Differences in lumbar spine intradiscal pressure between standing and sitting postures: a comprehensive literature review.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), especially in the lumbar spine, are a leading concern in occupational health. Work activities associated with excessive exposure are a source of risk for MSDs. The optimal design of workplaces requires changes in both sitting and standing postures. In order to secure such a design scientifically proved quantitative data are needed that would allow for the assessment of differences in spine load due to body posture and/or exerted force. Intradiscal pressure (IP) measurement in the lumbar spine is the most direct method of estimating spinal loads. Hence, this study aims at the quantitative evaluation of differences in lumbar spine load due to body posture and exerted forces, based on IP reported in publications obtained from a comprehensive review of the available literature. Methodology: In order to collect data from studies measuring IP in the lumbar spine, three databases were searched. Studies with IP for living adults, measured in various sitting and standing postures, where one of these was standing upright, were included in the analysis. For data to be comparable between studies, the IP for each position was referenced to upright standing. Where different studies presented IP for the same postures, those relative IPs (rIP) were merged. Then, an analysis of the respective outcomes was conducted to find the possible relationship of IPs dependent on a specific posture. Results: A preliminary analysis of the reviewed papers returned nine items fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After merging relative IPs from different studies, rIP for 27 sitting and 26 standing postures was yielded. Some of the data were useful for deriving mathematical equations expressing rIP as a function of back flexion angle and exerted force in the form of a second degree polynomial equation for the standing and sitting positions. The equations showed that for the standing posture, the increase in IP with increasing back flexion angle is steeper when applying an external force than when maintaining body position only. In a sitting position with the back flexed at 20°, adding 10 kg to each hand increases the IP by about 50%. According to the equations developed, for back flexion angles less than 20°, the IP is greater in sitting than in standing. When the angle is greater than 20°, the IP in the sitting position is less than in the standing position at the same angle of back flexion. Conclusions: Analysis of the data from the reviewed papers showed that: sitting without support increases IP by about 30% in relation to upright standing; a polynomial of the second degree defines changes in IP as a function of back flexion for for both postures. There are differences in the pattern of changes in IP with a back flexion angle between sitting and standing postures, as back flexion in standing increases IP more than in sitting.

A busca por um fazer costurado de possibilidades e desafios: a atuação do sanitarista na atenção primária à saúde do campo / The search for making a summaryof possibilities and challenges: The performance of the sanitarian in Primary Health carein the field / La búsqueda por un hacer sembrado de posibilidades y desafíos: la actuación del prestador sanitario en la atención primaria de salud en el campo

As práticas de trabalho em saúde têm historicamente passado por transformações principalmente a partir dos processos de formação dos profissionais da saúde. O profissional sanitarista, ou bacharel em saúde coletiva vem somando esforços e ocupando espaços de trabalho multiprofissionais fortalecendo a perspectiva transversal do cuidado em saúde em diversos campos de atuação. Objetivo:Este estudo objetiva relatar a experiência de construção do processo de trabalho de um bacharel em Saúde Coletiva na Atenção Primária à Saúde do Campo em meio a pandemia de Covid-19. Metodologia:O período de abrangência foi de 2020 a 2022, ocorrendo no município de Caruaru, Pernambuco. A atuação do bacharel em Saúde Coletiva se deu na perspectiva do Núcleo de Apoio àsaúde da famíliae atenção básica,atuando junto a duas equipes de saúde da família de territórios rurais. Resultados: O processo de trabalho se desenvolveu em três principais frentes, sendo elas: 1) Atenção à saúde com base territorial; 2) Articulação com redes intra e intersetoriais; 3) Reorganização do trabalho multiprofissional na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Conclusões: Sendo assim, é possível constatar que o processo de trabalho do bacharel em Saúde Coletiva está em constante movimento, delimitando as suas possibilidades de atuação, bem como os seus limites quanto a um fazer ainda desconhecido em realidades como a Atenção Primária. O avanço da discussão ocorre em paralelo a formação e inserção destes profissionais nos mais diversos contextos a exemplo da saúde do campo. Nota-se a necessidade de desenvolver novos estudos e experiências formativas de bacharéise saúde coletiva conectados aos territórios do campo, apostando na capilarização e ampliação da presença deste profissional nas realidades singulares do Sistema Único de Saúde (AU).

Health work practices have historically undergone transformations, mainly from the training processes of health professionals. The sanitary professional, or bachelor in public health, has been joining efforts and occupying multidisciplinary workspaces, strengthening the transversal perspective of health care in different fields. Objective:This study aims to report the experience of building the work process of a Bachelor of Public Health in Primary Health Care in the Countryside in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: The coverage period was from 2020 to 2022, taking place in the municipality of Caruaru, Pernambuco. The performance of the bachelor in Collective Health took place from the perspective of the Support Center for family health and primary care, working with two family health teams from rural territories. Results:The work process was developed on three main fronts, namely: 1) Health care based on territory; 2) Articulation with intra and intersectoral networks; 3) Reorganization of multidisciplinary work in Primary Health Care.Conclusions:Therefore, it is possible to verify that the work process of the bachelor in Collective Health is in constant movement, delimiting their possibilities of action, as well as their limits regarding an action still unknown in realities such as Primary attention The advancement of the discussion occurs in parallel with the training and insertion of these professionals in the most diverse contexts, such as rural health. There is a need to develop new studies and training experiences for bachelors and collective health connected to rural territories, focusing on the capillarization and expansion of the presence of this professional in the unique realities of the Unified Health System (SUS) (AU).

