Wrist fusion with ulnar translocation for aggressive giant cell tumour of distal end radius: Short-term functional and clinico-radiological outcomes.

Background: The distal end radius (DER) is the third most common site of a giant cell tumour (GCT) in bone. GCT is a locally aggressive benign tumour with metastatic potential. The main goals in the management of GCT of DER are the complete removal of the tumours, the prevention of recurrence, and the restoration of the functional wrist. Purpose: This case series reports the clinical and functional outcome of en bloc tumour resection, ulnar translocation and wrist arthrodesis in patients with high-grade GCT of DER. Methods: Sixteen patients with Campanacci grade II & III GCT of distal end radius who underwent the procedure between 2009 and 2018 and had a follow-up of 2 years were included. Patients with distant metastasis, chronic severe systemic illness, operated previously, and follow-up dropouts were excluded from the study. The patient's demographic profile and tumour characteristics were collected at the initial visit. Grip strength, modified MAYO wrist score, and VAS score for wrist pain were collected preoperatively and at 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. Results: The study included predominantly females (13 vs 3). The mean age was 31.5 ± 8 years with a symptom duration of 6.5 ± 3.1 months (range 3-14). The mean resection length was 8.31 ± 1.5 cm (range 6-12). The mean Ulnoradial and ulnocarpal union time was 22.7 ± 8.0 and 17.5 ± 2.3 weeks, respectively. The mean modified Mayo Wrist score was 20.63 ± 9.4, 48.7 ± 5.6 and 60.6 ± 4.0 at preop, 1 year and 2 years follow-up. The mean MSTS score was 22.68 ± 1.8 (range 19-26). Two patients had ulnoradial nonunion. Conclusion: Wrist arthrodesis by ulnar translocation and plate fixation is a viable option in the management of GCT of distal end radius. The short-term clinical and functional outcomes are favourable for restoring adequate wrist function.

Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery Osteoseptocutaneous Flap as a Reconstruction Method for Distal Radius Recurrent Giant Cell Tumour in the Case of a Bilateral Peroneal Magna Artery: An Eight-Year Follow-Up.

A vascularized fibula flap is an option to reconstruct osseous and soft tissue defects involving distal radius malignancy with massive soft tissue involvement. This reconstruction method is a strong anatomical construct for wrist arthrodesis and flexible septocutaneous tissue for closure. However, in rare cases of bilateral peroneal magna artery, a vascularized fibula flap is not a suitable option given its potential risk of limb ischemia. We report the case of a 35-year-old lady with recurrent distal radius giant cell tumor with bilateral peroneal magna artery, whereby a vascularized fibula flap is not a reconstruction option for the distal radius. In this case, we opted to use the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap to reconstruct the defect. This case highlights the importance of clinical assessment and Doppler evaluation before harvesting a vascularized fibula graft and the DCIA flap as an alternative option for reconstruction of the distal radius with a good functional outcome eight years post-operation.

Cone-beam CT volumetry: a new method for evaluating osteotomy healing - a clinical evaluation and MDCT comparison.

BACKGROUND: Fracture healing complications remain a major problem in trauma monitoring. An open wedge osteotomy of the distal radius provides a unique way of evaluating fracture healing. Since the introduction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at our institution, it has become the method of choice for assessing hand and wrist bones. To date, CT volumetry has been validated for multidetector CT (MDCT) but not for CBCT. PURPOSE: To assess osteotomy healing using CBCT volumetry and to evaluate two different segmentation techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 36 patients were surgically treated for malunited distal radius fractures with open-wedge osteotomy either leaving the void empty (open wedge empty [OWE]) or filled with bone graft substitutes (BGS). They were scanned using CBCT and MDCT postoperatively and after 3, 6, and 12 months. Segmentation was performed both manually and semi-automatically for volumetric measurement. Inter- and intra-observer reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC). RESULTS: The median osteotomy volume in the OWE group postoperatively was 0.87 cm3 (range=0.42-2.72). At 3 months, all but one of the OWE volumes had diminished to half or less of their initial volume. In the BGS group, the median postoperative volume was 1.30 cm3 (range=0.73-1.81) and at 12 months, 76% of the initial volume remained. Reliability between CBCT and MDCT volumetry expressed as ICC was ≥0.96. ICC for the two segmentation techniques was ≥0.99 and ICC for inter-observer reliability ≥0.97. CONCLUSION: CBCT volumetry is a reliable tool and comparable to MDCT to quantify bone healing of an osteotomy.

