critérios para sua interpretação. Quanto à vivência em situações de aprendizagem em oficinas de ampliação da jornada escolar, sugerem-se mais estudos para avaliar o impacto desses programas na educação de crianças nas escolas públicas.

This study aimed to investigate the meanings of full-time education program for children using the Educational Pair Drawing. The proposal of full-time education is to offer cultural and sporting activities as well as activities to expand the scholar curriculum, supposedly in situations that could improve quality of teaching and training. Throughout the graphical technique of educational pair drawing were evaluated designs of three students aged 10 and 11 years old, with and without learning disabilities, of public schools in a municipality of Sao Paulo. Students were asked to draw a situation of learning in workshops offered in extra-curricular shifts and another situation of learning in-school. Conflict indicators related to learning were chosen as evaluation criteria of the drawings. The results suggest higher incidence of conflict indicators in both students with learning disabilities, compared to the one without difficulty, in every kind of situation. However, comparing the drawings about learning situations of extra-curricular workshops with those related to learning situation in-school, no significant result could be found. Even though the sampling was considerable small, we assume that the Educational Pair Drawing is a good technique for evaluating the relationship to learning, even though further studies will be necessary to validate the criteria for its interpretation. Considering experiencing situations of learning in after-school workshops, there is a need for future studies in order to evaluate the impact of these programs on the education of children in public schools.

Educação integral: significações por alunos de ensino fundamental pelo par educativo / Full-time school: meanings for students of elementary education using educational pair drawing

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os significados de um Programa de Educação Integral para crianças utilizando o desenho do Par Educativo. Os programas de Educação Integral oferecem atividades esportivas, culturais e de ampliação do currículo, supostamente em situações favorecedoras da qualidade de ensino e de formação. Foram avaliados, por meio da técnica gráfica do Par Educativo, os desenhos de três alunos com idades entre 10 e 11 anos, com e sem dificuldades de aprendizagem de escolas públicas de um município paulista. Foi solicitado aos alunos que desenhassem uma situação de aprendizagem em oficinas oferecidas no contra turno da aula e outra situação de aprendizagem em sala de aula. Como critérios de avaliação dos desenhos elegeram-se indicadores de conflito na relação de aprendizagem. Os resultados sugerem maior incidência de indicadores de conflito nos dois alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem, quando comparados ao aluno sem dificuldades, em qualquer das situações; no entanto, na comparação dos desenhos de situações de aprendizagem nas oficinas com os das situações em sala de aula, não se obteve resultados consistentes. Embora se trate de uma amostra pequena para conclusões, pode-se afirmar que o Par Educativo é uma boa técnica para avaliar representações de relação vincular com a aprendizagem, sendo necessária a continuidade de estudos visando à validação de critérios para sua interpretação. Quanto à vivência em situações de aprendizagem em oficinas de ampliação da jornada escolar, sugerem-se mais estudos para avaliar o impacto desses programas na educação de crianças nas escolas públicas.(AU)

This study aimed to investigate the meanings of full-time education program for children using the Educational Pair Drawing. The proposal of full-time education is to offer cultural and sporting activities as well as activities to expand the scholar curriculum, supposedly in situations that could improve quality of teaching and training. Throughout the graphical technique of educational pair drawing were evaluated designs of three students aged 10 and 11 years old, with and without learning disabilities, of public schools in a municipality of Sao Paulo. Students were asked to draw a situation of learning in workshops offered in extra-curricular shifts and another situation of learning in-school. Conflict indicators related to learning were chosen as evaluation criteria of the drawings. The results suggest higher incidence of conflict indicators in both students with learning disabilities, compared to the one without difficulty, in every kind of situation. However, comparing the drawings about learning situations of extra-curricular workshops with those related to learning situation in-school, no significant result could be found. Even though the sampling was considerable small, we assume that the Educational Pair Drawing is a good technique for evaluating the relationship to learning, even though further studies will be necessary to validate the criteria for its interpretation. Considering experiencing situations of learning in after-school workshops, there is a need for future studies in order to evaluate the impact of these programs on the education of children in public schools.(AU)

Domination and resistance in school - The Alternative School Day for 'at-risk students': What does it mean for them to be there, and to what extent do they benefit?

