Switches in non-invasive respiratory support strategies during acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: Need to monitoring from a retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore combined non-invasive-respiratory-support (NIRS) patterns, reasons for NIRS switching, and their potential impact on clinical outcomes in acute-hypoxemic-respiratory-failure (AHRF) patients. DESIGN: Retrospective, single-center observational study. SETTING: Intensive Care Medicine. PATIENTS: AHRF patients (cardiac origin and respiratory acidosis excluded) underwent combined NIRS therapies such as non-invasive-ventilation (NIV) and High-Flow-Nasal-Cannula (HFNC). INTERVENTIONS: Patients were classified based on the first NIRS switch performed (HFNC-to-NIV or NIV-to-HFNC), and further specific NIRS switching strategies (NIV trial-like vs. Non-NIV trial-like and single vs. multiples switches) were independently evaluated. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Reasons for switching, NIRS failure and mortality rates. RESULTS: A total of 63 patients with AHRF were included, receiving combined NIRS, 58.7% classified in the HFNC-to-NIV group and 41.3% in the NIV-to-HFNC group. Reason for switching from HFNC to NIV was AHRF worsening (100%), while from NIV to HFNC was respiratory improvement (76.9%). NIRS failure rates were higher in the HFNC-to-NIV than in NIV-to-HFNC group (81% vs. 35%, p < 0.001). Among HFNC-to-NIV patients, there was no difference in the failure rate between the NIV trial-like and non-NIV trial-like groups (86% vs. 78%, p = 0.575) but the mortality rate was significantly lower in NIV trial-like group (14% vs. 52%, p = 0.02). Among NIV to HFNC patients, NIV failure was lower in the single switch group compared to the multiple switches group (15% vs. 53%, p = 0.039), with a shorter length of stay (5 [2-8] vs. 12 [8-30] days, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: NIRS combination is used in real life and both switches' strategies, HFNC to NIV and NIV to HFNC, are common in AHRF management. Transitioning from HFNC to NIV is suggested as a therapeutic escalation and in this context performance of a NIV-trial could be beneficial. Conversely, switching from NIV to HFNC is suggested as a de-escalation strategy that is deemed safe if there is no NIRS failure.

Métodos no invasivos de oxigenación en pacientes con COVID-19 / Non-invasive oxygenation methods in patients with COVID-19

Resumen: Desde el inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19, dentro de las complicaciones más frecuentes de esta infección se encuentran la neumonía y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. La hipoxemia y el aumento del trabajo respiratorio son determinantes para adoptar diversas estrategias terapéuticas de oxigenación no invasiva en pacientes con COVID-19. Es importante conocer y describir las diferentes modalidades de oxigenoterapia no invasiva, con la finalidad de preservar la oxigenación y un adecuado trabajo respiratorio, las estrategias descritas en la literatura abarcan: cánulas nasales convencionales, cánulas nasales de alto flujo y ventilación mecánica no invasiva, aunado a otras medidas de soporte como posición prono, administración de esquemas con esteroide, inmunomoduladores y óxido nítrico inhalado. Las estrategias no invasivas de oxigenación por diferentes métodos son herramientas indispensables para el tratamiento de pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19 moderada-grave. Es necesario evaluar el dispositivo a emplear, ya que esta enfermedad tiene características heterogéneas de acuerdo con gravedad y el tiempo de evolución.

Abstract: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the most frequent complications of this infection include pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Hypoxemia and increased work of breathing are determining factors in adopting various non-invasive oxygenation therapeutic strategies in patients with COVID-19. It is important to know and describe the different modalities of non-invasive oxygen therapy, in order to preserve oxygenation and adequate respiratory work, the strategies described in the literature include: conventional nasal cannulas, high-flow nasal cannulas and non-invasive mechanical ventilation coupled with other support measures such as prone position, administration of schemes with steroids, immunomodulators and inhaled nitric oxide. Non-invasive oxygenation strategies by different methods are essential tools for the treatment of patients with moderate-severe COVID-19 pneumonia. It is necessary to evaluate the device to be used, since this disease has heterogeneous characteristics according to severity and time of evolution.

COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW): Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess mortality and different clinical factors derived from the development of atraumatic pneumothorax (PNX) and/or pneumomediastinum (PNMD) in critically ill patients as a consequence of COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW). DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit (ICU). PARTICIPANTS: Original research evaluating patients, with or without the need for protective invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), with a diagnosis of COVID-19, who developed atraumatic PNX or PNMD on admission or during hospital stay. INTERVENTIONS: Data of interest were obtained from each article and analyzed and assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The risk of the variables of interest was assessed with data derived from studies including patients who developed atraumatic PNX or PNMD. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Mortality, mean ICU stay and mean PaO2/FiO2 at diagnosis. RESULTS: Information was collected from 12 longitudinal studies. Data from a total of 4901 patients were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1629 patients had an episode of atraumatic PNX and 253 patients had an episode of atraumatic PNMD. Despite the finding of significantly strong associations, the great heterogeneity between studies implies that the interpretation of results should be made with caution. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality among COVID-19 patients was higher in those who developed atraumatic PNX and/or PNMD compared to those who did not. The mean PaO2/FiO2 index was lower in patients who developed atraumatic PNX and/or PNMD. We propose grouping these cases under the term COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW).

Uso de cánula nasal de alto flujo artesanal como oxigenoterapia en insuficiencia respiratoria por COVID-19 / Use of artisanal high flow nasal cannula as oxygen therapy in respiratory failure due to COVID-19

Los riesgos asociados a la neumonía por (SARS-CoV-2) es la generación de insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria que en algunos casos desencadenara al tan temido síndrome de distres respiratorio (SDRA); Informes sobre atención clínica, indican que tiene una incidencia (SDRA) de 3-10 % con necesidad de Asistencia Respiratoria Mecánica (ARM) en pacientes hospitalizados; por lo que dispositivos de oxigenación no invasivos siguen siendo una opción atractiva, de forma inicial. Caso clínico: mujer de 47 años con insuficiencia respiratoria secundario a neumonía por COVID-19, por la gravedad se indica su ingreso a terapia intensiva, pero por razones de falta de unidad es manejada en unidad respiratoria, con el uso de dispositivos de oxigenación de armado ARTESAL, de manera exitosa, con la utilización de CNAF-artesanal, se pretende mejorar el trabajo respiratorio, índices de oxigenación, mientras se da tratamiento a la infección por el COVID-19; el objetivo del presente caso es reportar el presente caso con evolución favorable a la literatura disponible. Discusión: El uso de terapia de oxigenación con dispositivo de Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo, aún no ha sido normatizado en pacientes con COVID-19, pero existe evidencia clínica sobre los efectos beneficiosos en la insuficiencia respiratoria en neonatos mas no en adultos. Conclusión: El uso temprano de la CNAF-artesanal en la insuficiencia respiratoria resulta muy atractivo, más aún con dispositivo de confección artesanal, da una opción más al paciente fuera de UTI, pudiendo apoyar en evitar la intubación y su ingreso a ventilación mecánica.

The risks associated with pneumonia (SARS-CoV-2) is the generation of secondary respiratory failure that in some cases will trigger the much feared respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Reports on clinical care indicate that it has an incidence (ARDS) of 3-10% with the need for Mechanical Respiratory Assistance (ARM) in hospitalized patients; so non-invasive oxygenation devices remain an attractive option, initially. Clinical case: a 47-year-old woman with respiratory failure secondary to covid-19 pneumonia. Due to the severity, her admission to intensive care is indicated, but for reasons of lack of unity, she is managed in a common room, with the use of high-pressure oxygenation devices. ARTISAL assembly, successfully, with the use of CNAF-artisanal, is intended to improve the work of breathing, and oxygenation indices, while treating the infection by COVID-19; The objective of this case is to report the present case with a favorable evolution based on the available literature. Discussion: The use of oxygenation therapy with a High Flow Nasal Cannula device has not yet been standardized in patients with COVID-19, but there is clinical evidence on the beneficial effects in respiratory failure in neonates but not in adults. Conclusion: The early use of the artisan HFNC in respiratory failure is very attractive, even more so with an artisanal device, it gives the patient another option outside the ICU, being able to help avoid intubation and admission to mechanical ventilation.

Presión positiva en vía aérea y cánula de alto flujo en el tratamiento de insuficiencia respiratoria por COVID-19, en unidades de cuidados respiratorios especiales, de dos hospitales de referencia en la República de Panamá

