The belief that being high is a natural part of your personality predicts an increase in manic symptoms over time in bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Several psychological models of bipolar disorder propose that certain types of appraisals can lead to increases in manic symptoms. AIMS: We tested whether the belief that being 'high' is a natural part of one's personality and correlates with manic symptoms 4 months later when controlling for manic symptoms at baseline. METHOD: This was a prospective 4-month follow-up design using self-report measures. Forty people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder completed a measure of manic symptoms, a measure of appraisals associated with bipolar disorder, and a single-item measure, 'To what extent do you feel like being "high" is a natural part of your personality?', at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: The single-item measure showed modest stability over time and construct validity in its correlation with a standardised measure of appraisals in bipolar disorder. As predicted, the single-item measure correlated with manic symptoms at follow-up when controlling for manic symptoms at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The belief that being 'high' is a natural part of one's personality is a potential predictor of manic symptoms. Further research needs to study the potential mediating mechanisms such as activating behaviours, and control for indicators of the bipolar endophenotype.

The relationship of academic procrastination on non-English majors' English classroom anxiety: a moderated mediation model.

Objective: Academic procrastination is negatively associated with English classroom anxiety among non-English major college students. However, current research has less explored the underlying mechanisms. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between academic procrastination and college students' English classroom anxiety as well as the mediating role of learning engagement and the moderating role of appraisals of intrinsic values. Methods: The academic procrastination scale, English classroom anxiety scale, learning engagement scale and appraisals of intrinsic values scale were used to measure 1,079 non-English majors in Jiangsu Province, China. Results: (1) There was a significant positive correlation between academic procrastination and English classroom anxiety of non-English majors. (2) Learning engagement plays a part of mediating role between academic procrastination and English classroom anxiety; (3) When the appraisals of intrinsic values are high, the impact effect of learning engagement on English classroom anxiety is greater. Conclusion: Academic procrastination can affect university students' English classroom anxiety through learning engagement, and this relational pattern is modulated by appraisals of intrinsic values. This finding provides an important theoretical basis and practical insights for understanding and intervening in academic procrastination and classroom anxiety among college students.

A parallel investigation of trauma exposure, maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions in two groups of trauma-exposed adolescents.

Background: Maladaptive appraisals, such as thoughts about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and about being a fragile person in a scary world, are associated with posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) for trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Less is known about what puts young people at risk for developing such appraisals, and the differential relationship between the types of appraisals and PTSR.Objective: The primary aim was to examine the role of age, gender and exposure to potentially traumatizing events (PTEs) for the levels of maladaptive appraisals. The secondary aim was to investigate the association between the levels of maladaptive appraisals (appraisals of a permanent change and appraisals about a scary world) and PTSR.Methods: We investigated these aims in two samples: survivors after the terror attack at Utøya island in Norway in 2011 (N = 165, mean age 17.65, SD = 1.19) and adolescents referred to treatment after mainly interpersonal trauma (N = 152, mean age 15.08, SD = 2.18). The aims were investigated using linear regression and partial correlation.Results: In the terror-exposed sample, female gender was significantly associated with higher levels of scary-world appraisals, witnessing or learning that someone close were exposed to physical violence was significantly associated with more permanent-change appraisals, and a higher number of PTEs was significantly associated with higher levels of both types of appraisals. For the clinical sample, we found no significant associations between exposure to PTEs, gender, age, and the level of maladaptive appraisals. Both types of maladaptive appraisals were highly associated with PTSR in both samples, and there was no significant difference in the strength of the associations between the types of appraisals and PTSR.Conclusions: The results have implications for identifying adolescents at risk for developing harmful maladaptive appraisals. Both scary-world appraisals and permanent-change appraisals were strongly associated with PTSR in both groups of trauma-exposed adolescents.