Las prácticas del trabajo en salud históricamente han sufrido transformaciones, principalmente a partir de los procesos de formación de los profesionales de la salud. El profesional sanitario, o licenciado en salud pública, viene sumando esfuerzos y ocupando espacios de trabajo multidisciplinarios, fortaleciendo la perspectiva transversal del cuidado de la salud en diferentes campos. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo relatar la experiencia de construcción del proceso de trabajo de un Licenciado en Salud Pública en la Atención Primaria de Salud en el Campo en medio de la pandemia de la Covid-19. Metodología: El período de cobertura fue de 2020 a 2022, ocurriendo en el municipio de Caruaru, Pernambuco. La actuación de la licenciatura en Salud Colectiva se dio en la perspectiva del Centro de Apoyo a la salud de lafamilia y atención primaria, trabajando con dos equipos de salud de la familia de territorios rurales. Resultados: El proceso de trabajo se desarrolló en tres frentes principales, a saber: 1) Atención de la salud con base en el territorio; 2) Articulación con redes intra e intersectoriales; 3) Reorganización del trabajo multidisciplinario en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Conclusiones: Por tanto, es posible constatar que el proceso de trabajo del licenciado en Salud Colectiva está en constante movimiento, delimitando sus posibilidades de actuación, así como sus límites frente a un actuar aún desconocido en realidades como la Atención primaria. El avance de la discusión ocurre en paralelo con la formación e inserción de estos profesionales en los más diversos contextos, como la salud rural. Existe la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos estudios y experiencias de formación para licenciaturas y salud colectiva vinculadas a los territorios rurales, con foco en la capilarización y ampliación de la presencia de ese profesional en las realidades singulares del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) (AU).

Desastre socioambiental de Mariana: implicações nas condições de saúde da população atingida e no processo de trabalho dos serviços de saúde / Mariana socio-environmental disaster: implications for the health conditions of the affected population and the work process of health services

O desastre socioambiental, ocorrido em Mariana, em consequência do rompimento da barragem de Fundão da mineradora Samarco, devastou as comunidades de Bento Rodrigues e de Paracatu de Baixo provocando perdas e danos que podem se desdobrar ao longo do tempo, produzindo efeitos profundos na saúde, no meio ambiente, bem como no contexto de vida e trabalho. Com isso, busca-se analisar o processo saúde-doença e o processo de trabalho nos serviços de saúde destinados à população atingida pelo desastre socioambiental em Mariana. Trata-se de um estudo de caso conduzido pela abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, cujo cenário é Mariana, onde se encontram as comunidades diretamente atingidas pelo rompimento da barragem de rejeito de mineração. As fontes de evidências utilizadas foram documentos de domínio público e entrevistas com profissionais de saúde e gestores. Foram escolhidas intencionalmente a Unidade de Saúde de Bento Rodrigues e o dispositivo Conviver, por atenderem exclusivamente as famílias vítimas do desastre. Participaram da pesquisa onze profissionais de saúde e três gestores. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estratégia de proposições teóricas à luz da teoria de Determinação Social do Processo Saúde-Doença. Os resultados revelaram as implicações do desastre nas condições sociais, econômicas, culturais e sobretudo na saúde da população atingida, com consequências relacionadas aos agravos respiratórios e os ocasionados por veiculação hídrica ou contato com a lama toxica de rejeito, e os casos depressivos e demais transtornos psicossociais que intensificaram o sofrimento crônico da população. Já as implicações do desastre no processo de trabalho nos serviços de atendimento exclusivo aos atingidos, evidenciam uma (re)organização do sistema de saúde, o qual enfrentou dificuldades estruturais tanto na fase emergencial quanto de recuperação pós-desastre. Destaca-se que embora os instrumentos do processo de trabalho utilizados pelos profissionais de saúde e gestores, são capazes de acolher, estimular práticas mais integradas e que transcendem a intervenção apenas nos corpos biológicos, ainda assim não são capazes de suprir as necessidades mediadas de saúde dos atingidos, não promovendo respostas às necessidades políticas, sociais e econômicas no que tange à reparação, à indenização e os direitos da população atingida.

The socio-environmental disaster that occurred in Mariana, because of the collapse of the Samarco mining company's Fundão dam, devastated the communities of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo, causing losses and damages that can unfold over time, producing profound effects on health, in the environment, as well as in the context of life and work. With this, we seek to analyze the health-disease process and the work process in health services intended for the population affected by the socio-environmental disaster in Mariana. This is a case study conducted using a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory approach, whose setting is Mariana, where the communities directly affected by the collapse of the mining tailings dam are located. The sources of evidence used were public domain documents and interviews with health professionals and managers. The Bento Rodrigues Health Unit and the Conviver device were intentionally chosen, as they exclusively serve families who were victims of the disaster. Eleven health professionals and three managers participated in the research. The data were analyzed using the strategy of theoretical propositions in light of the theory of Social Determination of the HealthDisease Process. The results revealed the implications of the disaster on social, economic, cultural conditions and above all on the health of the affected population, with consequences related to respiratory problems and those caused by water transport or contact with toxic waste sludge, and depressive cases and other disorders, psychosocial problems that intensified the chronic suffering of the population. The implications of the disaster on the work process in services providing exclusive care to those affected highlight a (re) organization of the health system, which faced structural difficulties in both the emergency and postdisaster recovery phases. It is noteworthy that although the work process instruments used by health professionals and managers are capable of welcoming and stimulating more integrated practices, that transcend intervention only in biological bodies, they are still not capable of meeting mediated health needs of those affected, failing to promote responses to political, social and economic needs in terms of reparation, compensation and the rights of the affected population.