Introducción: En Panamá, así como en otras partes del mundo como España e Italia, se crearon Unidades de Cuidados Respiratorios Especiales para brindar soporte no invasivo a pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria por neumonía por SARS-COV-2. En este trabajo se describen las características demográfica y clínicas de los pacientes que utilizaron ventilación no invasiva y/o cánula de alto flujo.  Material y métodos: El diseño del estudio fue prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo en dos hospitales de referencia en Panamá. Los pacientes firmaron un consentimiento informado y se procedió a llenar un cuestionario diario sobre las características demográficas y variables clínicas diarias.  Resultados: Se logró recolectar datos de 173 paciente, 60.69% correspondió al sexo masculino y se encontraban en una media de edad de 59 años, la comorbilidad más común fue la hipertensión arterial. El 88.75% de los pacientes tuvieron un NEWS 2 por arriba de 5 que indicaba mayor vigilancia por riesgo medio de paciente crítico, tanto la VMNI como el CAF tuvieron buenos resultados, 60% y 80% respectivamente. Conclusión: Nuestro estudio nos da luces sobre las características de los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria que requirieron dispositivos no invasivos y nos permite observar la evolución de estos en un contexto donde los recursos son limitados para terapia en cuidados intensivos. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Introduction: In Panama, as in other parts of the world, Special Respiratory Care Units were created to provide non-invasive support to patients with respiratory failure due to SARS-COV-2 pneumonia. In this work, the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients who used non-invasive ventilation and/or high-flow cannula are described. Material and method: The study design was prospective, observational and descriptive in two Reference Hospitals in Panama. The patients signed an informed consent and proceeded to fill out a daily questionnaire on demographic characteristics and daily clinical variables. Results: We included 173 patients, 60.69% were male and had a mean age of 59 years, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension. In the evaluation of the risks, the 88.75% had a NEWS 2 above 5 that indicated greater vigilance due to the medium risk of a critical patient, both NIV and HFC had good results in 60% and 80% respectively. Conclusion: Our study sheds light on the characteristics of patients with respiratory failure who required non-invasive devices and allows us to observe their evolution in a context where resources are limited for intensive care therapy. (provided by Infomedic International)

El debate actual sobre el empleo de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva

RESUMEN La cuestión del empleo de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva es un tema de debate actual. La comunidad médica científica, nacional e internacional, participa activamente en el mismo a través de la publicación de artículos científicos que abordan la complejidad y sutileza de los asuntos relacionados con su indicación como medida de soporte vital a utilizar en determinados enfermos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda o crónica, de diversas etiologías. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo resaltar la necesidad de una reflexión basada en una fundamentación biomédica, científica y humanista sobre el uso de la ventilación mecánica, sustentada en los sólidos principios de la eticidad, para alcanzar soluciones viables y precisas que faciliten un mayor grado de consenso sobre este polémico asunto.

ABSTRACT The question of the use of noninvasive mechanical ventilation is a topic of current debate. The scientific national and international medical community takes active part in it through the publication of scientific articles that approach the complexity and subtlety of its indication like a vital support to be used in certain patients with acute or chronic respiratory insufficiency of several different etiologies. The main aim of this work was to stand out the necessity of a reflection based on biomedical, scientific, humanistic grounds on the use of mechanical ventilation sustained on solid ethical principles, to reach viable and precise solutions that facilitate a bigger consent degree on this polemic topic.

Ventilación no invasiva en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por la COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de ventilación mecánica no invasiva se ha generalizado en el mundo, con un uso extendido incluso en pacientes con fallo respiratorio hipoxémico. Objetivo: Identificar estado actual del uso de la ventilación no invasiva en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo y analizar su aplicación en pacientes con la COVID-19. Desarrollo: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva podría aparecer como un recurso más para dar soporte respiratorio en pacientes con la COVID-19; la escasa evidencia científica sobre su efectividad en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo y el riesgo de contagio por la dispersión de partículas, genera controversia sobre su uso. Conclusiones: En adultos con la COVID-19 e insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica aguda, se debe contraindicar el uso de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva; solo valorar su uso en escenarios muy concretos y justificados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation has become widespread in the world, with widespread use even in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Objective: To identify what is known about the use of non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome and to analyze its application in this complication in COVID-19. Development: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation could appear as one more resource to give respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 infection, however, the scant scientific evidence on its effectiveness in acute respiratory distress syndrome and the risk of contagion by the particle scattering, generates controversy over its use. Conclusions: In adults with COVID-19 and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation should be contraindicated, only assessing its use in very specific and justified cases.

