RESUMO
Delinquent offenses among adolescents is an important public health concern worldwide and has been increasing at an alarming rate in India. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and pattern of delinquency among justice-involved adolescent (JIA) males and determine the associated socio-demographic factors. This cross-sectional study was carried out during the year 2016 to 2019 among 178 male inmates (aged 10-18 years) of an observation home situated at Berhampur city in the state of Odisha, India. More than half (52.8%) of the JIA males committed overt delinquent acts and 47.2% committed covert delinquent acts. Drug trafficking (34.5%) tops the list among different covert delinquent acts followed by stealing things (33.3%) whereas rape (62.8%) was the most frequently committed overt delinquent act followed by murder (25%). Results of the multivariate analysis revealed that older age {adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.05; 95% CI [1.73, 9.51]}, lower education status of mother (aOR: 2.81; 95% CI [1.09, 7.22]), single parenthood (aOR: 4.58; 95% CI [1.27, 16.58]), and non-supportive parenting (aOR: 3.13, 95% CI [1.44, 6.80]) were significantly associated with overt delinquency in JIA males. The prevalence of overt delinquency among JIA males was high. Interventional measures incorporating these determinants should be designed to address overt delinquency in this population.
Assuntos
Delinquência Juvenil , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Análise Multivariada , DemografiaRESUMO
Single-parent families led by fathers are an increasing demographic globally, Furthermore, single fatherhood is associated with poorer self-reported health and mental health, lifestyle practices and habits, increased health complications, psychological symptoms, hospital admissions, and higher mortality. However, there is still a dearth of evidence exploring single fathers' experiences. A systematic review and meta-synthesis were conducted using Sandelowski and Barroso's approach. Six electronic databases were searched from each database's inception to December 2021, and 34 studies were included in this review. In total, six themes were synthesized: (i) "Doing it alone": Double the work, stress, and tears; (ii) Beyond ambivalence and towards stability, (iii) Walking into the lion's den; (iv) Education as a foundation for a better future; (v) "Single but not alone": Support systems; (vi) "Reconceptualising my predicament": Double the love and growth. Our findings suggest the need to: help fathers better navigate their relationships with their children and ex-partners, increased awareness and availability of parent-teaching and support programs, and reform guidelines and policies to enable greater participation and involvement of fathers in future judicial systems, and social and public assistance services.
Assuntos
Pai , Poder Familiar , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Pai/psicologia , Família Monoparental , Saúde Mental , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
Through an intersectional lens, this study explores the experience of being a single gay father by choice in Israeli society, which continues to view the traditional heterosexual two-parent family as the ideal. Analysis of 15 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with single gay Israeli fathers suggests that their experiences are characterized by constant tension between their self-perceived social acceptance and sense of belonging on the one hand and their encounters with discrimination and bias on the other. The findings shed light on the ways in which the fathers' complex experiences are shaped by the intersection between their identity as parents and their two marginalized identities: single male parents and gay fathers. These identities were found to be highly contextual and affected by macro-level factors. As the fathers cope with their environment, they develop a sense of belonging alongside a deep sense of otherness, suggesting that the sense of belonging and the sense of otherness are not binary opposites, but rather two social categories that are continually constructed through the intersection between different identities and their interaction with macro-level factors, making single gay parenthood a multidimensional experience.
Assuntos
Pai , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Heterossexualidade , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Israel , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While numerous studies suggest that single motherhood is associated with socioeconomic disadvantages and poor health, few studies have analyzed how these conditions have evolved over time. Addressing this gap, we examined the temporal development of self-rated health (SRH) among single compared to partnered mothers, and the role of socioeconomic factors that may have influenced this trend. METHODS: We used representative longitudinal data from the German Socioeconomic Panel Survey (G-SOEP) between 1994 and 2018, consisting of 83,843 women with children, aged 30-49 years (13,664 single and 70,179 partnered mothers). Time trends in SRH and socioeconomic factors were analyzed by means of logistic regression analyses. We applied the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method for decomposing the total time effect into direct and indirect parts via socioeconomic mediators. RESULTS: The predicted probabilities of good SRH decreased in single mothers from 57.0% to 48.4%, while they increased in partnered mothers from 54.8% to 61.3%. Similarly, predicted probabilities of poor SRH rose from 15.0% to 22.7% in single mothers while decreasing slightly from 12.0% to 11.4% in partnered mothers. Moreover, socioeconomic factors worsened over time for single mothers, while they mostly improved for partnered mothers. Decomposing the time trend revealed that the deterioration of single mothers' health was partly explained by the worsening of socioeconomic disadvantages, of which the decline in full-time employment, the rise in low incomes, and in unemployment contributed most. CONCLUSIONS: The alarming rise in socioeconomic and health disadvantages among single mothers in Germany shows that action is needed to counter this trend.