Factors associated with elevated levels of maladaptive appraisals, and associations between maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions were investigated in two samples of trauma-exposed adolescents.Both appraisals about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and appraisals about being a fragile person in a scary world were significantly associated with posttraumatic stress reactions.Exposure to a higher number of potentially traumatizing events (PTEs), being female, and witnessing or learning that someone close was exposed to physical violence were significantly associated with a higher level of maladaptive appraisals among terror-exposed adolescents.

Development and Validation of the Perceived Interpersonal Relevancy Scales: A New Measure of Perceived Threat, Opportunity, and Invisibility Appraisals for Use Across the Adult Life-Course.

OBJECTIVES: Interpersonal relevancy appraisals are a dynamic and understudied aspect of human social cognition. Despite their importance, there are no existing measures. This study developed and validated a new measure of self-perceived interpersonal threat, opportunity, and invisibility appraisals among a life-course sample of adults. We also explored the relationships between relevance appraisals, social connectedness, loneliness, age, and sex-assigned-at-birth. METHOD: Items were developed based on a theoretical model of multi-domain interpersonal relevance appraisals and refined following feedback from five experts in social psychology. Cross-sectional data were obtained online from a sample of 1,079 adults (age 18-90 years), recruited from the general population of Australia. Data were split into two pseudo-random samples used for 1) scale development and evaluation, and 2) assessment of internal consistency, construct validity, convergent validity with social connectedness and loneliness, and exploratory analysis with age and sex. RESULTS: Results support the factor structure and internal consistency of 17- and 9-item versions of the Perceived Interpersonal Relevancy Scales (PIRS) and measurement invariance across younger and older age groups. Higher self-perceived threat and invisibility appraisals were associated with decreased social network size, increased loneliness, younger age, and male sex. Higher self-perceived opportunity appraisals were associated with increased social network size and decreased loneliness. DISCUSSION: Results support this new measure of perceived interpersonal relevance appraisals, which shows relationships between the way we believe others perceive us, loneliness, and social isolation. The PIRS likely has wide utility for studies that seek to understand the intersections between human social cognition, well-being, and health across the lifespan.

Dyadic Appraisals of Family Decisions and Health Tasks in Midlife-Older Couples.

Shared appraisals and collaboration within couples play important roles in optimizing health. Less is known about concordance regarding collaboration, factors associated with concordance, and implications for health. Data from 2,761 couples from the Health and Retirement Study (2014/2016 and 2016/2018 waves) were examined to determine within-couple concordance in completion of two tasks (family decisions and medical forms). The majority of couples were concordant regarding who makes family decisions (69.7%) and who completes medical forms (64.4%); 62% agreed they make family decisions collaboratively versus 25.5% completing medical forms collaboratively. Concordance was significantly associated with greater marital support and longer marital duration. Concordance was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms 2 years later, but the link between concordance in making major family decisions and self-rated health differed by age and gender. Future research at the intersection of concordance and collaboration may shed important light on how older couples navigate tasks and decisions.

Effects of social anxiety and self-schemas on the impact and meaningfulness of positive versus negative social autobiographical memories.

OBJECTIVE: Social anxiety is characterized by maladaptive self-schemas about being socially undesirable. Self-schemas are deeply held beliefs which are derived from negative autobiographical memories of painful social experiences. In contrast to the plethora of past research on negative memories in social anxiety, almost no research has investigated objectively positive social autobiographical memories. In this preregistered study, we examined the effects of social anxiety and self-schemas on the appraised impact and meaningfulness of retrieved positive versus negative social autobiographical memories. METHOD: Participants recruited via Prolific (final n = 343) were randomized to one of two conditions in which they were instructed to retrieve, orally narrate, and appraise a positive or negative social autobiographical memory of a specific experience from their personal past where they felt either valued or unvalued, respectively. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that participants rated their positive memories as more impactful and meaningful than negative memories overall, but this effect was reversed for participants who endorsed having either stronger negative self-schemas or greater social anxiety symptoms, for whom negative memories were more impactful. Additionally, participants who endorsed having stronger positive self-schemas rated their negative memories as significantly less impactful and their positive memories as nearly more impactful. CONCLUSION: Together, these results elucidate how self-schemas and social anxiety are related to autobiographical memory appraisals, paving the way for future research on memory-based therapeutic interventions for social anxiety disorder.

