RESUMO
The ability of animals to adapt to warming will depend on the evolutionary potential of thermally sensitive traits. The number of studies measuring the quantitative genetics of a wide variety of thermally sensitive traits has steadily increased; however, no study has yet investigated the quantitative genetics of thermal sensitivity for courtship traits. Since courtship often precedes mating, the ability of these traits to respond to warming may impact reproduction and therefore population persistence. Here, we use classic quantitative genetics breeding design to estimate heritability of various aspects of the thermal sensitivity of courtship behaviours in the treehopper Enchenopa binotata. We generated individual-level thermal courtship activity curves for males and females and measured levels of genetic variation in the thermal sensitivity of courtship activity. We found low heritability with 95% credible intervals that did not approach zero for most traits. Levels of genetic variation were highest in traits describing thermal tolerance. We also found some evidence for genetic correlations between traits within but not across sexes. Together, our results suggest that the range of temperatures over which these treehoppers actively court can evolve, although it remains unclear whether adaptation can happen quickly enough to match the speed of warming.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Hemípteros/genética , Corte , Evolução Biológica , Reprodução , Adaptação FisiológicaRESUMO
The aim of the conducted study was to describe the symbiotic systems (the types of symbionts, distribution in the body of the host insect, the transovarial transmission between generations) of two treehoppers: Centrotus cornutus and Gargara genistae by means of microscopic and molecular techniques. We found that each of them is host to four species of bacteriome-inhabiting symbionts. In C. cornutus, ancestral bacterial symbionts Sulcia and Nasuia are accompanied by an additional symbiont-the bacterium Arsenophonus. In the bacteriomes of G. genistae, apart from Sulcia and Nasuia, bacterium Serratia is present. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the occurrence of Serratia as a symbiont in Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha. Bacteria Sulcia and Nasuia are harbored in their own bacteriocytes, whereas Arsenophonus and Serratia both inhabit their own bacteriocytes and also co-reside with bacteria Nasuia. We observed that both bacteria Arsenophonus and Serratia undergo autophagic degradation. We found that in both of the species examined, in the cytoplasm and nuclei of all of the cells of the bacteriome, bacteria Rickettsia are present. Our histological and ultrastructural observations revealed that all the bacteriome-associated symbionts of C. cornutus and G. genistae are transovarially transmitted from mother to offspring.
Assuntos
Simbiose/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , HemípterosRESUMO
Abstract: Membracidae are phytophagous insects that present different types of behavior, requiring a specific protocol for fast and efficient collection. This article evaluates the best methods for sampling these insects in Atlantic Forest areas. The protocol was applied in four areas of the Atlantic Forest in Paraíba state, Brazil, and involved a team of four people at a cost of US$180 per area. Each area contained 100 sampling units subdivided into 30 yellow sticky cards in the canopy and 30 yellow sticky cards in the lower stratum, 30 active collections and 10 light traps. In total, 2,678 specimens belonging to 91 species were sampled. The highest abundance and richness values were obtained using active collection (N = 1,517; S = 42) and cards in the canopy (N = 345; S = 53). All methods exhibited high complementarity, with more than half of the species (S = 50; 54.35%) recorded exclusively by only one of the methods applied. Similarity analysis revealed that active collection differs significantly from all other methods (R = 0.10, p = 0.0001) and that the sticky cards in the canopy differ from the collection in the lower stratum (p = 0.0001), whereas the other method pairs did not exhibit significant differences. In all areas, the active collection, the sticky cards in the canopy and the lower stratum had the best sample sufficiency, with at least 60% of the estimated values. To inventory Membracidae specimens in areas of the Atlantic Forest, a protocol that combines different collection methods is required, which in principle requires more time and expense. However, it is worth noting that it is possible to adjust this protocol according to the researcher's need. For a faster survey that includes the largest number of species, we suggest a combination of active collection and a light trap.
