Effects of orthodontic aligners on the ecological report of awake bruxism.

BACKGROUND: The demand for orthodontic treatment with aligners has recently increased, but their effects on awake bruxism (AB) behaviours have to be evaluated yet. OBJECTIVES: This investigation assessed if aligners can affect oral behaviours (i.e. tooth contact, teeth clenching, teeth grinding and mandible bracing) that are related with the AB spectrum. METHODS: The investigation was performed in a sample of 32 consecutively recruited healthy adult patients who required orthodontic treatment. The study protocol involved three different sessions of 1-week monitoring without aligners, with passive aligners and with active aligners, respectively. All patients underwent an orthodontic treatment with aligners and used a smartphone-based application for a real-time report (i.e. ecological momentary assessment [EMA]) of their AB behaviours. Recording time was set from 8.00 to 12.30 and from 14.30 to 22.00. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the average reported frequency for each activity within and between the different sessions. The coefficient of variation (CV) was assessed to evaluate daily fluctuations within the 7 days monitoring periods. RESULTS: The average reported frequency of the relaxed condition was 64.9%, 63.0% and 60.0% during the sessions without aligners, with passive aligners and with active aligners, respectively. ANOVA showed no significant differences in any of the AB behaviours within (i.e. between 7 days of evaluation) and between the monitoring sessions (i.e. before orthodontic treatment, with passive aligners, with active aligners). No sex differences were detected, except for the 'tooth contact' report that showed a higher frequency in females. CONCLUSION: The impact of our results in the orthodontic field is not negligible; clinicians can find support for the hypothesis that from a global point of view, wearing or not wearing aligners (passive and/or active) does not influence the frequency of AB behaviours at the short term.

Awake bruxism behaviors frequency in a group of healthy young adults with different psychological scores.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of awake bruxism (AB) behaviors in a group of undergraduate dentistry students and correlate it with the status of anxiety and depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The frequency of five oral behaviors (i.e., relaxed jaw muscle, teeth contact, mandible bracing, teeth clenching, teeth grinding) was evaluated using a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approach. The anxiety and depression status was investigated with the four-item patient health questionnaire for anxiety and depression (PHQ-4). ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used to assess the difference in frequency of AB behaviors among the four PHQ-4 groups. RESULTS: Among the four groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of relaxed jaw muscle, teeth contact, mandible bracing, and teeth clenching, but not for teeth grinding. CONCLUSION: Based on this cross-sectional study's findings, psyche seems to have a determinant impact on AB behaviors, which is significantly higher in individuals with anxiety and depression traits.

Effects of orthodontic aligners on 24-hour masseter muscle activity: a multiple-day electromyographic study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effects of aligners on masseter muscle activity by using an electromyographic device in the home environment. METHODS: The study was performed on healthy patients who required orthodontic treatment. Three different 24 h-EMG recording sessions were performed in different conditions: without aligners, with passive aligners, and with active aligners. The non-functional MMA work index (nfMMA-WI) and the non-functional MMA time index (nfMMA-TI) for both awake and sleep hours were assessed. ANOVA test was used to compare the average activity during the three recording conditions. RESULTS: On average, a total recording time of 204.7 ± 7.9 hours were provided for each patient. For most patients, ANOVA test showed an absence of significant differences between the recording sessions. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of our results is not negligible: clinicians can find remarkable support to the hypothesis that the use of aligners affects the MMA only in a minority of subjects.

The reports of specific waking-state oral behaviours, including awake bruxism activities, and psychological distress have a dose-response relationship: A retrospective medical record study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if there are dose-response relationships between self-reported waking-state oral behaviours, including awake bruxism, and three indicators of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, stress). METHODS: The study sample consisted of 1,886 patients with function-dependent TMD pain. Relationships between six non-functional and six functional waking-state oral behaviours, scored on a 5-point ordinal scale, and the psychological factors were investigated using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age was 42.4 (±15.3) years, 78.7% being female. The odds of reporting the higher categories of non-functional oral behaviours depended on the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress. Most OR coefficients followed a quadratic dose-response distribution, the others increased linearly as the severity of the psychological scales increased. Almost no such associations were found with normal jaw function behaviours. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that non-functional waking-state oral behaviours, including awake bruxism, and psychological distress have a dose-response relationship, with higher levels of distress being associated with higher reports of oral behaviours.