Gestão do trabalho interprofissional no projeto terapêutico singular: proposta de modelo de processo de trabalho / Management of interprofessional work in the singular therapeutic project: proposal for a work process model

Objetivo: propor um modelo para organização das atividades de um Projeto Terapêutico Singular (PTS) no contexto da estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF), facilitando a colaboração interprofissional. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa. Utilizou-se a estratégia de pesquisa-ação, envolvendo uma equipe multiprofissional de saúde e ações de colaboração interprofissional para aprimorar a prática. A pesquisa-ação foi escolhida por mostrar-se adequada para estudos em cenários sociais, em contextos diversos. Os pesquisadores e a equipe acordaram que a discussão do PTS ocorresse em reuniões amplas para favorecer a discussão, reflexão e propostas de ações para o caso. O trabalho de campo envolveu aproximadamente 20 reuniões com a equipe que geravam subsequentes momentos reflexivos da pesquisa. Essa dinâmica favoreceu a proposta do modelo. As etapas do trabalho da pesquisa foram reconhecimento do problema, planejamento, implementação e avaliação. Resultado: Nas reuniões do trabalho coletivo, a equipe pesquisadora percebeu problemas no processo do PTS, tais como: falta de clareza dos objetivos; planejamento e direcionamento das ações colaborativas interprofissionais pouco efetivos para envolver paciente e família no cuidado de saúde. Nesse contexto, propôs-se um modelo de PTS com quatro etapas: Discussão do caso, Designação, Execução e Encerramento ou nova abordagem do processo de atenção. Conclusão: O modelo proposto é uma contribuição teórica e necessita de mais estudos empíricos para validar sua aplicação no âmbito da ESF. Identificou-se, como limitante para a gestão do cuidado para o PTS, a falta de formação pré- e pós-graduada em educação interprofissional dos participantes. No entanto, o modelo se justifica na medida que ajuda a construir ações interprofissionais, recomendadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e órgãos internacionais da saúde (OMS e OPAS) (AU).

Objective: propose a model for organizing the activities of a Singular Therapeutic Project (STP) in the context of Family Health Strategy (FHS), contemplating interprofessional collaboration. Method: It is qualitative research. The action-research strategy was used, involving a multidisciplinary health team and interprofessional collaboration actions, in order to improve the practice. Action research was chosen because it is suitable for studies in social settings, in different contexts. The researchers and the team agreed the discussion of the STP would take place in large meetings to encourage discussion, reflection and proposals for actions to be taken for the case. Fieldwork involved approximately 20 meetings with the team that generated subsequent reflective moments of the research. This dynamic favored the proposal of the model. The stages of the research work were: problem recognition, planning, implementation and evaluation. Result: In the collective work meetings, some flaws in the STP process were noticed, such as: a lack of clarity of objectives; few interprofessional collaborative actions directed and planned along with the patient and family and low resolution. Thus, a four-step model was proposed: staff meeting, assignment of STP cases, executing the STP, and closing the STP. These steps range from case selection to completion of the STP, or definition of a new care approach by the team. Conclusion: The proposed model is a theoretical contribution and needs further empirical studies in order to validate its application within the FHS. The lack of pre and postgraduate training in interprofessional education of the participants was identified as a limiting factor for the care management for the STP. However, the model is justified as it helps to build interprofessional actions, recommended by the Unified Health System (UHS) and international health agencies (WHO and PAHO) (AU).

Implementação do planificasus na atenção primária à saúde: relato de experiência / Implementation of planificasus in primary health care: experience report / Implementación del planificasus en la atención primaria de salud: relato de la experiencia

Objetivo: relatar a experiência da implantação do PlanificaSUS na Atenção Primária à Saúde em uma cidade da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Método: trata- se de um relato de experiência realizado com profissionais da saúde de uma Estratégia Saúde da Família piloto do PlanificaSUS. Participaram do estudo enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem, agente comunitário de saúde, odontóloga, auxiliar de saúde bucal, médicos, psicólogo e nutricionista, totalizando cerca de 30 participantes. A experiência ocorreu no período de julho de 2019 à julho de 2021. Foram disponibilizadas tutorias virtuais, reuniões presenciais, workshops e cartilhas informativas sobre a metodologia. Resultados: a implantação do método PlanificaSUS contribuiu de forma significativa na reorganização da assistência em saúde e adaptação dos sistemas de apoio diagnóstico e logístico essenciais durante o atendimento, possibilitando a ampliação do acesso e organização de macroprocessos e microprocessos. Obtiveram-se mudanças na estratificação e classificação de risco no território, por meio do acolhimento, o que possibilitou a organização do processo de trabalho dos profissionais, redução do tempo de espera ao atendimento do usuário e agilidade na resolutividade nos casos, superando a lógica hegemônica das filas de espera. Considerações finais: identificou-se mudanças na reorganização da ESF, pois o PlanificaSUS contribuiu para a qualificação profissional, melhoria da assistência aos usuários, fortalecimento e integração do trabalho da equipe e padronização dos processos junto a rede de saúde municipal.

Objective: to report the experience of PlanificaSUS implementation in Primary Health Care in a city in the western border of Rio Grande do Sul. Method: this is an experience report carried out with health professionals from a pilot Family Health Strategy of PlanificaSUS. Nurses, nursing technicians, community health agents, dentists, oral health assistants, physicians, psychologists and nutritionists participated in the study, totaling about 30 participants. The experiment took place from July 2019 to July 2021. Virtual tutorials, face-to-face meetings, workshops, and informative booklets about the methodology were made available. Results: the implementation of the PlanificaSUS method contributed significantly to reorganizing health care and adapting the essential diagnostic and logistical support systems during care, enabling expanded access and organization of macro and micro processes. Changes were obtained in the stratification and classification of risk in the territory, through the reception, which enabled the organization of the professionals' work process, reduction of the waiting time for the user's care and agility in resolving cases, overcoming the hegemonic logic of waiting lines. Final considerations: changes were identified in the ESF reorganization, because PlanificaSUS contributed to professional qualification, improved care to users, strengthening and integration of the team's work and standardization of processes within the municipal health network.

Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de implementación del PlanificaSUS en la Atención Primaria de Salud en una ciudad de la frontera oeste de Rio Grande do Sul. Método: se trata de un relato de experiencia realizado con profesionales de salud de una estrategia piloto de Salud de la Familia del PlanificaSUS. Participaron del estudio enfermeros, técnicos de enfermería, agentes comunitarios de salud, odontólogos, auxiliares de salud bucal, médicos, psicólogos y nutricionistas, totalizando cerca de 30 participantes. El experimento ocurrió en el período de julio de 2019 a julio de 2021. Se pusieron a disposición tutoriales virtuales, reuniones presenciales, talleres y folletos informativos sobre la metodología. Resultados: la implementación del método PlanificaSUS contribuyó significativamente a la reorganización de la asistencia sanitaria y a la adaptación de los sistemas esenciales de apoyo diagnóstico y logístico durante la atención, permitiendo la ampliación del acceso y la organización de los macro y microprocesos. Se obtuvieron cambios en la estratificación y clasificación del riesgo en el territorio, a través de la recepción, lo que permitió la organización del proceso de trabajo de los profesionales, reduciendo el tiempo de espera para la atención del usuario y la agilidad en la resolución de los casos, superando la lógica hegemónica de las colas de espera. Consideraciones finales: se identificaron cambios en la reorganización de la ESF, porque el PlanificaSUS contribuyó a la cualificación profesional, a la mejora de la atención a los usuarios, al fortalecimiento e integración del trabajo del equipo y a la estandarización de los procesos dentro de la red municipal de salud.

Efeitos de uma epidemia no trabalho em saúde: cuidando de crianças com síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika / Effects of an epidemic on health work: caring for children with Zika Virus congenital syndrome

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar relatos de profissionais, que atenderam crianças com síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika (SCVZ), acerca de mudanças no processo de trabalho provocadas pela epidemia. Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em Centro de Referência em Neurodesenvolvimento, em uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro, no período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. Os participantes foram 12 profissionais de nível superior que trabalhavam na instituição na época da epidemia de Zika. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante, buscando-se a triangulação dos dados. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Os resultados foram categorizados em: Uma epidemia desconhecida e A (des)organização do cuidado. Tal emergência em saúde pública provocou desde incertezas e inseguranças na população, em geral, e em profissionais de saúde, até mudanças em processos de trabalho e na reorganização de serviço de saúde. A epidemia da Zika também promoveu visibilidade à precariedade da atenção e dos recursos às crianças com necessidade de reabilitação.

Abstract The article aimed to analyze the reports of professionals who care for children with congenital syndrome caused by the Zika virus (SCVZ), on the changes in the work process caused by the epidemic. Qualitative research with data triangulation carried out at a Reference Center for Neurodevelopment, in a capital of Northeastern Brazil, from April 2018 to January 2019. The participants were 12 higher education professionals who worked at the institution at the time of the epidemic of Zika. They were adapted, semi-structured and participant observation, seeking data triangulation. A content analysis was carried out in the thematic modality. The results were categorized into: An unknown epidemic and the reorganization of care. The emergence of a new epidemic caused uncertainty in professionals, given their ignorance of the recent syndrome. It produced a feeling of insecurity and disorganization in the work process. It was concluded that an epidemic brought to light existing weaknesses and made it urgent to reorganize practices and expand the infrastructure of services.

Transformational Performance Improvement: Why Is Progress so Slow?

In this chapter, we identify three distinct transformational performance improvement (TPI) approaches commonly used to redesign work processes in health care organizations. We describe the unique components or tools that each approach uses to improve the delivery of health services. We also summarize what is empirically known about the effectiveness of each TPI approach according to systematic reviews and recent studies published in the peer-reviewed literature. Based on examination of this research, we discuss what knowledge is still needed to strengthen the evidence for whole system transformation. This involves the use of conceptual frameworks to assess and guide implementation efforts, and facilitators and barriers to change as revealed in a recent evaluation of one major initiative, the Lean Enterprise Transformation (LET) at the Veterans Health Administration. The analysis suggests ways in which TPI facilitators can be developed and barriers reduced to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of quality initiatives. Finally, we discuss appropriate study designs to evaluate TPI interventions that may strengthen the evidence for their effectiveness in real world practice settings.

Percepção de gestores e profissionais sobre o projeto "Mais Médicos para o Brasil" no cenário de pandemia do Coronavírus em um município do Sul da Bahia / The "More Doctors for Brazil" project: perception of managers and professionals during the Coronavírus pandemic in Southern Bahia / Percepción de gestores y profesionales sobre el proyecto "Más Médicos para Brasil" en la pandemia del Coronavirus en un municipio del Sur de Bahía

Este artigo analisa a percepção dos gestores e dos profissionais envolvidos no Projeto Mais Médicos sobre os desafios do provimento e da reorganização do processo de trabalho médico frente ao cenário de pandemia do coronavírus no município de Ilhéus (BA), em 2020. A produção de dados foi feita por meio de revisão documental e entrevistas aos gestores de saúde do município e a quatro profissionais médicos contratados pelo programa. A análise dos resultados contemplou a percepção dos gestores acerca do provimento médico no município bem como as ações de monitoramento, supervisão e avaliação do desempenho dos profissionais realizadas pela coordenação da Atenção Básica. A análise do processo de trabalho médico, por sua vez, tratou de identificar se houve mudanças nos objetos, meios de trabalho utilizados pelos profissionais e formas de organização do trabalho, antes e durante a eclosão da pandemia da covid-19. As conclusões apontam que, apesar de o número de vagas ser insuficiente para atender as necessidades do município em relação à cobertura da Atenção Básica, o provimento e fixação de médicos por meio do Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil ampliou o acesso da população aos serviços e, consequentemente, ao atendimento de necessidades decorrentes da alta prevalência de doenças crônicas, desnutrição, violência doméstica e, mais recentemente, da pandemia da covid-19.