Denervation of the hand and wrist: A systematic review.

With an aging population and the increasing prevalence of arthritic pathologies of the hand and wrist, denervation is one therapeutic option for hand surgeons. In case of pain but preserved motion, denervation is a treatment of choice. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and PubMed databases for cohorts reported in the last 20 years on denervation of the wrist and trapeziometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints with a focus on postoperative outcomes, selecting 25 articles. The 1187 patients were divided into 3 groups: wrist denervation (999 patients), trapeziometacarpal denervation (124 patients), and metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal denervation (64 patients). Improvements were found for pain (55.73%, 86%, 85%, respectively), range of motion (11.8%, 4°, 17°) and satisfaction (80.67%, 87.5%, 81.8%). Grip strength increased in wrist and trapeziometacarpal denervation (31.04% and 23%). The results suggest that denervation can be an alternative to arthroplasty or arthrodesis for painful wrist and hand joints, without precluding subsequent procedures if necessary.

Pediatric wrist fractures: variations in management across countries. An evidence-based summary of evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the distal radius are common in pediatric population, with considerable variation in the management of pediatric wrist fractures across different countries. It is crucial to consider the different approaches to conservative management and surgical intervention. The decision on the appropriate treatment method often depends on the type and severity of the fracture, as well as the available healthcare resources and expertise in each country. This article tries to identify these variations, so the various healthcare systems can work toward implementing best practices in the management of pediatric wrist fractures on a global scale. SOURCE OF DATA: Published peer-reviewed articles identified in electronic databases, including PubMed Scopus and Google Scholar. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: The management of pediatric wrist fractures can differ significantly among countries given the high variability in healthcare resources and cultural practices. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: The management of pediatric wrist fractures can be challenging in certain countries, especially in developing regions with limited resources. GROWING POINTS: Challenges such as long therapeutic delays, lack of appropriate anesthesia, and the absence of fluoroscopy can complicate the treatment process. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) are vital in providing high-quality evidence to guide clinical decision-making, especially in the field of pediatric wrist fractures. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Efforts to support and prioritize the conduct and dissemination of RCTs in pediatric wrist fracture management can ultimately lead to more consistent, effective, and evidence-based care for children with wrist fractures worldwide.

Midcarpal Impaction Syndromes as a Rare Cause of Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain: A Review.

Ulnar-sided wrist pain remains a commonly encountered diagnostic challenge, and its successful management requires a comprehensive understanding of the multiple conditions that can present with this symptom. Midcarpal impaction syndromes in the form of Hamato-lunate and Triquetro-hamate impingement have both previously been reported as rare potential causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Despite this, they remain poorly recognized and incompletely understood. This article reviews existing literature that describes the diagnosis and management of these clinical entities.

Floating Wrist: A Rare Case Report and Review of Anatomical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects.

Introduction: Joint injuries in the upper limb are uncommon and have received limited attention in the literature. This case report presents the first described case in the literature of a "floating wrist" and aims to highlight the diagnostic, anatomical, and therapeutic aspects of this injury. Case Report: A 27-year-old male was involved in a severe car accident, resulting in a closed deformity of the right wrist. The patient suffered fractures of the forearm bones and dislocation fracture of all five wrist rays. Surgical intervention was performed to repair the fractures and stabilize the wrist. Despite post-operative complications, the patient demonstrated positive functional outcomes after a 12-month follow-up. Discussion: The term "floating wrist" refers to a rare condition characterized by fractures and/or dislocations of all five wrist rays, accompanied by fractures of the forearm bones. Diagnosis can be complicated due to polytrauma and wrist edema. Early surgical management and rehabilitation are essential for achieving favorable outcomes. Further research is necessary to improve our understanding of this uncommon injury. Conclusion: This case report highlights a unique instance of a "floating wrist" and emphasizes the significance of early diagnosis, appropriate surgical intervention, and prompt rehabilitation in a comprehensive management of these complex injuries. Enhanced comprehension of this rare condition is crucial for improving patient outcomes in similar traumatic scenarios.