Resumo: Membracídeos são insetos fitófagos que apresentam diferentes tipos de comportamento, o que requer um protocolo específico para uma coleta rápida e eficiente. Este artigo avalia quais os melhores métodos para amostragem desses insetos em áreas de Floresta Atlântica. O protocolo foi aplicado em quatro áreas de Floresta Atlântica na Paraíba e envolveu uma equipe de quatro pessoas, ao custo de U$180 por área. Contém 100 unidades amostrais subdividas em 30 cartões adesivos amarelos no dossel, e 30 no estrato inferior, 30 coletas ativas e 10 armadilhas luminosas. No total foram amostrados 2.678 espécimes pertencentes a 91 espécies. As maiores abundâncias e valores de riqueza foram obtidos usando a coleta ativa (N = 1.517; S = 42) e os cartões do dossel (N = 345; S = 53). Todos os métodos apresentaram alta complementaridade, com mais da metade das espécies (S = 50; 54,35%) registradas exclusivamente por apenas um dos métodos aplicados. A análise de similaridade mostrou que a coleta ativa difere significativamente de todos os outros métodos (R = 0,10; p = 0,0001), e que os cartões adesivos no dossel diferem da coleta no estrato inferior (p = 0,0001), enquanto os outros pares de métodos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Em todas as áreas, a coleta ativa, os cartões adesivos no dossel e no estrato inferior, respectivamente, foram os que apresentaram melhor suficiência amostral, com valores de no mínimo 60% do estimado. Foi demonstrado que, para inventariar membracídeos em áreas de Floresta Atlântica, é necessário um protocolo que combine diferentes métodos de coleta, o que à priori, demanda mais tempo e custo. Contudo, vale ressaltar que é possível ajustar este protocolo de acordo com a necessidade do pesquisador. Indicamos que para um levantamento mais rápido e que contemple o maior número de espécies, o ideal é utilizar uma combinação de coleta ativa e armadilha luminosa.
RESUMO
A list of treehoppers (Aetalionidae and Membracidae) is presented from Madre de Dios region at the southeastern Amazon basin in Peru. The treehopper specimens were collected as by-catch in a survey of the beetles in the Villa Carmen Biological Station and Los Amigos Biological Station. The list comprises 44 species, 31 genera, 16 tribes and 9 subfamilies. Ten genera are new records to Peru. The images of representative specimens of each identified species and genera are provided to facilitate the identification of the local treehopper fauna.
Se presenta una lista de los membrácidos (Aetalionidae y Membracidae) de la región Madre de Dios, en el sureste de la cuenca Amazónica, en Perú. La lista está basada en especímenes recolectados como captura fortuita en un inventario de escarabajos en las estaciones biológicas Villa Carmen y Los Amigos. La lista incluye 44 especies, 31 géneros, 16 tribus y 9 subfamilias. Diez géneros son nuevos registros para Perú. Se presentan las imágenes de especímenes representativos de cada especie y género para facilitar la identifición de la fauna local de los membrácidos.
RESUMO
Abstract Treehopper assemblages were sampled in four semi-arid areas of caatinga in Northeast Brazil during the rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, using three different capture methods. The areas are located in two Ecoregions of the Caatinga: "Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional" (Northern Sertaneja Depression) and "Planalto da Borborema" (Borborema Plateau). A total of 2,394 individuals of 43 species were sampled, corresponding to approximately 87% of the mean estimated species richness for all four areas. The species richness varied among the areas from 14 to 21, while the abundance of individuals ranged from 129 to 1860. Eighteen species were shared among areas, of which only Enchenopa eunicea, Sundarion sp. 1, Ceresa vitulus and Erosne parvula occurred in all four due to the general behavior of the first three and the wide distribution of host plant of Erosne parvula - Mimosa tenuiflora. Twenty-five species occurred only in one area, of which 23 were categorized as rare with a maximum of eight individuals sampled, and seven with only one individual collected (singletons). Considering that the Caatinga Domain possesses at least nine Ecoregions with different climates, geomorphology and vegetation, along with marked endemism of plants, it is expected that the species richness of treehoppers will increase substantially on a regional scale.