Does combining oro-facial manual therapy with bruxism neuroscience education affect pain and function in cases of awake bruxism? A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Although awake bruxism is associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) as well as head and neck pain, the effects of physical therapy and bruxism education to address these factors have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oro-facial manual therapy and bruxism neuroscience education (BNE) on awake bruxism over a 3-week period with an open-ended follow-up questionnaire after 3 months. METHODS: Subjects (n = 28) were randomly allocated to one of two groups, an intervention group and a control group. Data regarding disability, function and pain were collected pre- and post-assessment, with all measures administered in a single-blind fashion. Participants in both groups received six treatment sessions during this period. In addition to manual therapy, participants were provided with information on the neurophysiological mechanisms of bruxism and contributing factors. Individual behavioural guidelines and daily exercises were determined in consultation with the therapist. An introduction to a bruxism specific app (Brux.App) was also provided, which all participants used as an adjunct to their treatment. RESULTS: The intervention group demonstrated notable improvement as indicated by their scores in the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (p = .008), Pain Disability Index (PDI) (p = .007) and Jaw Disability List (JDL) (p = .03). Furthermore, clinical assessments of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) revealed a significant progress in terms of mouth opening (p = .03) and lateral jaw movement (laterotrusion) (p = .03). The mechanical pain threshold (PTT) of both the masseter (p = .02) and temporalis muscle (p = .05) also showed significant improvement. At 3-month follow-up, the questionnaire revealed that the majority of the intervention group (13/15, 87%) reported a benefit from the treatment. CONCLUSION: The reduction in pain and disability together with improvement in function and increased coping suggest a potential modification of awake bruxism through specialised musculoskeletal intervention and BNE tailored to the individual patient.

Tooth wear and bruxism: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: This study presents a scoping review to determine the association between tooth wear and bruxism. DATA: A protocol was developed a priori (Open Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/CS7JX)). Established scoping review methods were used for screening, data extraction, and synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI tools. Direct associations between tooth wear and bruxism were assessed. SOURCES: Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PubMed were searched. STUDY SELECTION: Any clinical study containing tooth wear and bruxism assessment done on humans in any language was included. Animal, in-vitro studies and case reports were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty publications reporting on the association between tooth wear and bruxism were included. The majority of publications were cross-sectional studies (90%) while only three were longitudinal (10%). Eleven papers assessed definitive bruxism for analysis (instrumental tools), one paper assessed probable bruxism (clinical inspection with self-report) and eighteen assessed possible bruxism (self-report). Of the eleven papers assessing definitive bruxism, eight also reported outcomes of non-instrumental tools. Tooth wear was mostly scored using indexes. Most studies reported no or weak associations between tooth wear and bruxism, except for the studies done on cervical tooth wear. When bruxism assessment was done through self-report, more often an association was found. Studies using multivariate analyses did not find an association between tooth wear and bruxism, except the cervical wear studies. Evidence shows inconclusive results as to whether bruxism and tooth wear are related or not. Therefore, well-designed longitudinal trials are needed to address this gap in the literature. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Based on the evidence, dental clinicians should not infer bruxism activity solely on the presence of tooth wear.

Awake bruxism report in a population of dental students with and without ecological momentary assessment monitorization-A randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: The Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) concept was the basis for developing a smartphone application for the real-time report of awake bruxism (AB) activities. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the EMA with a randomised controlled trial designed to compare the frequency of AB reported in two separate single observation points between a group of students monitored over time with an EMA smartphone application and a non-EMA monitored group. METHODS: Sixty-four (N = 64) dental students (22.3 YO [±2.6]; 52F; 12 M) answered the Oral Behaviour Checklist (OBC-1) and were randomised into an EMA-group (EG) and control group (CG). EG were monitored with a smartphone application for AB report during seven consecutive days and completed three EMA monitoring periods (EMA-1, 2 and 3) at one-month intervals. After the third period (EMA-3), both EG and CG answered again the OBC (OBC-2). Descriptive statistics were performed to characterise the sample. Pearson's chi-squared test, Fixer Exact test and post hoc Z test with Bonferroni correction were performed. The study hypothesis was that EMA could influence the AB reported by the participants because it implies an increase in the awareness, self-recognition, and self-control of bruxism behaviours. The level of significance was set at p < .05. RESULT: The percentage of participants who changed the report of the activity of clenching their teeth while awake between OBC-1 and OBC-2 was significantly higher among participants in EG, when compared to CG (p = .027). For all other behaviours reported the within- and between-group differences from OBC-1 to OBC-2 were not significant. Clenching and bracing were the most frequently reported, whilst grinding was the less frequent behaviour. CONCLUSION: A smartphone-based EMA approach demonstrated be useful to monitor AB over time, increasing individual's awareness, particularly to bracing and clenching behaviours.