Predictors of noninvasive mechanical ventilation weaning failure in the emergency department. / Factores predictivos de fracaso en el destete de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva en urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze factors related to the failure of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) weaning in a hospital emergency department (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, observational cohort study with enrolled a sample of consecutive patients who required NIV during ED care. The dependent variable was NIV weaning failure, defined by the need to restart NIV in the ED after a first attempt to withdraw the respirator. RESULTS: Of a total of 675 candidates, we included 360 patients (53.4%). Exclusions were 100 patients (31.7%) who were on NIV at home; 58 (18.4%) in whom NIV initially failed; and 157 (49.9%) in whom weaning was attempted outside the ED. Seventy-two (17.3%) cases of weaning failure in the ED were observed. Factors independently associated with failure were the bicarbonate (HCO3) concentrations before attempted weaning (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12; P = .014), time on NIV in hours (aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16; P .001), and a pH less than 7.35 before weaning (aOR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.16-5.31; P = .019). CONCLUSION: Weaning failure occurs in 17% of ED patients on NIV. Time on NIV, HCO3 concentration, and a pH less than 7.35 before weaning are independently associated with failure to wean from the respirator.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores predictivos del fracaso del destete en los pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: Estudio observacional de cohortes prospectivo con muestreo consecutivo de los pacientes que precisaron VMNI durante la atención en el SUH. Se estableció como variable dependiente el fracaso del destete de la VMNI, definido como la necesidad de reiniciar o instaurar la VMNI durante el mismo ingreso hospitalario tras el primer intento de destete. RESULTADOS: Del total de 675 pacientes elegibles, se incluyeron 360 pacientes (53,4%). Se excluyeron 100 (31,7%), 58 (18,4%) y 157 (49,9%) por VMNI domiciliaria, fracaso previo al intento de destete y por realización del intento de destete fuera del SUH, respectivamente. Sesenta y dos casos (17,3%) presentaron con fracaso del destete de la VMNI. Los factores independientes asociados al fracaso del destete fueron la concentración de bicarbonato antes del destete (ORa: 1,06; IC 95%: 1,01-1,12; p = 0,014), la duración VMNI en horas (ORa: 1,10; IC 95%: 1,04-1,16; p 0,001) y un pH 7,35 antes del destete (ORa: 2,48; IC: 1,16-5,31; p = 0,019). CONCLUSIONES: El fracaso del destete de la VMNI en el SUH ocurrió en un 17% de los casos. La duración de la técnica, el valor del HCO3 ­ y el pH 7,35 antes del destete fueron factores independientes asociados al fracaso.

[Clinical consensus recommendations regarding non-invasive respiratory support in the adult patient with acute respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection]. / Recomendaciones de consenso respecto al soporte respiratorio no invasivo en el paciente adulto con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by a newly emergent coronavirus, that was first recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the infection as a global pandemic and there is a health and social emergency for the management of this new infection. While most people with COVID-19 develop only mild or uncomplicated illness, approximately 14% develop severe disease that requires hospitalization and oxygen support, and 5% require admission to an intensive care unit. In severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock, and multiorgan failure. This consensus document has been prepared on evidence-informed guidelines developed by a multidisciplinary panel of health care providers from four Spanish scientific societies (Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine [SEMICYUC], Spanish Society of Pulmonologists [SEPAR], Spanish Society of Emergency [SEMES], Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, and Pain [SEDAR]) with experience in the clinical management of patients with COVID-19 and other viral infections, including SARS, as well as sepsis and ARDS. The document provides clinical recommendations for the noninvasive respiratory support (noninvasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannula) in any patient with suspected or confirmed presentation of COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure. This consensus guidance should serve as a foundation for optimized supportive care to ensure the best possible chance for survival and to allow for reliable comparison of investigational therapeutic interventions as part of randomized controlled trials.

Clinical Consensus Recommendations Regarding Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in the Adult Patient with Acute Respiratory Failure Secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. / Recomendaciones de consenso respecto al soporte respiratorio no invasivo en el paciente adulto con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by a newly emergent coronavirus, that was first recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the infection as a global pandemic and there is a health and social emergency for the management of this new infection. While most people with COVID-19 develop only mild or uncomplicated illness, approximately 14% develop severe disease that requires hospitalization and oxygen support, and 5% require admission to an intensive care unit. In severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock, and multiorgan failure. This consensus document has been prepared on evidence-informed guidelines developed by a multidisciplinary panel of health care providers from four Spanish scientific societies (Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine [SEMICYUC], Spanish Society of Pulmonologists [SEPAR], Spanish Society of Emergency [SEMES], Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, and Pain [SEDAR]) with experience in the clinical management of patients with COVID-19 and other viral infections, including SARS, as well as sepsis and ARDS. The document provides clinical recommendations for the noninvasive respiratory support (noninvasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannula) in any patient with suspected or confirmed presentation of COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure. This consensus guidance should serve as a foundation for optimized supportive care to ensure the best possible chance for survival and to allow for reliable comparison of investigational therapeutic interventions as part of randomized controlled trials.