Assuntos
Mães , Família Monoparental , Criança , Feminino , Alemanha , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Pobreza , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a percepção dos pais sobre a construção do vínculo com os filhos na monoparentalidade. Foram entrevistados cinco mães e três pais, entre 35 e 58 anos, das camadas socioeconômicas médias da população urbana do Rio de Janeiro, membros de famílias planejadas - uma com filho biológico, outra com filhos biológicos e adotados, e seis constituídas por adoção. Os resultados foram analisados conforme o método de análise de conteúdo. Emergiram duas categorias de análise: exercício da autoridade solo e rede social de apoio. Os resultados apontaram o exercício da autoridade solo como um desafio, especialmente nos casos de adoção tardia, relacionado à contestação da autoridade, à triangulação com a família biológica, e à dificuldade de colocar limites e regras devido ao contexto anterior em que a criança vivia. A rede social de apoio apresentou-se como um tipo de vínculo significativo, mostrando-se diversificada, inclusive na maneira de constituir-se; observaram-se a abertura aos laços de afinidade, o aspecto criativo na sua construção e a participação de profissionais de diferentes áreas, especialmente da Psicologia. Apontamos a relevância de abrir um campo de estudos sobre essa nova forma de constituir família a monoparentalidade adotiva.
This study aims to investigate the parents' perception about the construction of the bond with their children in single parenthood. Five mothers and three fathers, between 35 and 58 years old, from the middle socioeconomic strata of the urban population of Rio de Janeiro, members of planned families were interviewed: one family with a biological child, another with biological and adopted children, and six constituted by adoption. The results were analyzed according to the content analysis method. Two categories of analysis emerged: exercise of solo authority and social support network. The results pointed out the exercise of single authority as a challenge, especially in cases of late adoption, related to contesting authority, triangulation with the biological family, and the difficulty of placing limits and rules due to the previous context in which the child lived. The social support network presented itself as a type of significant bond, showing itself to be diversified, including in the way it was constituted. The opening to ties of affinity, the creative aspect in its construction and the participation of professionals from different areas, especially from Psychology, were observed. We point out the relevance of opening a field of studies on this new way of forming a family adoptive single parenting.
RESUMO
The study focuses on understanding the association between parental socio-economic status (SES) and the likelihood of women experiencing a first birth while single, and identifying societal factors that influence this association in 18 North American and European societies. Previous research has shown that single motherhood occurs disproportionately among those from with lower a lower parental SES. The study assesses whether this is caused by parental SES differences in the risk of single women experiencing a first conception leading to a live birth or by parental SES differences in how likely women are to enter a union during pregnancy. Additionally, an assessment is made of whether cross-national differences in these associations can be explained by a country's access to family planning, norms regarding family formation, and economic inequality. Across countries, a negative gradient of parental SES was found on the likelihood of single women to experience a first pregnancy. The negative gradient was stronger in countries with better access to family planning. In some countries, the negative gradient of parental SES was aggravated during pregnancy because women from lower parental SES were less likely to enter a union. This was mostly found in societies with less conservative norms regarding marriage. The results suggest that certain developments in Western societies may increase socio-economic differentials in family demography. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10680-021-09591-3.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Children's healthy development is important. While governmental public assistance benefits financially troubled families, it cannot compensate for a lack of social support. Single-parenthood is a health risk factor for children owing to low-income-associated food insecurity and stress. No study has investigated the association between single-parenthood and health status in children from families receiving public assistance. This study aimed to examine the association between single-parent households and children's health among public assistance recipients in Japan by using linkage data of two municipal public assistance databases and administrative medical assistance data. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study. Public assistance for households below the poverty line ensures income security and medical care. The study population included all children aged 15 or younger availing public assistance in January 2016. We extracted recipients' sociodemographic factors from January 2016 and identified the incidence of childhood diseases' diagnosis until December 2016 as the outcome, including 1) acute upper respiratory infections; 2) influenza and pneumonia; 3) injuries, including fractures; 4) intestinal infectious diseases; 5) conjunctivitis; 6) asthma; 7) allergic rhinitis; 8) dermatitis and eczema, including atopic dermatitis; and 9) diseases of the oral cavities, salivary glands, and jaws, such as tooth decay or dental caries. RESULTS: Among the 573 children, 383 (66.8%) lived in single-parent households. A multivariable Poisson regression, with a robust standard error estimator, showed that single-parenthood is associated with a higher prevalence of asthma (incidence ratio [IR] = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.26), allergic rhinitis (IR = 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07-1.86), dermatitis and eczema (IR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.21-2.70), and dental diseases (IR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.33-2.42) compared to non-single parent households, whereas little association was found between single-parenthood and children's acute health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Among public assistance recipients, living in single-parent households may be a risk factor for children's chronic diseases. The Japanese public assistance system should provide additional social care for single-parent households. Further investigations are necessary using more detailed longitudinal data, including environmental factors, the severity of children's health conditions, contents of medical treatments, and broader socioeconomic factors.