German sugar beet farmers' intention to use autonomous field robots for seeding and weeding.

Robotic weed control is not yet widely adopted, despite its technological availability and proven economics and sustainability in crop cultivation by replacing seasonal labor and synthetic pesticides. This impedes technologically enabled changes toward more sustainable agricultural systems. Given that adopting robotics for the weeding process requires changing existing systems, farmers' appraisals for the new and the current weeding technology may constitute barriers. However, this dualism has been largely ignored by previous studies. Based on a duality approach, we investigate farmers' beliefs, and adaptive and maladaptive appraisals of current and new robotic weeding in sugar beets. The main variable of interest is their behavioral intention to adopt weeding robots. For our sample of German farmers, we identify the main enablers perceived efficacy of the robots and social norms. The main barrier are maladaptive rewards from traditional weeding. We recommend policy incentives to promote large-scale uptake of new and more sustainable robotic technologies. To improve efficacy perceptions of such robotic systems public demonstrations/talks are mostly relevant. Maladaptive rewards can be reduced, for instance, by notifying about the dependency of the current practices on future availability of synthetic inputs or seasonal workers.

Do psychological treatments for PTSD in children and young people reduce trauma-related appraisals? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Research is increasingly highlighting the role of negative trauma-related appraisals in child and adolescent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The cognitive model of PTSD claims that an essential mechanism of treatment is a reduction in these appraisals. The current systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the extent to which psychological treatments for PTSD reduce negative trauma-related appraisals in children and adolescents. Four databases (PsycINFO, Medline Complete, CINAHL Complete and PTSDpubs) were searched on the 11-12th December 2022. The Risk of Bias 2 (ROB-2) tool was used to assess for risk of bias. Thirteen studies were included in this review, comprising 937 child and adolescent participants. Using a random effects model to perform the meta-analysis, a medium pooled effect size for the effect of current treatments on trauma-related appraisals was found (g = -.67, 95% CI [-.86, -.48]). There was only a moderate level of heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 44.4%), increasing the confidence with which these findings can be interpreted. These results indicate that psychological treatments for child and adolescent PTSD significantly reduce negative trauma-related appraisals. However, it is important to note that no trial included in the review was categorised as having low risk of bias.

Applying a synergistic mindsets intervention to an esports context.

Affective responses during stressful, high-stakes situations can play an important role in shaping performance. For example, feeling shaky and nervous at a job interview can undermine performance, whereas feeling excited during that same interview can optimize performance. Thus, affect regulation-the way people influence their affective responses-might play a key role in determining high-stakes outcomes. To test this idea, we adapted a synergistic mindsets intervention (SMI) (Yeager et al. 2022 Nature 607, 512-520 (doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04907-7)) to a high-stakes esports context. Our approach was motivated by the idea that (i) mindsets both about situations and one's stress responses to situations can be shaped to help optimize stress responses, and (ii) challenge versus threat stress responses will be associated with improved outcomes. After a baseline performance task, we randomly assigned gamers (n = 300) either to SMI or a control condition in which they learned brain facts. After two weeks of daily gaming, gamers competed in a cash-prize tournament. We measured affective experiences before the matches and cardiovascular responses before and throughout the matches. Contrary to predictions, gamers did not experience negative affect (including feeling stressed), thus limiting the capacity for the intervention to regulate physiological responses and optimize performance. Compared with the control participants, synergistic mindsets participants did not show greater challenge responses or improved performance outcomes. Though our adaptation of Yeager et al.'s SMI did not optimize esports performance, our findings point to important considerations regarding the suitability of an intervention such as this to different performance contexts of varying degrees of stressfulness.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Violation Appraisal Measure (VAM).