Terapia de oxígeno de alto flujo y sistemas de presión positiva continua en pacientes adultos con COVID-19. Síntesis rápida / High flow oxygen therapy and continuous positive pressure systems in adult patients with COVID-19

La búsqueda identificó 163 artículos únicos, 50 cumplieron criterios de elegibilidad y fueron revisados en texto completo, y 25 fueron incluidos en esta síntesis. La evidencia en estos artículos proviene de 19 revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos (ECA) solos o combinados con algunos estudios observaciones (tipo cohorte o casos y controles) (6­24), una guía rápida de práctica clínica (3), tres guías de práctica clínica (4,5,25), un ensayo clínico con asignación aleatoria (26), y un estudio observacional de corte trasversal (27). Se abordaron los análisis de acuerdo con las preguntas planteadas: 1. Efectividad de los sistemas de alto flujo de oxígeno para evitar la progresión de la falla ventilatoria aguda. 2. Efectividad de los sistemas de ventilación con presión positiva para evitar la progresión de la falla ventilatoria aguda. 3. Seguridad de los sistemas de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo, con y sin ventilación positiva, en relación con la trasmisión de la infección.

Ventilatory Support Use in Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Fifteen-year Trends in Spain (2001-2015).

AIM: We examined fifteen years trends (2001-2015) in the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or both (NIV+IMV) among patients hospitalized for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We also analyzed trends overtime and the influence of patient factors in the in-hospital mortality (IHM) after receiving NIV, IMV or NIV+IMV. METHODS: Observational retrospective epidemiological study. Our data source was the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. RESULTS: Over a total of 1,486,240 hospitalized patients with CAP, we identified 56,158 who had received ventilator support in Spain over the study period. Of them, 54.82% received NIV, 37.04% IMV and 8.14% both procedures. The use of NIV and NIV+IMV increased significantly (p<0.001) over time (from 0.91 to 12.84 per 100.000 inhabitant and from 0.23 to 1.19 per 100.000 inhabitants, respectively), while the IMV utilization decreased (from 3.55 to 2.79 per 100,000 inhabitants; p<0.001). Patients receiving NIV were the oldest and had the highest mean value in the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score and readmission rate. Patients who received only IMV had the highest IHM. Factors associated with IHM for all groups analyzed included age, comorbidities and readmission. IHM decreased significantly over time in patients with CAP who received NIV, IMV and NIV+IMV. CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in NIV use and a decline in IMV utilization in patients hospitalized for CAP over the study period. Patients receiving NIV were the oldest and had the highest CCI score and readmission rate. IHM decreased significantly over time in patients with CAP who received NIV, IMV and NIV+IMV.

Mortalidad y fracaso renal agudo en pacientes con ventilación no invasiva / Mortality and acute kidney injury in patients with noninvasive ventilation

Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo observacional, obteniendo datos clínicos y analíticos de pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Reina Sofía, que precisaron de ventilación mecánica no invasiva. El estudio se llevó a cabo desde el 1 de enero 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2015. El objetivo principal fue determinar la mortalidad a los 90 días en pacientes ingresados con estas características en dicho periodo. Se definió como fracaso renal agudo al incremento de creatinina sérica > 0.3 mg/dl a las 48 horas con respecto al basal. Los pacientes fueron seguidos durante 90 días. Se analizaron 221 pacientes, 65 (29.4%) presentaron fracaso renal agudo y 156 (70.6%) función renal normal. La mortalidad global a los 90 días fue de 44 (19.9%); en el grupo del fracaso renal agudo fue de 33 (51.6%), y de 11 (7.1%) en los pacientes sin fracaso renal agudo (RR 7.340; IC 95%: 3.974-13.559. p < 0.001). La estancia hospitalaria fue de 24.2 ± 24.1 días en aquellos con fracaso renal agudo vs. 21.5 ± 20.7 días en el segundo grupo; p = 0.429), la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: 10.9 ± 14.4 con fracaso renal agudo vs. 7.3 ± 9.6; p = 0.357, sin dicha condición, y los días de ventilación mecánica no invasiva: 3.4 ± 3.0 con fracaso renal agudo vs. 2.7 ± 1.9; p = 0.569, en los que no se vieron afectados por la presencia del fracaso renal agudo. Como conclusión, la presencia de fracaso renal agudo es un factor independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes que presentan insuficiencia respiratoria aguda con necesidad de ventilación mecánica no invasiva.

We developed a prospective observational study, obtaining clinical and analytical data of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital Reina Sofía, who required noninvasive ventilation, from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. The main objective was to determine the 90-day mortality in these patients and conditions, who required noninvasive ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory failure and who developed acute kidney injury. Acute renal failure was defined as an increase in serum creatinine > 0.3 mg/dl at 48 hours with respect to the baseline. The patients were followed for 90 days. We analyzed 221 patients, 65 (29.4%) presented acute kidney injury and 156 (70.6%) normal renal function. Overall mortality at 90 days was 44 (19.9%). In the group of acute kidneys injury, it was 33 (51.6%), being 11 (7.1%) in patients without acute kidney injury (RR 7.340, 95% CI: 3.974-13.559, p < 0.001). Hospital stay in days was 24.2 ± 24.1 with acute kidney injury vs. 21.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.429; stay in the intensive care unit in days was 10.9 ± 14.4 with acute kidney injury vs. 7.3 ± 9.6, p = 0.357, and days of non-invasive ventilation 3.4 ± 3.0 with acute kidney injury vs. 2.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.569, in those patients not affected by the presence of acute kidney injury. In conclusion, the presence of acute kidney injury is an independent factor of mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive ventilation.

