A further look at two grammatical measures from children's language samples and their contribution to the diagnostic process.

Previous research has identified two measures derived from language sample analysis as having a high level of diagnostic accuracy for developmental language disorder (DLD): a verb-based measure, the Finite Verb Morphology Composite (FVMC) and a more comprehensive grammatical measure, the Sentence Point. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of these two measures using a new group of children with DLD. To determine whether these measures would likely add to diagnostic decision making if used in conjuncion with other tests of language, we also examined the relationship between scores on these two measures and scores on a standardized test with a grammatical emphasis. In Study 1, FVMC and Sentence Point scores were computed from the language samples of 22 four- and five-year-olds with DLD and 22 age-matched typically developing peers. Both measures showed very good sensitivity and specificity. In Study 2, we analyzed the FVMC and the Sentence Point correlations with the SPELT-P2 for the 22 children wtih DLD from Study 1 and for a larger group of 60 children with DLD. All correlations were very low and non-significant. Results suggest that the FVMC and Sentence Point could be part of a diagnostic battery for DLD as these measures demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the findings of very low correlations between these measures and the SPELT-P2 suggest that they can contribute unique information to the diagnostic process even when used in concert with standardized tests of a grammatical nature.

Verb morphology in Turkish-speaking children with and without DLD: the role of morphophonology.

In this study, we examined the verb morphology system of Turkish-speaking preschoolers with developmental language disorder (DLD) and compared their use to that of two groups of typically developing (TD) children. We report data from a total of 80 monolingual children - 40 children with DLD, 20 TD age-matched children and 20 TD younger MLU-matched children. Language samples obtained from the children served as the source of the data. The results show that the children with DLD were less accurate in their use of verb suffixes than both the younger and the age-matched TD children. The most frequent error types included use of bare stems, omission of the suffix, and replacing one finite verb suffix with another. The distinction between witnessed past and reported past also posed a challenge. Multi-level model results showed that phonemic length and irregular morphophonology were the best predictors of the children's level of accuracy. These results indicate that even though Turkish is considered a "verb friendly" language, children with DLD do not succeed in closing the gap with their TD peers. The complex interplay of morphology and phonology in Turkish appears to be the major obstacle for children with DLD acquiring this agglutinative language.

Naturalistic Use of Aspect Morphology in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children.

Grammatical morphology often links small acoustic forms to abstract semantic domains. Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children have reduced access to the acoustic signal and frequently have delayed acquisition of grammatical morphology (e.g., Tomblin, Harrison, Ambrose, Walker, Oleson & Moeller, 2015). This study investigated the naturalistic use of aspectual morphology in DHH children to determine if they organize this semantic domain as normal hearing (NH) children have been found to do. Thirty DHH children (M = 6;8) and 29 NH children (M = 5;11) acquiring English participated in a free-play session and their tokens of perfective (simple past) and imperfective (-ing) morphology were coded for the lexical aspect of the predicate they marked. Both groups showed established prototype effects, favoring perfective + telic and imperfective + atelic pairings over perfective + atelic and perfective + atelic ones. Thus, despite reduced access to the acoustic signal, this DHH group was unimpaired for aspectual organization.

A Challenge for Contrastive L1/L2 Corpus Studies: Large Inter- and Intra-Individual Variation Across Morphological, but Not Global Syntactic Categories in Task-Based Corpus Data of a Homogeneous L1 German Group.

In this paper, we present corpus data that questions the concept of native speaker homogeneity as it is presumed in many studies using native speakers (L1) as a control group for learner data (L2), especially in corpus contexts. Usage-based research on second and foreign language acquisition often investigates quantitative differences between learners, and usually a group of native speakers serves as a control group, but often without elaborating on differences within this group to the same extent. We examine inter-personal differences using data from two well-controlled German native speaker corpora collected as control groups in the context of second and foreign language research. Our results suggest that certain linguistic aspects vary to an extent in the native speaker data that undermines general statements about quantitative expectations in L1. However, we also find differences between phenomena: while morphological and syntactic sub-classes of verbs and nouns show great variability in their distribution in native speaker writing, other, coarser categories, like parts of speech, or types of syntactic dependencies, behave more predictably and homogeneously. Our results highlight the necessity of accounting for inter-individual variance in native speakers where L1 is used as a target ideal for L2. They also raise theoretical questions concerning a) explanations for the divergence between phenomena, b) the role of frequency distributions of morphosyntactic phenomena in usage-based linguistic frameworks, and c) the notion of the individual adult native speaker as a general representative of the target language in language acquisition studies or language in general.