Comparison of surgical and conservative therapy in older patients with distal radius fracture: a prospective randomized clinic al trial.

INTRODUCTION: The distal radius fracture is considered the most common fracture in humans. For fractures classified as Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthese (AO) 23-C1 + C2, there is no consensus on treatment in older patients due to inconsistent study results. The aim of this study was to compare conservative and surgical treatment in relation to wrist function and satisfaction in patients older than 65 years. METHODS: In this prospective randomized clinical trial, patients aged older than 65 years who suffered an isolated AO-classified C1 or C2 distal radius fracture were randomized to surgical treatment using palmar plate osteosynthesis or conservative treatment. Patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) score and disabilities of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) was assessed 3, 6 and 12 months post-interventionally. Satisfaction, range of motion (ROM) and pain scores were evaluated at 6 weeks and 3, 6 and 12 months post-interventionally. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients with a mean age of 77.3 years (± 6.1 years) in the conservative group and 72.5 years (± 5.3 years) in the surgery group were included. Both the PRWE score, and the DASH score showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups after 3 months, 6 months and 12 months (p < 0.001). Patients in the surgical cohort showed a statistically significant higher satisfaction at the 6-week, 6-month and 12-month follow-up (p < 0.001 6 weeks + 12 months; p = 0.004 6 months). CONCLUSION: In this prospective randomized study, surgical treatment proved to be superior to conservative treatment in terms of the primary outcome variable PRWE score. Satisfaction was significantly better in the surgical group.

Prevalence and Predictors of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms Among Teachers in Jazan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common musculoskeletal condition of the hand and wrist frequently associated with repetitive hand motion and environmental considerations. Teachers are more likely to acquire CTS because of their lengthy writing and computer use. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CTS symptoms and related variables among schoolteachers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods This study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey of teachers in Jazan, utilizing an online platform for data collection. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire (BCTQ) was the primary tool used to determine symptom intensity and functional status. The data were rigorously analyzed using a range of statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman's correlation, the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and binary logistic regression, ensuring the robustness of the findings. Results The study comprised 336 schoolteachers with a mean age of 43.3 ± 6.5 years, of whom 58.0% were female and 42.0% were male. About 8.0% of instructors reported CTS symptoms. Female gender (median Symptom Severity Scale (SSS): 15.0 vs. 12.0, p < 0.001; median Functional Status Scale (FSS): 8.0 vs. 8.0, p < 0.001), increased time spent writing (r = 0.237, p < 0.001 for SSS; r = 0.217, p < 0.001 for FSS), and presence of comorbidities such as diabetes (median SSS: 16.0, p = 0.002; median FSS: 8.0, p = 0.001) had a negative correlation with symptom severity (r = -0.174, p = 0.002) and functional impairment (r = -0.141, p = 0.011). Surgical therapy (median SSS: 32.0; median FSS: 24.0; p<0.001) and post-treatment symptom recurrence (median SSS: 28.0; median FSS: 22.0; p<0.001) were associated with increased severity and disability. According to binary logistic regression, increased writing time significantly predicted CTS diagnosis (OR = 1.151, 95% CI: 1.024-1.295, p = 0.018). Conclusion CTS symptoms are common among Jazan teachers, and various sociodemographic, vocational, and clinical variables influence their intensity and functional status. Ergonomic treatment, early identification, and suitable management measures are critical for preventing and mitigating the effects of CTS among teachers. Additional research is required to develop focused therapies and enhance the results of this occupational group.