This paper analyzes the challenges perceived by managers and professionals involved in the Mais Médicos Project regarding the provision and reorganization of the medical work process during the coronavirus pandemic in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, in 2020. Data was collected by means of a document review and interviews with the municipality's health managers and four medical professionals hired by the project. Result analysis included the managers' perception regarding medical supply in the municipality, as well as the monitoring, supervision, and evaluation of professional performance carried out by the Primary Care coordination. Analysis of the medical work process, in turn, tried to identify whether the objects, means of work used by professionals, and ways of work organization changed before and during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that, despite the insufficient number of vacancies to meet the needs of the municipality in terms of Primary Care coverage, the provision and retention of physicians by the More Doctors for Brazil project expanded the population's access to services and, consequently, to meeting needs arising from the high prevalence of chronic diseases, malnutrition, domestic violence, and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la percepción de los gestores y profesionales involucrados en el Proyecto Más Médicos sobre los desafíos de la prestación y reorganización del proceso de trabajo médico frente al escenario de la pandemia del coronavirus en el municipio de Ilhéus, en Bahía (Brasil), en 2020. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la revisión documental y entrevistas con los gestores de salud del municipio y cuatro profesionales médicos contratados por el programa. El análisis de los resultados incluyó la percepción de los gestores sobre la prestación médica en el municipio, así como las acciones de seguimiento, supervisión y evaluación del desempeño de los profesionales realizadas por la coordinación de atención primaria. El análisis del proceso de trabajo médico, a su vez, trató de identificar si hubo cambios en los objetos, medios de trabajo utilizados por los profesionales y formas de organización del trabajo antes y durante el estallido de la pandemia del Covid-19. Las conclusiones indican que, a pesar de que el número de plazas es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades del municipio en cuanto a la cobertura de la Atención Primaria, la provisión y fijación de médicos a través del Proyecto Más Médicos para Brasil amplió el acceso de la población a los servicios y, en consecuencia, la satisfacción de las necesidades derivadas de la alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas, la desnutrición, la violencia doméstica y, más recientemente, la pandemia del Covid-19.

Participative human-factor evaluation in the context of digital work (re-)design.

BACKGROUND: Challenged by digital transformation, organizations increasingly integrate information and communication technologies into work designs. Often focal points of such digital reengineering initiatives are technical and economic aspects. Yet, as integration of new technologies affects how employee work and interact, there is a need to evaluate human-centered criteria (human-factor evaluation), optimally by involving employees as situational experts. OBJECTIVE: The present study develops an integrative and persona-based evaluation approach of human-centered criteria for application in participative digital (re-)design of work to support the joint optimization of the technical and social system. METHODS: Drawing on methods from usability evaluation, a persona-based approach is developed to facilitate comprehension and application of human-centered evaluation by employees. To that end, human-centered criteria from existing evaluation models are systemized with specific reference to digital transformation of work processes. The developed approach is tested in pilot runs of three German small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). RESULTS: The initial overview shows a divergence of specific human-centered criteria at the detailed level. Simultaneously, a high convergence is found for overarching dimensions and categories. The Integrative Socio-Digital Evaluation Model (ISDEM) is developed to balance complexity and abstraction of criteria. The derived persona-based approach (persISDEM) shows a good applicability in the pilot runs. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides an amendment to existing work design approaches with an emphasis on employee participation, enabling organizations to foster employees' comprehension and motivation to engage in evaluations of digital (re-)design of work and to create motivating and healthy jobs for successful digital transformation.

Processo de trabalho e sofrimento institucional em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-juvenis (Capsi): uma pesquisa-intervenção junto a trabalhadores / Work process and institutional suffering in Children and Youth Psychosocial Care Centers (Capsi): an intervention research with workers / Processus de travail et souffrance institutionnelle dans des Centres de soins psychosociaux pour enfants et adolescents (Capsi) : une recherche-intervention auprès de ses intervenants / Proceso de trabajo y sufrimiento institucional en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial para Niños y Adolescentes (Capsi): una investigación-intervención con trabajadores

Esta avaliação participativa junto a trabalhadores dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil de um município de grande porte do sudeste brasileiro enfoca o processo de trabalho e sua relação com o sofrimento institucional, na perspectiva de René Käes. O curso ofertado para tal envolveu a construção e validação de narrativas junto a trabalhadores, pactuação de indicadores de avaliação e um guia de boas práticas. Os trabalhadores expressaram modalidades de sofrimento institucional relacionadas com: condições de trabalho, relações na instituição, falta de espaço de diálogo e formação permanente, como a supervisão clínico-institucional. Manifestaram ainda uma importante identificação com os valores das reformas sanitária e psiquiátrica e com a história peculiar das políticas de saúde no município, que contribuiu para a manutenção do que Onocko-Campos denomina "ilusão institucional".

Resumos This participatory evaluation involving workers from Psychosocial Care Centers for Children and Adolescents in a large city in southeastern Brazil addresses the work process and its relationship with institutional suffering from the perspective of René Käes. A course was offered to workers that involved the construction and validation of narratives, an agreement on evaluation indicators and a guide to good practices. Workers expressed different types of institutional suffering that was related to working conditions, relationships at the institution and lack of spaces for dialogue and permanent training, such as institutional clinical supervision. They also showed that they are highly identify with the values of the health and psychiatric reforms, as well as with the city's peculiar history of health policies, which contributed to keep up what Onocko-Campos calls "institutional illusion".