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Assistência Pública , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Impaired parental functioning and single parenthood are considered risk factors for child maltreatment and being involved in the child protection context. Past research has shown that an impaired mental functioning and being a single parent are indicators of limited parenting resources. These risk factors are likely to be considered by family judges, which might lead to more intrusive court decisions concerning parental custody. To date, court data have rarely been investigated. The present study examined parental mental health and single parenthood using data from family law proceedings. The role of the fathers has been understudied and the few existing studies yielded contradictory results with respect to fathers' involvement as risk or protective factor. Therefore, the study included both fathers' data and mothers' data. A total of 220 child protection court files with 343 affected children were coded using a category system. Parental mental health was coded as parental functioning in daily life and was significantly associated with the court outcome. Multilevel mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect of maternal functioning on the intrusiveness of the court decisions via child maltreatment. Single motherhood moderated the effect: The indirect effect was more pronounced for single mothers. This study contributes to a better understanding of the population getting before court and the judicial process. Psychological attributes do play a role in the decision-making of judges; and taking the role of the fathers into account is necessary.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviços de Proteção Infantil/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Pré-Escolar , Pai/psicologia , Feminino , Alemanha , Humanos , Jurisprudência , Masculino , Mães/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Pais Solteiros/legislação & jurisprudência , Pais Solteiros/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
As diversas conquistas das mulheres no decorrer da história e os avanços das leis sobre a adoção possibilitaram que uma mulher, sem a presença de um cônjuge, conquistasse o direito de adotar uma criança, surgindo um novo arranjo familiar. Essa revisão assistemática de literatura objetivou discutir a monoparentalidade feminina constituída através da adoção. A partir dos estudos nacionais e internacionais encontrados, os resultados apontam que as mães solteiras por escolha têm aproximadamente 30 anos, possuem elevada escolaridade e estabilidade no mercado de trabalho, e não apresentam dificuldades em trabalhar e cuidar do filho adotivo. As mães são vistas como "atípicas" e enfrentam problemas morais que envolvem o exercício da parentalidade sem um cônjuge. A ausência do cônjuge leva a uma maior proximidade com a mãe segundo os filhos. Finalmente, o apoio social, especialmente da família extensa, é esperado e necessário. Reflexões sobre a singularidade desse arranjo familiar são propostas.(AU)
The many achievements of women in the course history and the advance of the laws about adoption made it possible that a woman, without a spouse, conquered the right to adopt a child, resulting in a new family arrangement. This unsystematic review of literature aimed to discuss the female single parenthood constituted through the adoption. The national and international studies found show that single mothers by choice are approximately 30 years old, have high schooling and stability in the job market, and do not present difficulties in working and taking care of adopted child. This mothers are seen as "atypical" and face moral problems which involve the exercise of parenthood without a spouse. The absence of the spouse leads to greater proximity to the mother according to the children. Finally, social support, especially extended family, is expected and necessary. Reflections on the singularity of this family arrangement are proposed.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pais Solteiros , Adoção/legislação & jurisprudência , Poder Familiar/tendências , Família MonoparentalRESUMO
In the US, growing up with parents with a low socio-economic status (SES) has been shown to increase the chance of having a birth outside marriage. However, less is known about the influence of parental SES in other Western countries. The current paper examines the association between parental educational attainment with the partnership context at first birth in 16 European and North American countries, by differentiating births within marriage, within cohabitation, or while being single. Moreover, we test whether the association between parental education and partnership context at childbirth changes over cohorts and whether its influence changes when controlling for own educational attainment. Data from the Generations and Gender Programme were used, as well as data from the American National Survey of Family Growth, the Canadian General Social Survey, and the Dutch Survey on Family Formation. The results show that in North American and East European countries, but not in West European countries, lower parental education increases the risk of having a birth within cohabitation. Moreover, in North American countries and half of the West and East European countries, lower parental education increases the risk of having a birth while being single. The association of parental education with the partnership context at birth tends to change furthermore over cohorts, although no clear pattern could be observed between countries. The study suggests that the intergenerational transmission of education is an important mechanism in explaining the influence of parental education, although other mechanisms also appear to be at work.