Mental contamination refers to feelings of dirtiness and/or urges to wash that arise without direct contact with a contaminant. Cognitive models propose that this results from "serious, negative misappraisals of perceived violations". However, the specific violation misappraisals most relevant to mental contamination have yet to be established empirically, in part due to the lack of a comprehensive validated inventory of violation appraisals. Therefore, this study's aim was to develop and validate such a measure. Items for the new Violation Appraisal Measure (VAM) were developed from qualitative interviews, theoretical models, and previous empirical work. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted in a sample of (n = 300) undergraduate participants, which revealed a four-factor structure: Responsibility/Self-Blame, Permanence, Mistrust, and Self-Worth. The VAM showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.90), good convergent (r = .50 to .64) and adequate divergent (r = -.01 to .46) validity and was predictive of mental contamination symptoms over and above existing related appraisal measures, ΔF(1,289) = 29.35, p < .001, ΔR2 = 0.06. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a second sample of (n = 300) undergraduate students confirmed strong model fit for the four-factor structure of the VAM. The development of the VAM is an important contribution to the search for empirically based cognitive mechanisms in mental contamination and other violation-related sequelae.

Trends in NICE technology appraisals of non-small cell lung cancer drugs over the last decade.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to analyse the trends in technology appraisals for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatments performed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) over the last ten years. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted for single technology appraisals of NSCLC drugs in the online NICE database from 2012 to 2022. Search terms used were 'non small cell lung cancer', and 'NSCLC'. Appraisals that were under development or terminated as well as multiple technology appraisals were considered out of scope. RESULTS: In the 30 included appraisals for targeted therapies and immunotherapies within NSCLC, a total of 53 different comparators were included by NICE for 41 assorted indications or subgroups. Partitioned survival models were most frequently used, often including three health states and time horizons of up to 30 years. Throughout the decade the use of indirect comparisons was high and became more established and complex over time. Of all appraisals, 90% positively recommended the treatment for use in the UK. CONCLUSION: Technology appraisals became more complex over time due to the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, leading to multiple different indications, subpopulations and comparators that needed to be included in appraisals. Partitioned Survival Analysis (PartSA) models became the cornerstone within NSCLC, with time horizons up to 30 years and over time methods for indirect treatment comparisons became more established. The majority of the appraisals resulted in a positive recommendation for reimbursement.

Unravelling the impact of prior depression and trauma-related cognitive processes on depression following trauma: A 2-year prospective study of burn survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with severe burn injuries may develop depression, yet knowledge about psychological risk factors for depression following trauma is limited. This study investigated the prospective impact and interplay of prior depression and trauma-related cognitive processes (posttraumatic negative appraisals and trauma-related rumination) to depressive symptoms between 6 and 24 months after burn injury. METHOD: Taiwanese adult survivors of burn (N = 118) participated in surveys immediately post-burn and at 6-, 12-, and 24-months follow-up. Participants were 7 5% men, with an average age of 41.8 years and an average of TBSA of 18.3%. RESULTS: A total of 8.5%, 5.9%, and 4.2% met criteria for probable major depression at 6, 12, and 24 months post-burn, respectively. The prevalence increased to 23.7%, 11.0%, and 5.9% using the cutoff on the PHQ-9. Prior depression and trauma-related cognitive processes immediately post-burn explained 13.5%, 20.5%, and 18.6% of the variance in depressive symptoms at 6, 12, and 24 months post-burn, respectively. Posttraumatic negative appraisals strongly predicted depressive symptoms post-burn across follow-ups. Moreover, posttraumatic negative appraisals significantly mediated the effect of prior depression on subsequent depressive symptoms across follow-ups. Prior depression significantly moderated the effect of trauma-related rumination on depressive symptoms at 6 months post-burn. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are the first to demonstrate the role and interplay of prior depression and trauma-related cognitive processes in post-burn depression. Findings highlight that pre-and post-trauma psychological factors jointly affect depression following trauma, broadening the applicability of cognitive theories of PTSD.