Resumo As taxocenoses de membracídeos foram amostradas em quatro áreas de Caatinga do semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, durante a estação chuvosa de 2016 e 2017, utilizando três métodos distintos de captura. Essas áreas estão inseridas em duas Ecorregiões da Caatinga, Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional e Planalto da Borborema. Um total de 2.394 indivíduos pertencentes a 43 espécies foram amostrados, correspondendo a aproximadamente 87% da riqueza de espécies média estimada para o conjunto das quatro áreas. A riqueza de espécies por área variou de 14 a 21, enquanto a abundância de indivíduos variou de 129 a 1860. Dezoito espécies foram compartilhadas, mas apenas Enchenopa eunicea, Sundarion sp. 1, Ceresa vitulus e Erosne parvula ocorreram em todas as áreas, em decorrência do comportamento generalista das três primeiras espécies e da distribuição ampla da planta hospedeira de Erosne parvula - Mimosa tenuiflora. Vinte cinco espécies foram exclusivas, ocorrendo em apenas uma das áreas, sendo 23 dessas categorizadas como raras, com no máximo oito indivíduos amostrados, e sete com apenas um único indivíduo coletado (singletons). Tendo em vista que o Domínio da Caatinga possui, pelo menos, nove Ecorregiões, com diferentes características de clima, geomorfologia e vegetação, inclusive com uma marcante taxa de endemismo de plantas, há expectativa que a riqueza de espécies de membracídeos possa aumentar substancialmente numa escala regional.
RESUMO
The importance and prevalence of phylogenetic tracking between hosts and dependent organisms caused by co-evolution and shifting between closely related host species have been debated for decades. Most studies of phylogenetic tracking among phytophagous insects and their host plants have been limited to insects feeding on a narrow range of host species. However, narrow host ranges can confound phylogenetic tracking (phylogenetic tracking hypothesis) with host shifting between hosts of intermediate relationship (intermediate hypothesis). Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers. Each species in this complex has high host fidelity, but the entire complex uses hosts across eight plant orders. The phylogenies of E. binotata were reconstructed to evaluate whether (1) tracking host phylogeny; or (2) shifting between intermediately related host plants better explains the evolutionary history of E. binotata. Our results suggest that E. binotata primarily shifted between both distant and intermediate host plants regardless of host phylogeny and less frequently tracked the phylogeny of their hosts. These findings indicate that phytophagous insects with high host fidelity, such as E. binotata, are capable of adaptation not only to closely related host plants but also to novel hosts, likely with diverse phenology and defense mechanisms.
RESUMO
The genus Cornutalis Sakakibara currently includes two valid species, Cornutalis cauca Sakakibara, 1997 (from Colombia) and C. valida Sakakibara, 1997 (from Ecuador). Herein, a new species, Cornutalis andinum sp. n., is described from the highlands in Colombia; additionally, a host plant is recorded for the first time for the genus. Also, a distribution map, a key to the species, and observations on the location and preservation state of type-specimens are included.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Animais , Colômbia , EquadorRESUMO
The genus Lycoderides Sakakibara, stat. nov. , its composition and descriptions of new species (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Stegaspidinae).The subgenus Lycoderes (Lycoderides) Sakakibara, 1972 is raised to the genus category - Lycoderides stat. nov.. - : and it now includes: Lycoderides amazonicus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides brevilobus (Sakakibara, 1972), comb. nov. , Lycoderides burmeisteri (Fairmaire, 1846), comb. nov. , Lycoderides cultratus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides fernandezi (Strümpel, 1988), comb. nov. , Lycoderides fuscus (Amyot & Serville, 1843), comb. nov. , Lycoderides gradatus (Sakakibara, 1972), comb. nov. , Lycoderides hippocampus (Fabricius, 1803), comb. nov. , Lycoderides luteus (Funkhouser, 1940), comb. nov. , Lycoderides marginalis (Walker, 1851), comb. nov. , Lycoderides nathanieli (Cryan, 1999), comb. nov. , Lycoderides obtusus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides pennyi (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides phasianus (Fowler, 1896), comb. nov. (= Enchenopa minamen Buckton, 1901,SYN. NOV: ), Lycoderides protensus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides serraticornis (Fowler, 1896), comb. nov. , and Lycoderides strumpeli (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. The following new species are described: Lycoderides abditus, sp. nov. , Lycoderides brulei,SP. NOV. (: both from French Guiana), Lycoderides capixaba, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Espírito Santo), Lycoderides cavichiolii, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro), Lycoderides meloi, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Bahia), and Lycoderides oliviae, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Minas Gerais). Other nomenclatural change: Stegaspis bracteata (Fabricius, 1787) = Lycoderes capitata Buckton, 1903, syn. nov. New records of geographical distribution and a key to the species are provided.