Origins of Dissociations in the English Past Tense: A Synthetic Brain Imaging Model.

Brain imaging studies of English past tense inflection have found dissociations between regular and irregular verbs, but no coherent picture has emerged to explain how these dissociations arise. Here we use synthetic brain imaging on a neural network model to provide a mechanistic account of the origins of such dissociations. The model suggests that dissociations between regional activation patterns in verb inflection emerge in an adult processing system that has been shaped through experience-dependent structural brain development. Although these dissociations appear to be between regular and irregular verbs, they arise in the model from a combination of statistical properties including frequency, relationships to other verbs, and phonological complexity, without a causal role for regularity or semantics. These results are consistent with the notion that all inflections are produced in a single associative mechanism. The model generates predictions about the patterning of active brain regions for different verbs that can be tested in future imaging studies.

A aquisição da morfologia de verbos regulares no português brasileiro: uma abordagem da lingüística cognitiva / The acquisition of regular verb morphology in brazilian portuguese: a cognitive linguistics approach

A pesquisa em Lingüística Cognitiva no Brasil tem crescido de maneira considerável nos últimos anos. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a aquisição da linguagem que adotam o aporte teórico da Lingüística Cognitiva. Com o objetivo de preencher essa lacuna, o presente estudo investigou a produtividade de uma criança pequena no que tange o uso das diferentes flexões dos verbos regulares em português, em duas ocasiões diferentes: quando a criança tinha 1 ano e 10 meses de idade e quando ela tinha 2 anos e 2 meses de idade. Os dados foram retirados do banco de dados do projeto CHILDES. Apesar de ter havido um desenvolvimento significativo entre as duas ocasiões no uso das flexões verbais, os resultados sugerem que, em consonância com o paradigma da Lingüística Cognitiva, o conhecimento da morfossintaxe de verbos se desenvolve de forma gradual e é inicialmente pouco abstrato. As implicações desses resultados para uma teoria sobre a aquisição da linguagem são discutidas.(AU)

In recent years, there has been an increasing body of research on Cognitive Linguistics in Brazil. However, few studies have investigated first language acquisition from a Cognitive Linguistics viewpoint. The present study is an attempt to fill in this gap. The productivity of a young Brazilian Portuguese-speaking boy with regard to the use of regular verbs was investigated at two different times: when he was 1 year and 10 months old, and when he was 2 years and 2 months old. The data were taken from the CHILDES database. Although there was a significant progress between Times 1 and 2, results suggest that the knowledge of the morphosyntax of verbs develops gradually, being initially non-schematic, which is consistent with the Cognitive Linguistics framework. The implications of these results for a theory of language acquisition are discussed.(AU)

A aquisição da morfologia de verbos regulares no português brasileiro: uma abordagem da lingüística cognitiva / The acquisition of regular verb morphology in brazilian portuguese: a cognitive linguistics approach

A pesquisa em Lingüística Cognitiva no Brasil tem crescido de maneira considerável nos últimos anos. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a aquisição da linguagem que adotam o aporte teórico da Lingüística Cognitiva. Com o objetivo de preencher essa lacuna, o presente estudo investigou a produtividade de uma criança pequena no que tange o uso das diferentes flexões dos verbos regulares em português, em duas ocasiões diferentes: quando a criança tinha 1 ano e 10 meses de idade e quando ela tinha 2 anos e 2 meses de idade. Os dados foram retirados do banco de dados do projeto CHILDES. Apesar de ter havido um desenvolvimento significativo entre as duas ocasiões no uso das flexões verbais, os resultados sugerem que, em consonância com o paradigma da Lingüística Cognitiva, o conhecimento da morfossintaxe de verbos se desenvolve de forma gradual e é inicialmente pouco abstrato. As implicações desses resultados para uma teoria sobre a aquisição da linguagem são discutidas.

In recent years, there has been an increasing body of research on Cognitive Linguistics in Brazil. However, few studies have investigated first language acquisition from a Cognitive Linguistics viewpoint. The present study is an attempt to fill in this gap. The productivity of a young Brazilian Portuguese-speaking boy with regard to the use of regular verbs was investigated at two different times: when he was 1 year and 10 months old, and when he was 2 years and 2 months old. The data were taken from the CHILDES database. Although there was a significant progress between Times 1 and 2, results suggest that the knowledge of the morphosyntax of verbs develops gradually, being initially non-schematic, which is consistent with the Cognitive Linguistics framework. The implications of these results for a theory of language acquisition are discussed.