The Effects of Illegitimate Tasks on Task Crafting and Cyberloafing: The Role of Stress Mindset and Stress Appraisal.

Previous studies have mainly focused on the detrimental effects of illegitimate tasks as ubiquitous workplace stressors while ignoring the appraisal measures for such tasks. The term "illegitimate" is used by employees to describe the alignment of a task with their job role rather than the inherent qualities of the task itself. Thus, drawing on the transactional theory of stress, this study examines the moderating effect of the stress mindset on the relationship between illegitimate tasks and the appraisal of such tasks. On this basis, this study further explores when cognitive appraisal mediates the effects of illegitimate tasks on coping behaviors (task crafting and cyberloafing). Data were collected from 285 employees from an energy company in Shandong, China, by using a time-lagged research design. The findings indicate that employees react differently to illegitimate tasks depending on their stress mindset. Specifically, for employees with a stress-is-enhancing mindset, illegitimate tasks induce their challenge appraisal, which leads to task crafting. In addition, illegitimate tasks induce hindrance appraisal in employees with a stress-is-debilitating mindset, which leads to cyberloafing. In practice, this research study suggests that when illegitimate tasks cannot be eliminated, organizations should consider employees' stress mindset when assigning such tasks.

Experiential processing increases positive affect and decreases dampening appraisals during autobiographical memory recall in an anhedonic sample.

Anhedonia is characterized by diminished reward processing, which may be explained in part by dampening appraisals, or thoughts that blunt positive emotions. Experiential processing, or attending to sensory and bodily experience, may curb dampening appraisals, as compared to analytical processing, or conceptually thinking about an event. In this study, 96 participants with elevated anhedonia completed writing tasks, in which they recalled positive autobiographical memories. Participants recalled the first memory as they naturally would to assess spontaneous use of processing mode and were then randomized to recall the second positive memory using either experiential, analytical, or control instructions. Both spontaneous and instructed experiential processing were associated with greater positive affect and less dampening compared to analytical processing. Clinical implications include savoring pleasant sensations to reduce dampening and enhance positive affect in anhedonia.

Examining Dyadic Stress Appraisal Processes Within Romantic Relationships from a Challenge and Threat Perspective.

The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat emphasizes how individuals appraise stress. Close relationship theories emphasize the interpersonal context, communication, and outcomes that arise from stress. We integrate these approaches by examining the individual variability surrounding appraisals of sufficient (more challenge, less threat) or insufficient (more threat, less challenge) resources to cope with demands and examining how these appraisals are associated with couples' behavior and feelings toward each other. Across three studies, 459 romantic couples (N = 918), and various potentially stressful in-lab conversations (extra-dyadic problem, dislikes about each other, dependability, and relationship conflict), we found evidence that stress appraisals indicative of more challenge and less threat were associated with more approach- and less avoidance-oriented behaviors within interactions. These approach- and avoidance-oriented behaviors were associated with greater feelings of relationship security and well-being after the conversation. However, whose (actors or partners) appraisals and behaviors were associated with security and well-being varied across the three studies. This work provides theoretical and empirical evidence for an interpersonal emphasis on intraindividual stress appraisal processes through a dyadic and close relationships lens. Our integrative theoretical framework breaks away from the idea that stress is inherently "bad" or "maladaptive" to show that appraising stress as more manageable (more challenge, less threat) is associated with more relationship behaviors that approach incentives and less that avoid threats and enhance feelings of relationship security and well-being. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-024-00235-3.