Le travail fait partie d'une évaluation participative avec des travailleurs des Centres de Soins Psychosociaux pour Enfants et Adolescents dans une grande ville du sud-est du Brésil, où nous abordons le processus de travail et son rapport avec ce que René Käes conceptualise comme souffrance institutionnelle. Un cours a été proposé qui impliquait la construction et la validation de récits avec les travailleurs, un accord sur des indicateurs d'évaluation et un guide de bonnes pratiques. Les travailleurs expriment de différents types de souffrances institutionnelles qui sont liées aux conditions de travail, aux rapports dans l'institution et au manque d'espaces de dialogue et de formation permanente, comme la supervision clinique institutionnel. Ils manifestent également une identification importante avec les valeurs des réformes sanitaires et psychiatriques, ainsi qu'avec l'histoire particulière des politiques de santé de la municipalité, ce qui a contribué à la préservation de ce que Onocko-Campos appelle « l'illusion institutionnelle ¼.

Esta evaluación participativa con los trabajadores de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial para Niños y Adolescentes de un gran municipio de la región sureste de Brasil se enfoca en el proceso de trabajo y en su relación con el sufrimiento institucional, desde la perspectiva de René Käes. Para este fin, se ofreció un curso que incluía la construcción y validación de narrativas con los trabajadores, el consenso sobre los indicadores de evaluación y una guía de buenas prácticas. Los trabajadores expresaron diferentes tipos de sufrimiento institucional relacionados con: las condiciones de trabajo, las relaciones en la institución, la falta de espacios de diálogo y de formación permanente, así como con la supervisión clínica institucional. También manifestaron una importante identificación con los valores de las reformas sanitaria y psiquiátrica, y con la peculiar historia de las políticas de salud en el municipio, que contribuyeron al mantenimiento de lo que Onocko-Campos denomina "ilusión institucional".

The Demand for Specialization and Its Influence on the Design of Inpatient Nursing Units: Can Standardized Design Be Done Once and for All?

OBJECTIVES: This study explores the specialized nursing requirements of different clinical departments and their influence on the design of nursing units, which ultimately improves the nursing staff's efficiency and work experience. BACKGROUND: Specialization of nursing work is important in the provision of quality of healthcare. Most of the research related to nursing units has focuses on general medical-surgical nursing units and has not differentiated between clinical departments. METHOD: This study was conducted in one inpatient building at a large general hospital in China. Survey data were collected from 11 clinical departments via questionnaire, and interviews were conducted in 10 of the clinical departments. RESULTS: All 11 clinical departments had significant differences in their evaluations of and requirements for the arrangement of their physical space. Specialized requirements were found in three areas: nursing work processes, arrangement and needs of clinical spaces, and allocation of facilities and equipment. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the specialized requirements of different clinical departments would contribute to the body of knowledge on nursing unit design and has a positive effect on the development and improvement of design theory. Suggestions for how the design of nursing units could be improved to support the specialized demands of different departments are provided.

Occupational exposure in the work process of radiology technologists with 68Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.

The study identified occupational exposure in the work of radiology technologists with 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals, in a Nuclear Medicine service in southern Brazil, by means of observation and document analysis. The occupational exposure related the factors, distance, time and shielding. Thus, it was observed high times during handling of the material, small distances between sources and radiosensitive structures, such as the eye lens and the thyroid gland. It is recommended to reassess and standardize the work, once that critical moments should not be restricted only to dosimetric reading.

Processo de trabalho da Estratégia Saúde da Família na pandemia no Recife-PE: singularidades socioespaciais / Work process of the Family Health Strategy during the pandemic in Recife, Brazil: socio-spatial singularities / Proceso de trabajo de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia durante la pandemia en Recife, Brasil: singularidades socioespaciales

Resumo Os múltiplos impactos da Covid-19 nos territórios de vinculação das equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família requerem reorganizar o processo de trabalho. Neste estudo, propõe-se analisar as recomendações da Secretaria de Saúde da cidade do Recife (Pernambuco) direcionadas às mudanças no processo de trabalho da Estratégia durante a pandemia de Covid-19, relacionando-as com as singularidades socioespaciais dos territórios de vinculação das equipes. Trata-se de estudo de caso desenvolvido mediante pesquisa documental (N=14). Os resultados indicam que os componentes do processo de trabalho (objeto, instrumentos, ações e finalidades) estão centralizados na doença, pressupondo um trabalho com abordagem individual e clínica. As ações coletivas de promoção e vigilância são direcionadas quase que exclusivamente ao agente comunitário de saúde. Em geral, as recomendações não consideram a magnitude das necessidades de saúde decorrentes das repercussões da Covid-19 e contemplam de forma incipiente as singularidades socioespaciais dos territórios. No entanto, os resultados obtidos retratam apenas a perspectiva das recomendações, evidenciando a necessidade de se checar a operacionalização, na busca de compreender a direcionalidade e a amplitude do processo de trabalho reorganizado em virtude da pandemia de Covid-19 e sua relação com as singularidades socioespaciais.

Abstract The multiple impacts of COVID-19 on the territories where the teams of the Family Health Strategy are linked require reorganizing the work process. In this study, it is proposed to analyze the recommendations of the Health Department of the city of Recife (Pernambuco) aimed at changes in the work process of the Strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic, relating them to the socio-spatial singularities of the territories where the teams are linked. This is a case study developed through documentary research with 14 documents. The results indicate that the components of the work process (object, instruments, actions and purposes) are centered on the disease, presupposing work with an individual and clinical approach. The collective actions of promotion and surveillance are directed almost exclusively at the community health agent. In general, the recommendations do not consider the magnitude of the health needs arising from the repercussions of COVID-19 and incipiently contemplate the socio-spatial singularities of the territories. However, the results obtained only portray the perspective of the recommendations, highlighting the need to check the operationalization, in the search to understand the directionality and width of the reorganized work process due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with the socio-spatial singularities.