Alternative School Day (ASD) is a project for adolescents who have difficulties in several areas. Nine pupils (14-16-years-old), their parents and teachers were interviewed during autumn and spring. The pupils attended ASD one day per week. All of them had a working-class background. The study focuses on the school as a middle-class arena, and for pupils with other class background, it represents an 'away ground'. Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital and habitus, and Giroux's emphasis of individuals as intentional actors, have been used to study domination and resistance in schools. The findings may indicate that there exist both domination and resistance in schools.

Pedometer-determined physical activity patterns in a segmented school day among Hong Kong primary school children.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) patterns in segmented school days among Hong Kong primary school children. METHODS: Participants were instructed to wear pedometers for 4 consecutive days. The overall step counts and counts at specific periods (e.g., after school, recess, and lunch) during the test days were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 74 recruited participants, 68 (41.2% boys, aged 10 and 11 years old) provided valid data. The mean total daily steps over the 4 test days ranged from 9064 to 9714 (standard deviation = 3140-3471 steps). The periods that contributed most toward total daily steps were after school (34.2%), recess (14.0%), and physical education (PE) classes (12.3%). Overall, Student t tests revealed that boys were more active than girls. More active children (daily step average above the sex-specific median value) accumulated significantly more steps during recess and after school than less active children (daily step average below the sex-specific median value) in both sexes (mean differences ranged from 507 steps to 1977 steps). A mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that students accumulated 914 steps more on days that included PE classes than on days without PE classes. A three-way ANOVA found no significant differences in body weight status (normal weight vs. overweight and obesity) and travel mode (active vs. passive modes). CONCLUSION: The findings provide a better understanding of PA patterns and the contribution of the distinct segments within a school day to children's PA. This information may assist in developing more effective, appropriate, and timely school-based PA interventions for children in Hong Kong.

Chronotype and time-of-day effects on mood during school day.

Existing evidence suggests an association between mood, time-of-day and morningness-eveningness (M-E). Since few studies have been carried out among adolescents, in this study daily mood fluctuations were analyzed in the naturalistic school context during 2 d in order to test how chronotype and time-of-day are related to mood during the school schedule period and check if sleep length is involved in the above relation. A sample of 655 adolescents (12-16 years) reported mood levels (current level of pleasantness) three times during school day (8:10-8:30 h, 10:20-11:40 h, 13:50-14:10 h). They also reported M-E preference and time in bed. Neither age nor sex were related to mood. However, the results indicated that regardless of chronotype mood increased throughout the school day from the lowest morning levels. Moreover, morning types showed better mood compared to other chronotypes, while evening types exhibited the lowest mood. Evening-oriented students slept less than other chronotypes, but time in bed was not involved in the relationship between chronotype and mood. These results suggest that it is not shortened sleep duration responsible for decreased mood in evening-oriented students.

Siervos en ciudadanización: el potencial de las prácticas ludo – corporales escolarizadas y no escolarizadas en la construcción del entramado social en la ciudad de Medellín, caso: en la I.E. Antonio Ricaurte / Servants in ciudadanización: the potential of ludo practices - body educated and uneducated in the construction of the social fabric in the city of Medellin case: in the I.E. Antonio Ricaurte

En el contexto de la Práctica Pedagógica universitaria, a partir de una convocatoria abierta dirigida a los grupos decimo y once de la Institución Educativa Antonio Ricaurte, ubicado en Belén Rincón/Comuna 16 de Medellín (Una de las más grandes y pobladas de esta ciudad con 193.343 habitantes), se desarrolla una propuesta de intervención pedagógica de tipo IAP; dos practicantes universitarios de licenciatura en educación física y quince jóvenes de ambos sexos asumen el rol de coinvestigadores, exploran, valoran y experimentan prácticas ludocorporales escolarizadas y no escolarizadas que tengan a juicio de los participantes potencial educativo para la formación de una ciudadanía crítica.

In the context of university pedagogical practice, from an open call directed to the tenth and eleventh degree students of the high school from the Educative Institution (E.I) Antonio Ricaurte in Belen Rincon/Commune 16 of Medellin (One of the largest and most populous of the city with 193,343 inhabitants), is developed a proposal of pedagogical intervention of IAP type; two college interns of physical education and fifteen young men and women assume the role of co investigators which explore, appreciate and experience ludic-corporal practices both inside school and also outside school which have educative potential for the formation of a critical citizenship.