Cultural differences in appraisals of control and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Background: Appraisals are central to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, few studies have examined how culture influences the associations between different types of trauma-related appraisals and PTSD symptoms.Objective: This study investigated cultural influences on appraisals of control and their associations with PTSD symptoms.Method: European Australian (n = 140, Mage = 35.80, SD = 12.44; 21 men, 97 women, 20 gender diverse/prefer not to report) and Chinese Australian (n = 129, Mage = 30.16, SD = 8.93, 21 men, 97 women, 20 gender diverse/prefer not to report) trauma survivors completed measures of appraisals, cultural values, and PTSD symptoms.Results: Findings showed that the Chinese Australian group was associated with greater Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity (i.e. emphasizing the value of adversity and people's ability to overcome adversity) and fewer fatalism appraisals (i.e. appraising one's destiny as externally determined), which in turn were atemporally associated with fewer PTSD symptoms; these atemporal indirect associations were moderated by self-construal and holistic thinking. The Chinese Australian group also reported fewer secondary control appraisals (i.e. attempts to change aspects of the self and accept current circumstances), which were atemporally associated with greater PTSD symptoms. In contrast, the European Australian group was associated with fewer primary control appraisals (i.e. perceived ability to personally change or control a situation), which were atemporally associated with greater PTSD symptoms.Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of considering the influence of culture on appraisals in PTSD. However, it must be noted that causal relationships cannot be inferred from cross-sectional mediation analyses and thus, future longitudinal research is needed.

Chinese Australian trauma survivors were associated with greater reporting of Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity and fewer fatalism appraisals, which were associated with fewer PTSD symptoms. These associations were moderated by a trauma survivor's self-construal and level of holistic thinking.Chinese Australian trauma survivors reported fewer secondary control appraisals, which were associated with greater PTSD symptoms.European Australian trauma survivors were associated with fewer primary control appraisals, which were associated with greater PTSD symptoms.

Moral injury appraisals and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed police officers: a latent class analysis.

Background: Police officers encounter various potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and may be compelled to engage in actions that contradict their moral codes. Consequently, they are at risk to develop symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but also moral stress or moral injury (MI). To date, MI in police officers has received limited attention.Objective: The present study sought to identify classes of MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms among police officers exposed to PTEs, while also investigating potential clinical differences between these classes.Method: For this study, 421 trauma-exposed police officers were assessed on demographics and several clinical measurements including MI appraisals (self-directed and other-directed), PTSD severity, and general psychopathology. Latent class and regression analyses were conducted to examine the presence of different classes among trauma-exposed police officers and class differentiation in terms of demographics, general psychopathology, PTSD severity, mistrust, guilt, self-punishment, and feelings of worthlessness.Results: The following five classes were identified: (1) a 'Low MI, high PTSD class' (28%), (2) a 'High MI, low PTSD class' (11%), (3) a 'High MI, high PTSD class' (17%), (4) a 'Low MI, low PTSD class' (16%), and (5) a 'High MI-other, high PTSD class' (27%). There were significant differences between the classes in terms of age, general psychopathology, PTSD severity, mistrust, guilt, and self-punishment but no differences for gender and feelings of worthlessness.Conclusion: In conclusion, we identified five classes, each exhibiting unique patterns of cognitive MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms. This underscores the criticality of measuring and identifying MI in this particular group, as it allows for tailored treatment interventions.

This study identified classes differing in terms of endorsement of MI appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among police officers exposed to potentially traumatic events.Five classes were identified, each exhibiting unique patterns of MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms.It is important to measure the presence of MI appraisals in addition to PTSD symptoms in traumatized police officers as it can inform treatment interventions.

Automatic price appraisals: why they matter and how to measure them.