Nurses' and physicians' knowledge and skills in non-invasive ventilation: Equipment and contextual influences. / Conocimiento y habilidades de enfermeras y médicos en ventilación mecánica no invasiva: equipamiento e influencias contextuales.

OBJECTIVES: To assess non-invasive ventilation knowledge and skills among nurses and physicians in different contexts: equipment and contextual influences. METHOD: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in 4 intensive care units (ICU) (1 surgical, 3 medical-surgical), 1 postsurgical recovery unit, 2 emergency departments (ED) and 3 wards, in 4 hospitals (3 university, 1 community) with 407 professionals. A 13-item survey, validated in the setting, was applied (Kappa index, 0.97 (95% CI [.965-.975]). RESULTS: Nurses (63.7% response); physicians (39% response). The overall percentage of correct responses was 50%. Scored from 1 to 5, with lower scores reflecting more knowledge, nurses scored 3.27±.5 vs 2.62±.5 physicians, respectively (mean difference,.65 (95% CI: .48-.82, P<.001). There were no differences between hospitals or units (P=.07 and P=.09). A notable percentage of respondents incorrectly identified the patient-ventilator synchronization strategy as "covering the expiratory port" (intentional leaks) and pressing the mask against the patient's face (unintentional leaks) (28.2% ICU, 22.5% ED, 8.3% postoperative resuscitation, 61.5% wards), with no difference between nurses and physicians (27.9% vs 23.4%, P=.6). Only 50% of nurse respondents correctly answered a question about measuring mask size and just 11.7% of the nurses knew the "2-finger fit" adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in nurses' and physicians' knowledge according to the setting studied. The lack of knowledge regarding NIV therapy depended on training received and material available. To reduce the existent confusion between intentional and nonintentional leak, the use of a single type of NIV supply and providing an appropriate level of training for nurses is recommended.

La ventilación mecánica no invasiva desde un análisis de la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad / Noninvasive mechanical ventilation from an analysis of science, technology and society

RESUMEN Dentro de la enorme cantidad de temas reinantes relacionados con el desarrollo científico-tecnológico actual, se encuentra indudablemente el del empleo de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) como medida de soporte vital. Aunque no se trata de una obra especifica que presente un panorama completo y exacto, de todos y cada uno de los problemas relacionados con el empleo de la misma, los autores pretenden con el artículo realizar una breve reflexión del tema desde el enfoque de la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad en el momento actual, de manera que constituya un marco útil para el examen de estos temas, su debate, reflexión e intercambio de opiniones en el contexto de los servicios de la salud.

ABSTRACT Among the huge number of current issues related to the current scientific-technological development is undoubtedly the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) as a measure of life support. Although it is not a specific work that presents a complete and accurate picture of each one of the problems related to the use of it. Authors intend with the article to make a brief reflection on the subject from the perspective of science, technology and society at the present time, so that it constitutes a useful framework for the examination of these issues, debate, reflection and exchange of opinions in the context of health services.

Beneficial effect of nocturnal oximetric control on the clinical and gasometric situation and the prognosis of patients with home non-invasive mechanical ventilation. / Relación del buen control oximétrico mantenido con la situación clínica, gasométrica y el pronóstico de los pacientes con ventilación mecánica no invasiva domiciliaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of home non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) is assessed by determining blood gas values in wakefulness, the evolution of their symptoms, and the monitoring of ventilation at night. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether defined values reached with outpatient monitoring by oximetry is related to the clinical, arterial gases and survival of a sample of patients with home NIMV. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective observational cohort study of a series of patients receiving home NIMV treatment for different causes. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. The evolution of the patient's symptoms, their baseline arterial blood gases in wakefulness, and home nocturnal oximetry records, are evaluated at each outpatient visit. Good maintained oximetry control (MOC) was defined when mean O2 saturation values were reached and maintained until the last revision. Patient groups were considered, according to whether or not a good MOC was achieved during follow-up. RESULT: Four hundred patients were evaluated. Three hundred and sixty four (91%) were included in the study; their median age was 68 years, 51% were male. 37.6% had a good MOC during follow-up. Compared to patients with not good MOC, a better long-term mortality was obtained (16.8% vs 28.2%, P=.013), and an improvement in symptoms (33.8% vs 18.6%, P=.002) and a lower proportion of patients with persistently>50mmHg PaCO2 (14.2% vs. 33.9%, P<.001) was observed. CONCLUSION: In the follow-up of patients with home NIMV in our context, values defined in home nocturnal oximetry (good MOC) are positively associated with clinical, gasometric and longer-term survival.