Resumen Los múltiples impactos de la Covid-19 en los territorios donde se vinculan los equipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia exigen reorganizar el proceso de trabajo. En este estudio, se propone analizar las recomendaciones de la Secretaria de Salud de la ciudad de Recife (Pernambuco) dirigidas a cambios en el proceso de trabajo de la Estrategia durante la pandemia de Covid-19, relacionándolas con las singularidades socioespaciales de los territorios donde se vinculan los equipos. Se trata de un estudio de caso desarrollado mediante una investigación documental con 14 documentos. Los resultados indican que los componentes del proceso de trabajo (objeto, instrumentos, acciones y finalidades) están centrados en la enfermedad, suponiendo un trabajo con abordaje individual y clínico. Las acciones colectivas de promoción y vigilancia están dirigidas casi exclusivamente al agente comunitario de salud. En general, las recomendaciones no consideran la magnitud de las necesidades de salud derivadas de las repercusiones de la Covid-19 y contemplan de manera incipiente las singularidades socioespaciales de los territorios. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos solo retratan la perspectiva de las recomendaciones, destacando la necesidad de verificar si dicho proceso está operable, con la intención de comprender la direccionalidad y amplitud del proceso de trabajo reorganizado en virtud de la pandemia de Covid-19 y su relación con las singularidades socioespaciales.

Trajetória da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde no Brasil / Trajectory of the National Policy of Permanent Education in Health in Brazil / Trayectoria de la Política Nacional de Educación Permanente en Salud en Brasil

Resumo A Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde estabelece como pressuposto a centralidade nos processos de trabalho para nortear as atividades de qualificação dos trabalhadores da saúde. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir a trajetória de institucionalização da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde de acordo com a percepção dos atores representativos dessa política pública (gestores federais, gestores estaduais e municipais, e pesquisadores), considerando os 16 anos de sua institucionalização até o ano deste estudo (2004-2020). Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, com a aplicação do método Delphi. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a Política se encontra frágil quanto à sua implantação. No que se refere aos impactos, constatou-se que ela oportunizou o estreitamento da relação entre os serviços de saúde e as instituições de ensino, e promoveu mudanças significativas nos processos de trabalho em equipe, independentemente da sua composição.

Abstract The Brazilian National Policy of Permanent Education in Health establishes as an assumption the centrality in the work processes to guide the qualification activities of health workers. The present study aims to discuss the trajectory of institutionalization of the National Policy of Permanent Education in Health according to the perception of the representative actors of this public policy (federal managers, state and municipal managers, and researchers), considering the 16 years of its institutionalization until the year of this study (2004-2020). This is a qualitative research, with the application of the Delphi method. The results showed that the policy is fragile regarding its implementation. Regarding the impacts, it was found that it facilitated the strengthening of the relationship between health services and educational institutions, and promoted significant changes in teamwork processes, regardless of their composition.

Resumen La Política Nacional de Educación Permanente en Salud de Brasil establece como presupuesto la centralidad en los procesos de trabajo para orientar las actividades de calificación de los trabajadores de la salud. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo discutir la trayectoria de institucionalización de la Política Nacional de Educación Permanente en Salud según la percepción de los representantes de esa política pública (gestores federales, gestores estatales y municipales e investigadores), considerando los 16 años de su institucionalización hasta el año de este estudio (2004-2020). Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, con la aplicación del método Delphi. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la política es frágil en cuanto a su implementación. En lo que se refiere a los impactos, se constató que brindó una oportunidad para fortalecer la relación entre los servicios de salud y las instituciones educativas, y promovió cambios significativos en los procesos de trabajo en equipo, independientemente de su composición.

The Role of Fever Clinics in the Strategic Triage of Suspected Cases of Imported COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease, which has the characteristic of human-to-human transmission and is extremely contagious. Correctly standardizing the process of early screening of infection or suspected cases in the fever clinic has become a key part of the fight against the pandemic. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients in the fever clinic of Shenyang Medical College Affiliated Central Hospital from January 23 to March 1, 2020, was conducted in the present study. RESULTS: It was found that 16 suspected cases of COVID-19 in the fever clinic were diagnosed with respiratory infections, accounting for 0.59%. CONCLUSION: In case of a negative result in the second nucleic acid test, strategic triage and typing might be more conducive for the following nucleic acid tests for suspected cases in order to prevent the spread of the epidemic caused by missed diagnosis.

Correlation between psychosocial work factors and the degree of stress.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial risks and work-related stress are one of the most complex, most significant and most challenging problems that organizations around the world are facing. Stress negatively affects all participants in the organization and significantly contributes to negative health consequences and economic outcomes. OBJECTIVE: With timely identification and adequate assessment of psychosocial risks, it is possible to create healthy workplaces and healthy organizations where employees are satisfied and motivated. The paper will present the results of the research of psychosocial risks on a large sample of respondents in the Republic of Serbia. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to 1,212 participants of which 1,140 answered all the questions asked. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman's correlation coefficient and Pearson's chi-square test (χ2). RESULTS: The results of multiple regression analysis showed that all psychosocial risks taken together are statistically significantly (p < .001) and explain 24%of the variance of the criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial risks identified as statistically significant predictors are Labor Demands, Interpersonal Relations, Lack of Support, Work Role and Job Uncertainty. All predictors are statistically significant predictors at the level.01.

APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING CLINICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL REGULATIONS ENSURING INFECTIOUS SAFETY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN THE WORK PROCESS (THE CASE OF COVID-19).