RESUMO
We examined the effects of single-parent family status and high parental socio-economic status (SES) on the trajectories of children's emotional/behavioural adjustment in early-to-middle childhood (ages 3-7 years). We also assessed whether these family characteristics interact with the equivalent neighbourhood characteristics of shares of single-parent families and high-SES adults in predicting these trajectories. Using data on 9850 children in England participating in the Millennium Cohort Study, we found that family status and parental SES predicted children's trajectories of adjustment. Even after controlling for these family factors and key child and parent characteristics, the neighbourhood shares of high-SES adults and single-parent families were related (negatively and positively, respectively) to child problem behaviour. Importantly, children of low-SES parents in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of high-SES adults had fewer emotional symptoms than their counterparts in areas with fewer high-SES adults. Surprisingly, the adverse effect of single-parent family status on child hyperactivity was attenuated in areas with a higher share of single-parent families.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Características da Família , Classe Social , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Inglaterra , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Características de Residência , Família Monoparental , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This paper examines the well-being of Japanese children in single-mother families relative to children living with both parents. Using data from three rounds of the National Survey of Households with Children, I first demonstrate that single mothers report their children to have significantly worse health and lower academic performance. I then estimate regression models to assess the extent to which these differences reflect single mothers' economic disadvantage, difficult work circumstances, and worse health and experience of stressful life events. Results indicate that economic disadvantage is particularly important for understanding lower levels of well-being among the children of single mothers. I conclude by discussing potential implications of these results for linkages between family behavior and inequality in Japan and for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage.
RESUMO
A utilização das técnicas de reprodução assistida vem possibilitando, nas últimas décadas, a realização da vontade de exercer a parentalidade em diferentes contextos e situações, muito além da infertilidade. Aqui são elaboradas reflexões associadas à monoparentalidade buscada, não acidental, considerando contingências específicas, tais como a utilização de sêmen post mortem e a denominada produção independente, seja em indivíduos hétero ou homossexuais. Tais reflexões são eliciadas em virtude da prática clínica à luz da revisão de literatura e debruçam-se sobre as condições que favorecem essa busca, muitas vezes de caráter narcísico e que necessitam de uma escuta e uma interlocução privilegiada no atendimento clínico. (AU)
In the last decades, the use of assisted reproduction techniques has favored the fulfillment of parenthood desires indifferent contexts and situations, beyond infertility it self. This paper discusses issues related to programmed single parenthood eagerly sought in specific situations, such as the use of post mortem semen and the so-called independentproduction among hetero and homosexual individuals. This reflexion is brought by the authors clinical experienceand addresses the conditions that favor this perhaps narcissistic search, which needs a specialized hearing and exchangewithin the clinical context. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Reprodução , Narcisismo , Técnicas Reprodutivas , Poder FamiliarRESUMO
A utilização das técnicas de reprodução assistida vem possibilitando, nas últimas décadas, a realização da vontade de exercer a parentalidade em diferentes contextos e situações, muito além da infertilidade. Aqui são elaboradas reflexões associadas à monoparentalidade buscada, não acidental, considerando contingências específicas, tais como a utilização de sêmen post mortem e a denominada produção independente, seja em indivíduos hétero ou homossexuais. Tais reflexões são eliciadas em virtude da prática clínica à luz da revisão de literatura e debruçam-se sobre as condições que favorecem essa busca, muitas vezes de caráter narcísico e que necessitam de uma escuta e uma interlocução privilegiada no atendimento clínico...