Tension pneumocephalus secondary to non-invasive mechanical ventilation in a patient with severe traumatic brain injury. / Neumoencéfalo a tensión secundario a ventilación mecánica no invasiva en paciente con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave.

The presence of air inside intracranial cavity is a rare entity known as pneumocephalus and in most cases doesnt present any clinical repercussion except in case of elevated intracranial pressure that can lead to a decreasing level of consciousness, coma and even death. We present a rare case of a young male, without medical precedents of interest, hospitalized in an intensive care unit for vigilance after a traffic accident with asymptomatic crane encephalic trauma and cranial computerized tomography without meaningful findings. During the intensive care unit stay positive pressure is applied in airway with non-invasive mechanical ventilation that produces air entrance in cranial cavity (pneumocephalus) causing neurological deterioration and necessity of urgent surgery.

Caracterización socio-demográfica y clínica de pacientes adultos en ventilación mecánica no invasiva domiciliaria. Ministerio de Salud. Chile / Socio-demographic and clinical characterization of adult patients in non-invasive home mechanical ventilation. Ministry of Health. Chile

Resumen Introducción: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva domiciliaria (VMNID) se entrega en Chile desde el año 2008 mediante un programa público. Incluye equipamiento y profesionales. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar el perfil socio-demográfico y clínico del usuario adulto con VMNID y 2) Proponer mejoras de atención socio-sanitaria. Método. Estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante entrevista presencial domiciliaria y revisión de bases de datos oficiales. Muestra de 267 sujetos, ambos géneros, mayores de 20 años, con Falla Respiratoria Global Crónica (FRGC) en VMNID. En 2016 había 413 pacientes activos. Resultados: Mujeres 144 (53,9%), edad media 58,6 ± 18 años. 25,5% tienen EPOC y 24% síndrome hipoventilación obesidad, la PaCO2 promedio de ingreso al programa fue de 59 ± 11 mmHg. Ventilados desde 3,2 ± 2,4 años, por 7,6 ± 2,4 h/día. Sujetos "sin instrucción" y con "educación básica incompleta" representan el 40,7% de la muestra. 46,4% eran jubilados, 3% vive en mediaguas, 19,8% reside como allegado, 49% no contaba con pareja, el 4,8% vivía solo, 68,6% eran dependientes de oxígeno. Test de Golberg estuvo alterado en un 40%. 17,7% "posee mayor limitación, incapaz de realizar el autocuidado". Conclusiones: Nuestros pacientes tienen un deterioro socio-demográfico y clínico severo, por baja escolaridad, predominio de adultos mayores, mayor incapacidad laboral, son enfermos más graves con niveles basales de PaCO2 más altos, en comparación a estudios europeos. Los programas de VMNID deben adoptar un enfoque socio-sanitario y estar insertos en la red de salud tanto en servicio social, salud cardiovascular y mental.

Introduction: Non-invasive home mechanical ventilation (NIHMV) is delivered in Chile since 2008 throughout a public program, including equipment and professionals. Objectives: 1) Characterize the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the adult patient under NIHMV and 2) Propose improvements in social health care. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study, through face-to-face home interview and review of official databases. Sample of 267 subjects, both gender, over 20 years-old, with Chronic Global Respiratory Failure (CGRF) in NIHMV. In 2016 there were 413 active patients. Results: Women 144 (53.9%), mean age 58.6 ± 18 years-old; 25.5% had COPD and 24% had a hypoventilation obesity syndrome, average PaCO2 at the time of admission to program was 59 ± 11 mmHg, they were ventilated since 3.2 ± 2.4 years, 7.6 ± 2.4 h a day. Subjects "without instruction" and with "incomplete basic education" represents 40.7% of the sample. 46.4% were retired persons; 3% lived in a precarious hut; 19.8% cohabited with relatives or close friends; 49% did not have a partner; 4.8% lived alone; 68.6% was oxygen dependent; 40% had an altered Golberg test; 17.7% "has a major limitation, unable to perform self-care". Conclusions: Our patients have a severe socio-demographic and clinical deterioration, due to low schooling level, predominance of older adults, a major incapacity for working and patients have a more severe disease with higher baseline PaCO2 levels, compared to European studies. NIHMV programs must adopt a social health approach and be inserted into the health network in social service, and cardiovascular and mental health programs.