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Of the work was to develop clinical and organizational regulations ensuring infectious safety and epidemiological response in the work process (the case of COVID-19) based on the current legislative acts of Ukraine to combat the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), as well as on the data from international practices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The research objective was carried out in accordance with the Methodology for the development of medical and technological documents for the standardization of medical care. RESULTS: Results: The Protocol includes organizational elements to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease, such as "The development of general provisions on infectious safety and antiepidemic measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in the company's workplaces, taking into account the legislative acts of Ukraine and international practices", which include: the development of "Health Questionnaire" (epidemiological data questionnaire) for daily monitoring of the company employee health; the development of "Checklist for self-assessment of the workplace", "Checklist for self-assessment of the public space"; the development of "Analytical report on compliance with the infectious safety rules in the workplace and in the public space on the basis of self-assessment", thirteen Appendices. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: "The Protocol for infectious safety and antiepidemic measures in the work process" is a detailed instruction that provides a balance of compliance with medical standards and reasonable needs of employees and employers through the implementation of scientific evidence base in antiepidemic and infectious safety measures in the workplace.

Desafios para o trabalho da disseminação científica em saúde pública em contexto de disseminação do coronavírus / Challenges for the scientific dissemination work in public health in the context of the coronavirus dissemination / Desafíos para el trabajo de la diseminación científica en salud pública en contexto de la diseminación del coronavirus

Durante a pandemia, em que o mundo se viu preocupado com a disseminação de um microrganismo, trabalhamos com a disseminação de pesquisas em saúde pública no Núcleo de Disseminação Científica do PMA/VPPCB/Fiocruz. Objetivamos neste artigo discutir como sentidos distintos do termo disseminação se relacionam e impactam a saúde pública e refletir sobre como o contexto da pandemia influenciou nosso processo de trabalho em disseminação científica. Como estratégia metodológica, adotamos o relato de experiência pela análise documental dos relatórios dos autores, comparando atividades e reflexões que ilustram o percurso de transição entre o trabalho realizado pelos profissionais em 2019 em contraste a 2020, diante do contexto da pandemia. Nesse período, foi necessário adaptar o trabalho para ser feito remotamente. As etapas da disseminação, como a produção e a circulação, modificaram-se para seguir protocolos de segurança e incluir as devidas contextualizações.

In pandemic times, when the whole world is concerned about a microorganism dissemination, we are working with the dissemination of public health researches at PMA/VPPCB/Fiocruz's Scientific Dissemination Nucleus. We aim to discuss how these different meanings of the term dissemination relate to and impact public health and to reflect on how the pandemic context has influenced the scientific dissemination work process. As a methodological strategy, we have adopted the experience report by using document analysis of the author's work reports, comparing activities and reflections which illustrate the transition between work performed by professionals in 2019 in contrast with 2020, in the context of the pandemic. In this period, it was necessary to readapt the work so that it could be done remotely. The dissemination steps, such as production and circulation, were modified to follow health protocols and to include the appropriate contextualization.

Durante la pandemia, en que el mundo está preocupado por la propagación de un microorganismo, estamos trabajando con la diseminación de la investigación en salud pública en el Núcleo de Disseminação Científica PMA / VPPCB / Fiocruz. Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es discutir cómo los distintos significados del término diseminación se relacionan e impactan en la salud pública y reflexionar sobre cómo el contexto de pandemia influenció en nuestro proceso de trabajo en diseminación científica. Como estrategia metodológica, se adoptó el relato de experiencia mediante el análisis documental de los informes de los autores, comparando actividades y reflexiones que ilustran el camino de transición entre el trabajo realizado por los profesionales en 2019 frente a 2020, en el contexto pandémico. Durante este período, fue necesario adaptar el trabajo para que se realizara de forma remota. Las etapas de diseminación, como producción y circulación, se han modificado para seguir protocolos de seguridad e incluir contextualizaciones adecuadas.

Characteristics of forklift accidents in korean industrial sites.

BACKGROUND: Although using forklifts in industrial sites contributes to productivity, many workers have been injured or killed owing to industrial accidents caused by forklifts. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the characteristics of forklift accidents by employment type and work process, thereby identifying the factors contributing to industrial accidents and providing recommendations to prevent accidents. METHODS: Data on 1,061 industrial forklift accidents occurring in 2018 collected from the national injury insurance compensation database were analyzed. In addition to analyzing the accident characteristics, this study performed a risk assessment per forklift work process. RESULTS: Many accidents were associated with older workers, those employed for < 6 months, and workplaces with ≤49 workers. The risk was the highest for accidents involving caught-in objects in the loading/unloading step and collision accidents in the forward- and backward-driving steps. CONCLUSIONS: Measures are needed to prevent industrial forklift accidents. First, forklift and worker movement routes must be strictly separated or controlled by a work supervisor. It is necessary to secure a time margin for workers to avoid collapsing cargo by using an appropriate tool/jig during loading/unloading. Second, guidance, inspection, and support are needed to promote employers' safety and health awareness in workplaces with < 50 workers. Lastly, intensive education and training concerning health and safety is required for workers with less than six months of experience.

Analysis of occupational injuries and the risk management of automobile parts manufacturing work.

Background. Unexpected occupational injuries frequently occur in the automobile parts manufacturing industry. This study investigates the characteristics of occupational injuries and risk management for the workers in the industry. Methods. From the national industrial accident compensation data in Korea, 1530 occupational injuries were analyzed by nature and source of injury and illness according to work process. Also, this study derived the risk management level for prioritizing preventative measures. Results. The most critical injuries were 'ACC (amputation or caught in or crushed or compressed)' caused by 'misoperation or malfunction of machine and equipment' in the 'fabrication' and the 'maintenance' processes. Possible incidents predicted as a 'high' level of risk management were 'struck' (struck by or against objects) caused by 'misoperation or malfunction of machine and equipment' and ACC during 'installation of jig and mold' in the 'fabrication' process. ACC during 'maintenance' of 'operating jig and mold' is also classified 'high'. Discussion and conclusion. Using the findings of this study, effective preventative measures to reduce occupational injuries according to the risk level are suggested and discussed for automobile parts manufacturing works.