Clinical and laboratory features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis with wrist involvement: Results of a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies in the pre-biological era showed an association of wrist inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with progressive disease course, polyarticular involvement and failure of methotrexate treatment. AIM: To describe features of JIA, associated with wrist arthritis. METHODS: Data from about 753 JIA patients were included in this retrospective cohort study. The clinical and laboratory features of patients with and without wrist involvement were analyzed. RESULTS: Wrist involvement was found in oligoarthritis (5.8%), RF(-)/RF(+) polyarthritis (44.9%/15.0%), enthesitis-related arthritis (17.7%), and systemic (58.6%) JIA categories. Unilateral wrist involvement was typical for oligoarthritis patients, bilateral involvement was either equal to that of unilateral involvement or was more frequent in other categories. Wrist arthritis was found to be associated with female sex, a low incidence of uveitis, and more indications of systemic inflammation, including elevated levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelets, as well as involvement of the cervical spine, temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal, hip, ankle, and tarsus arthritis. The number of patients with hip osteoarthritis and hip replacement was also higher. Wrist arthritis was associated with a lower probability of achieving remission [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.3 (95%CI: 1.0-1.7), P = 0.055], and a higher probability of being treated with biologics [HR = 1.7 (95%CI: 1.3-2.10, P = 0.00009)]. CONCLUSION: Wrist arthritis in JIA patients is a marker of a severe disease course, characterized by more intensive inflammation, unfavorable outcomes, and. requiring more intensive treatment with early administration of biologics. Close monitoring of wrist inflammation with ultrasound and MR assessment with early biological treatment might improve the outcomes.

Concept, study design, and baseline nighttime blood pressure control status of the WISDOM-Night Study using a wrist-type oscillometric home blood pressure monitoring device.

There is growing evidence that nocturnal hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. However, brachial blood pressure (BP) measurements during sleep might themselves disturb sleep quality. We initiated a nationwide, multicenter observational prospective study using a wrist-type oscillometric nighttime BP monitoring device with new algorithms to measure supine BP accurately without sleep disturbance. This study, named the Wrist ICT-based Sleep and Circadian Blood Pressure Monitoring Program-Night BP Study (WISDOM-Night Study), was designed to clarify the impact of wrist-measured daily nighttime BPs on cardiovascular prognosis (stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, etc.) using 7 days of BP measurements at 2:00 a.m., 3:00 a.m., 4:00 a.m., and 4 h after bedtime. A total of 2751 patients with one or more cardiovascular risk factors were recruited between March 2021 and March 2024 and are currently being followed up for 7 years. Additionally, 1416 of the WISDOM-Night Study-enrolled patients who also agreed to participate in the WISDOM-Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage (HMOD) Study underwent echocardiography to evaluate the association between wrist-measured BP and left ventricular structure. Data from this WISDOM-Night Study should provide the prospective association between nighttime BP and cardiovascular disease and reveal the indexes of nighttime BP with clinical pathological relevance. This first report of the WISDOM-Night Study describes the study design, baseline characteristics, and BP control status.

Optimizing Wrist Splint Fitting Parameters Through Artificial Intelligence Analysis.

Introduction The current method for determining the appropriate wrist splint size in the clinical setting relies on measuring wrist circumference, but this approach often fails to ensure optimal fit. This study evaluates additional hand features using 3-dimensional (3D) scanned data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve the fit of pre-fabricated wrist splints. We hypothesize that wrist and forearm widths can provide a more accurate fitting than wrist circumference alone. Materials and methods We recruited 54 healthy volunteers to be scanned. Each volunteer was fitted with a standard wrist brace (Short Arm Brace, Ossur, Iceland), and 3D data from their hands were collected using an infrared-based 3D scanner (Einscan Pro, Shining3D, China). The 3D scanned data were then analyzed to identify and measure 14 distinct hand features. To explore the relationship between these hand features and the optimal splint size, we generated a categorical correlation map. This map identified hand features that were most strongly correlated with splint size categories (small, medium, large). Subsequently, we developed a classification algorithm to predict the appropriate splint size based on the correlated hand features. We utilized three different machine learning models for this purpose: Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) Classifier, RandomForestClassifier, and Support Vector Classifier (SVC). Each of these classifiers was trained and evaluated to determine their accuracy and effectiveness in predicting the correct splint size. Results Wrist width showed the highest classification accuracy (91%) for both the XGB Classifier and RandomForestClassifier. The measurements including hand wrist width, mid-forearm width, and hand crease line width also performed well with the XGB Classifier, achieving an accuracy of 90%. The SVC showed consistent performance across various feature sets, with the highest accuracy of 81% for the measurements. Overall, these findings suggest that wrist width is the most predictive feature for splint size classification, with additional features providing minimal enhancement. Conclusions Artificial intelligence, combined with 3D scanning, can accurately predict wrist splint size from a single image acquisition, enabling contactless, personalized fitting. This approach can improve patient outcomes by enhancing the fit of prefabricated splints.