Ventilación no invasiva en insuficiencia respiratoria aguda pediátrica: rol del terapeuta ventilatorio / Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure: the role of the respiratory therapist

Currently, Chilean pediatric intensive care units use non-invasive mechanical ventilation as ventilation support in acute respiratory conditions. However, there are differences in methodology and the number of patients treated annually. These units have a physiotherapist who has progressively incorporated skills related to non-invasive mechanical ventilation application, as well as to other forms of respiratory support and care in general. At present the role of the therapist is fundamental to the ventilatory support of patients with acute respiratory failure

En la actualidad todas las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos nacionales utilizan Ventilación Mecánica no Invasiva como método de soporte ventilatorio en condiciones agudas, no obstante, estas difieren en metodología de aplicación y número de pacientes conectados anualmente. El kinesiólogo que se desempeña como terapeuta respiratorio en estas unidades, ha incorporado de manera progresiva competencias técnicas que lo relacionan con la aplicación de la ventilación no invasiva, así como con otras formas de soporte ventilatorio y cuidados respiratorios en general. Particularmente en ventilación mecánica no invasiva, existe importante dependencia de los cuidados que este profesional puede ofrecer y que son requeridos durante todo el desarrollo de la terapia

Uso de parches protectores faciales no reduce la presión facial en un modelo simulado de ventilación mecánica no invasiva / Face protective patches do not reduce facial pressure ulcers in a simulated model of non-invasive ventilation

La ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) tiene como complicación frecuente el desarrollo de úlceras faciales por presión (UPP). Su prevención considera el uso empírico de parches protectores entre piel y mascarilla, para disminuir la presión ejercida por ésta. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto de los parches protectores sobre la presión ejercida por la mascarilla facial, y su impacto en los parámetros ventilatorios programados. Método: Modelo simulado de VMNI binivelada usando mascarilla facial total en fantoma con vía aérea fisiológica (ALS PRO+) en posición supina. Se midió la presión en frente, mentón y pómulos, usando 3 tipos de parches protectores de uso habitual versus un grupo control, utilizando sensores de presión (Interlinks Electronics®). Se evaluaron los valores obtenidos con el modelo de mascarilla-parches protectores en las variables programadas flujo máximo inspiratorio (FMI), volumen corriente espirado (Vte) y presión positiva inspiratoria (IPAP), con ventilador Trilogy 100, Respironics®. La programación y registro de las variables fue efectuada en 8 oportunidades en cada grupo por operadores independientes. Resultados: No se observó disminución de la presión facial con ninguno de los parches protectores respecto al grupo control. Moltoprén aumentó la presión facial en todos los puntos de apoyo (p < 0,001), aumentó fuga, disminuyó FMI, Vte e IPAP (p < 0,001). Parches de hidrocoloide aumentaron la presión facial sólo en pómulo izquierdo, aumentaron la fuga y disminuyeron FMI. Parches de poliuretano no generaron cambios en la presión facial ni en variables ventilatorias. Conclusión: El uso de parches protectores de moltoprén, hidrocoloide y poliuretano transparente no contribuyó a la disminución de la presión facial. Se observó un efecto deletéreo de los parches de moltoprén e hidrocoloide sobre la administración de variables ventilatorias, concluyendo que el no uso de los parches protectores permitió una mejor administración de los parámetros programados.

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) frequently involves the development of facial pressure ulcers (FPU). Its prevention considers the empirical use of protective patches between skin and mask, in order to reduce the pressure exerted by it. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of protective patches on the pressure exerted by the facial mask, and its impact on the programmed ventilatory parameters. Method: Bilevel NIV simulated model using full face mask in phantom with a physiological airway (ALS PRO +) in supine position. Forehead, chin and cheekbones pressure were measured using 3 types of standard protective patches versus a control group using pressure sensors (Interlinks Electronics®). The values obtained with the protective patches-mask model were evaluated in the programmed variables maximum inspiratory flow (MIF)), expired tidal volume (Vte) and positive inspiratory pressure (IPAP), with Trilogy 100 ventilator, Respironics®. The programming and recording of the variables was carried out in 8 opportunities in each group by independent operators. Results: There was no decrease in facial pressure with any of the protective patches compared to the control group. Moltopren increased facial pressure at all support points (p < 0.001), increased leakage, it decreased MIF, Vte and IPAP (p < 0.001). Hydrocolloid patches increased facial pressure only in the left cheekbone, increased leakage and decreased MIF. Polyurethane patches did not produce changes in facial pressure or ventilatory variables. Conclusion: The use of protective patches of moltopren, hydrocolloid and polyurethane transparent did not contribute to the decrease of the facial pressure. A deleterious effect of the moltopren and hydrocolloid patches was observed on the administration of ventilatory variables, concluding that the non-use of the protective patches allowed a better administration of the programmed parameters.