In the last decades, the use of assisted reproduction techniques has favored the fulfillment of parenthood desires indifferent contexts and situations, beyond infertility it self. This paper discusses issues related to programmed single parenthood eagerly sought in specific situations, such as the use of post mortem semen and the so-called independentproduction among hetero and homosexual individuals. This reflexion is brought by the authors clinical experienceand addresses the conditions that favor this perhaps narcissistic search, which needs a specialized hearing and exchangewithin the clinical context...
Assuntos
Humanos , Narcisismo , Reprodução , Técnicas Reprodutivas , Poder FamiliarRESUMO
O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender as concepções de família trazidas por mulheres chefes de família de periferia urbana, bem como identificar como as mães entendem seu lugar nesse contexto familiar. A pesquisa foi realizada com dez mulheres, mães, que compunham uma família monoparental e que residiam em periferia urbana. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais, sendo a análise feita por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados apontaram para uma sobrecarga devido ao acúmulo de funções e certo apego ao modelo nuclear de família, gerando sentimentos de fragilidade e insatisfação entre as mães entrevistadas. Nesse sentido, destaca-se a importância da realização de intervenções que deem conta das questões que se apresentam após o fim do relacionamento amoroso, em especial quando se trata de famílias de periferia urbana, as quais representam um número expressivo da realidade brasileira.(AU)
This study aimed to understand the meanings attributed to family by women heads of households in urban periphery, as well as identifying how mothers understand their place in the family context. This research was composed by ten women, mothers, who constituted a monoparental family, living in urban periphery. Data were collected through of semi-structured interviews and focus groups, both analyzed according to the thematic content analysis. The results pointed to an overload, due to accumulation of functions and certain attachment to the nuclear family model, generating feelings of fragility and dissatisfaction among those interviewed. In that sense, stands out the importance of promoting interventions to deal with these issues that arise after the end of the relationship, especially when it comes from families living in the urban periphery of the cities, condition experienced by a significant number of families of the Brazilian society.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Mulheres , Família , Família Monoparental , Relações FamiliaresRESUMO
Este estudo visa apresentar o contexto em que vivem as famílias monoparentais com filhos gêmeos, através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de estudo de caso único, em que foi realizada terapia familiar de abordagem sistêmica. A família analisada é composta por uma mãe jovem com duas filhas gêmeas de dois anos de idade, moradoras de abrigo. Assim, surge o interesse em investigar: a) como se estabelece o vínculo do progenitor sem cônjuge com filhos gêmeos; e b) se o vínculo estabelecido com cada filho pode influenciar na maneira como se cuida de cada um deles. Além disto, torna-se importante ainda pensar nos vínculos que podem ser construídos fora da família.(AU)
This study presents the context of living single-parent families with twins, through a qualitative, single study case, which family therapy was performed in a systemic approach. The family analyzed consists about a young mother of twin daughters with two years old, living in a shelter. This way, arises the interest of investigation: a) how the bond is established between parent with no spouse and twins; and b) if the bond established with each child can influence the way that the parent takes care of each one of them. Moreover, it is also important to think about the bonds that can be built outside the family.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Terapia Familiar , Gêmeos/psicologia , Apego ao ObjetoRESUMO
Este estudo visa apresentar o contexto em que vivem as famílias monoparentais com filhos gêmeos, através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de estudo de caso único, em que foi realizada terapia familiar de abordagem sistêmica. A família analisada é composta por uma mãe jovem com duas filhas gêmeas de dois anos de idade, moradoras de abrigo. Assim, surge o interesse em investigar: a) como se estabelece o vínculo do progenitor sem cônjuge com filhos gêmeos; e b) se o vínculo estabelecido com cada filho pode influenciar na maneira como se cuida de cada um deles. Além disto, torna-se importante ainda pensar nos vínculos que podem ser construídos fora da família...
This study presents the context of living single-parent families with twins, through a qualitative, single study case, which family therapy was performed in a systemic approach. The family analyzed consists about a young mother of twin daughters with two years old, living in a shelter. This way, arises the interest of investigation: a) how the bond is established between parent with no spouse and twins; and b) if the bond established with each child can influence the way that the parent takes care of each one of them. Moreover, it is also important to think about the bonds that can be built outside the family...