New Challenges: Use and Interpretation of Radius Bone Mineral Density.

CONTEXT: It is unknown if isolated low bone mineral density (BMD) "osteoporosis" at the radius is associated with increased fracture risk, not only at the wrist but elsewhere and whether it reflects more generalized skeletal fragility. OBJECTIVE: To review the association of radius BMD and fracture risk, the epidemiology of wrist fractures, isolated osteoporosis at the radius and the concordance between radial BMD and femoral neck BMD. METHODS: We completed a narrative literature review on radius BMD and fracture risk and current recommendations for measurement of radial BMD. We updated results of radial BMD and fracture results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures over 20 years and examined the concordance of BMD at the distal and proximal radius with femoral neck BMD T -scores. RESULTS: Radius BMD is a robust predictor of all types of fractures including hip and wrist but there is insufficient evidence to suggest that radius BMD predicts wrist fractures better than fractures at other sites. Fractures of the wrist tend to occur in younger, healthier women compared with hip and spine fractures. Nevertheless, wrist fractures are associated with an increased risk of future fractures and represent a missed opportunity for intervention. On a population level, the discordance between radius BMD and femoral neck BMD is small. But women with isolated osteoporosis at the radius had biochemical and microarchitecture deterioration that were similar to women with hip osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: Future research should address the clinical implications of isolated osteoporosis at the radius and whether treatment is warranted.

Unique Presentation of Refracture of the Distal Radius With Volar Plate Bending in an Elderly Patient.

This case report presents the unique case of an 80-year-old woman who sustained a refracture of the distal radius following a fall, resulting in a rare instance of volar plate bending. The patient had undergone osteosynthesis with a titanium volar plate 2.5 years earlier, which had fully healed. Radiographs showed a 50° dorsal angulation of the previously implanted plate, necessitating surgical revision. A modified Henry approach was used to remove the bent plate and implant a new one. While literature documents two prior cases of volar plate bending, both involved older plate designs. This report is the first to describe bending in a modern titanium volar plate, making it a rare and significant contribution to current knowledge on implant failure.

Electromyographically controlled prosthetic wrist improves dexterity and reduces compensatory movements without added cognitive load.

Wrist function is a top priority for transradial amputees. However, the combined functional, biomechanical, and cognitive impact of using a powered prosthetic wrist is unclear. Here, we quantify task performance, compensatory movements, and cognitive load while three transradial amputees performed a modified Clothespin Relocation Task using two myoelectric prostheses with and without the wrists. The two myoelectric prostheses include a commercial prosthesis with a built-in powered wrist, and a newly developed inexpensive prosthetic wrist for research purposes, called the "Utah wrist", that can be adapted to work with various sockets and prostheses. For these three participants, task failure rate decreased significantly from 66% ± 12% without the wrist to 39% ± 9% with the Utah wrist. Compensatory forward leaning movements also decreased significantly, from 24.2° ± 2.5 without the wrist to 12.6° ± 1.0 with the Utah wrist, and from 23.6° ± 7.6 to 15.3° ± 7.2 with the commercial prosthesis with an integrated wrist. Compensatory leftward bending movements also significantly decreased, from 20.8° ± 8.6 to 12.3° ± 5.3, for the commercial with an integrated wrist. Importantly, simultaneous myoelectric control of either prosthetic wrist had no significant impact on cognitive load, as assessed by the NASA Task Load Index survey and a secondary detection response task. This work suggests that functional prosthetic wrists can improve dexterity and reduce compensation without significantly increasing cognitive effort. These results, and the introduction of a new inexpensive prosthetic wrist for research purposes, can aid future research and development and guide the prescription of upper-limb prostheses.

The Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Arthrography for Wrist Ligamentous Injuries - A Diagnostic Test Accuracy Meta-analysis.

Background: Diagnosis of ligamentous wrist injuries can be challenging with the absence of dynamic instability on radiographs. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) arthrography in diagnosing scapholunate ligament (SLL), lunotriquetral ligament (LTL) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries. Methods: A systematic review and literature search were conducted in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) and registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO (CRD42024517655). A mixed-effects logistic regression bivariate model was used to estimate summary sensitivity and specificity, and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curves were constructed to determine diagnostic accuracy of CBCT arthrography. Results: We identified five studies assessing the accuracy of CBCT arthrography against wrist arthrography or intraoperative findings as reference standard. The pooled estimates for sensitivity and specificity of CBCT arthrography was 93% (95% CI 40-100) and 91% (95% CI 81-96) for SLL injuries, 83% (95% CI 37-98) and 64% (95% CI 42-81) for LTL injuries and 78% (95% CI 57-91) and 80% (95% CI 54-93) for TFCC injuries. The area under the curve was 0.91 (95% CI 0.89-0.94), showing an excellent diagnostic accuracy of CBCT arthrography in SLL injuries. CBCT arthrography had an estimated mean effective dose of 3.2 mSv (2.0-4.8). Conclusions: Our study confirms that CBCT arthrography has an excellent diagnostic accuracy for wrist ligamentous injuries with comparably high sensitivity to conventional arthrography and a better specificity. While further studies with more robust methodology are required to support its implementation in clinical practice, our analysis shows that it is a reliable option and has a promising future. Level of Evidence: Level III (Diagnostic).

Outcome evaluation of dye-assist arthroscopic inside-out ganglionectomy: a retrospective study of 29 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic inside-out ganglionectomy of dominant dorsal wrist ganglion. METHODS: Patients with dominant wrist ganglion cyst treated in our hospital from January 1, 2014 to June 31, 2023 was enrolled in this retrospective analysis. All patients underwent dye-assist arthroscopic inside-out ganglionectomy. After discharge, the patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. The primary outcomes were to assess patient wrist function using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) and Mayo Modified Wrist Score (MMWS). The secondary outcomes were visual analog score (VAS), wrist active range of motion (ROM), grip strength, recurrence rate and complication. RESULTS: All ganglion were successfully resected after dye staining. Patients were followed for an average of 12.17 months. There were no significant changes between preoperative and postoperative wrist active ROM or grip strength, except for wrist flexion (which showed a slightly greater improvement after surgery, P = 0.049), there were notable improvements in VAS, MMWS, and PRWE postoperatively. Recurrence occurred in 3 patients. No major complications observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Dye-assist arthroscopic inside-out ganglionectomy is safe and uncomplicated, worth of clinical promotion.

Imaging of dorsal wrist pain.

Pain on the dorsal side of the wrist is a common clinical presentation, comparable to pain experienced on the ulnar and radial aspects of the wrist. The dorsal wrist region has distinct anatomical features and is associated with a wide spectrum of pathologies, including conditions affecting the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Accurate diagnosis often depends on imaging techniques such as radiographs and ultrasound, with a growing trend towards the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for more detailed assessment of complex cases. The role of imaging in diagnosing dorsal wrist pain is expected to expand further in the future. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a comprehensive review paper that specifically addresses the imaging findings related to dorsal wrist pain. This review aims to fill that gap by discussing the imaging characteristics of both common and uncommon pathologies that can cause dorsal wrist pain. It provides an overview of the most appropriate imaging modalities to evaluate various causes of dorsal wrist pain, highlights key imaging findings, and discusses differential diagnoses. By doing so, this review seeks to enhance the understanding and interpretation of imaging results, ultimately aiding in the accurate diagnosis and management of dorsal wrist pain. This comprehensive approach underscores the critical role of advanced imaging in contemporary clinical practice.