Accurately estimating consumers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) is crucial to product design, pricing decisions, and the design of competitive marketing strategies. However, traditional self-report measures of WTP are susceptible to many reporting biases, including tactical responding or an inability to make accurate estimates. Importantly, appraisals also occur automatically (i.e., in the absence of substantial time, intention, awareness, and/or substantial cognitive resources) and implicit measures used to capture automatic appraisals are less susceptible to the sort of reporting biases that self-report measures can be affected by. However, the only existing implicit measure for assessing automatic price appraisals (the Task Rule Congruency paradigm, 'TRC') is impractical because of the large number of trials and time it requires. Accordingly, here we introduce the Implicit Attribute Classification Task (IMPACT), test its effectiveness for the measurement of automatic price appraisals (Study 1), and directly compare its effectiveness and utility with that of the TRC (Study 2). We find that the IMPACT is an efficient measure of automatic price appraisals, that it produces considerably larger effects compared to the TRC, and that it does so while substantially shortening the procedure. We also discuss how the IMPACT scores can be used to derive an implicit measure of willingness to pay. Our findings make a substantial contribution to both research and practice by providing an effective tool that facilitates, for the first time, an efficient exploration of implicit WTP.

How is teaching quality related to achievement emotions in secondary low- and high-achieving students: A cross-sectional study in Chinese mathematics classrooms.

BACKGROUND: Past studies clarified the relationship between dimensions of teaching and achievement emotions. However, more information is needed about the underlying process behind this relationship among students with different mathematical abilities. AIMS: This study examined the association between students' perceived teaching quality and achievement emotions in Chinese mathematics classrooms, focusing on students with different mathematics achievements. SAMPLES: There are 1045 secondary school students (49.1% girls; Mage = 13.90, SD = .84) from Chinese mathematics classrooms in the present study. METHODS: A multi-group structural equation model was adopted to test the relationship between teaching quality and achievement emotions between low- and high-achieving students. RESULTS: Control-value appraisals mediated in teacher support and achievement emotions in both student groups. At the same time, control-value appraisals failed to mediate cognitive activation and achievement emotions in low-achieving students, while the mediating effect of control-value appraisals was identified in high-achieving students. Besides, classroom management was related to achievement emotions via academic value only in low-achieving students. In contrast, it was related to achievement emotions via control-value appraisals in high-achieving students. CONCLUSIONS: The results clarified the mediation roles of control-value appraisals in teaching quality and achievement emotions in students with low- and high-achieving achievements. Similarities and differences were also identified between the two student groups. Teacher support was beneficial to students' positive emotions while classroom management helped to lessen students' negative emotions. High-achieving students benefited more from activating teaching compared with low-achieving students.

Predicting DSM-5 PTSD symptomatology 6 months to 2 years after burn: The role of early psychological risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Major burn injuries may have long-term mental health consequences, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study extended prior work to investigate DSM-5 PTSD symptoms at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-burn as well as the contribution of two sets of early psychological risk factors to DSM-5 PTSD symptoms: Established PTSD risk factors (prior adjustment problems, past trauma, perception of life threat, peritraumatic emotions and dissociation) and theory-derived cognitive factors (negative appraisals of the trauma and its sequelae, memory disorganization, trauma-related rumination, and thought suppression). METHOD: The current study recruited a sample of 118 adult burn patients (75.4% men, mean age 41.8, mean TBSA 18.3%) consecutively admitted to a large regional burn center in Northern Taiwan, who were assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months following their burn injury. RESULTS: A total of 11.0%, 5.9%, and 7.6% met probable DSM-5 PTSD at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-burn, respectively. The rates rose to 15.3%, 10.2%, and 11.0% using the cutoff method. After controlling for covariates, the regression model with theory-derived cognitive factors explained an additional significant 15.9%, 17.2%, and 17.7% of the variance in DSM-5 PTSD symptoms at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-burn, respectively. In contrast, the regression model with established PTSD risk factors explained an additional significant 7.2%, 14.4%, and 10.5% of the variance in DSM-5 PTSD symptoms at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-burn, respectively. Of all predictors, negative appraisals of intrusions was consistently and strongly predictive of DSM-5 PTSD symptomatology post-burn across time, followed by prior depression. CONCLUSIONS: The results underscore the role of early cognitive risk factors in the development and persistence of DSM-5 PTSD symptomatology following burn injury.