Bridging semantics and medical ontology in the definition of bruxism: An argument for a holistic definition.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this commentary is to advocate for a holistic, ontology-based definition of bruxism. The intention is to synthesise the best aspects of current definitions into a structured ontological model, thereby refining and enhancing a comprehensive understanding of the full spectrum of bruxism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The commentary elaborates on the process of integrating these insights into a hierarchical ontology that aligns with ontological principles. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Not directly applicable as this is a commentary. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The proposed ontology-based definition of bruxism aims to clarify communication within the medical community and advance research by enabling a comprehensive ontology-based classification of bruxism. By aligning with ontological principles, this approach aspires to act as a catalyst for further research, discussion and consensus in the field.

Benefits of the combination of digital and analogic tools as a strategy to control possible awake bruxism: A randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Awake Bruxism (AB) management includes cognitive and behavioural changes. Digital and analogic tools can be used to remind the individual to control/avoid AB behaviours. However, no study addressed both tools together. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of the combination of digital (smartphone application) and analogic (adhesive reminders) tools versus digital tool alone for AB management. METHODS: Seventy-two individuals diagnosed with probable AB were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 24), used both digital and analogic tools during 30 days; Group 2 (n = 24), used only a digital tool during 30 days and Group 3 (n = 24), used only a digital tool for the first 15 days and then added the analogic tool for 15 days. The AB frequency was measured in real-time with a smartphone app, which sent alerts asking the individuals if they were doing any AB behaviours (bracing, teeth contact, clenching or grinding). Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and before-after adding an analogic tool (group 3) by paired t-test, considering α = 0.05. RESULTS: All groups showed a decrease in AB behaviours at the end of the evaluation period. Group 1 (digital and analogic tools) showed the lowest average of AB behaviours among all groups; however, statistically significant differences were found only for the comparison between groups 1 and 2. In group 3, a significantly greater reduction in AB behaviours was found after combining both approaches. CONCLUSION: The combination of digital and analogic tools showed the greatest reduction of AB frequency and can be recommended for AB control.

Probable sleep and awake bruxism in adolescents: A path analysis.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism has a multifactorial etiology, including the influence of sleep characteristics and chronotypes. AIM: To identify the pathways that influence the occurrence of probable sleep bruxism (PSB) and probable awake bruxism (PAB) in adolescents. DESIGN: A total of 403 adolescents, aged 12-19 years, participated in the study. Parents/caregivers filled out a questionnaire about sociodemographic issues and the adolescent's health conditions, and the adolescents about sleep characteristics, occurrence of bruxism (based on previous study and the International Consensus of Bruxism), and chronotype (Circadian Energy Scale). Clinical examinations were performed. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and path analysis. RESULTS: PSB and PAB are related to each other, with moderate and positive correlation (ß = .390). Poor sleep quality and higher household income had a direct effect on both PSB (ß = -.138; ß = .123, respectively) and PAB (ß = -.155; ß = .116, respectively). Chronotype had a direct effect on PSB, in such a way that adolescents with a morningness chronotype tend to have PSB (ß = -.102). Adolescents that drool on the pillow (ß = .184) and/or have agitated sleep (ß = .104) tend to have PSB. CONCLUSION: Poor sleep quality, household income, morningness chronotype profile, drooling on the pillow, and agitated sleep influence the paths taken by PSB. PAB was influenced by the quality of sleep and family income.

Actual state of the diurnal masseteric electromyogram: Differences between awareness and non-awareness of awake bruxism.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between diurnal masseter muscle activity and awareness of diurnal awake bruxism (d-AB) by conducting a comparative analysis of electromyographic (EMG) data from individuals with and without awareness of diurnal awake bruxism (d-AB), utilizing EMG data gathered from multiple subjects. METHODS: Unilateral masseter electromyography (EMG) recordings were performed during the daytime using an ultraminiature wearable EMG device. A total of 119 participants (59 with awareness of diurnal tooth clenching [d-TC] and 60 without awareness of d-TC) were included. Waveforms longer than 0.25 s with the two amplitude conditions, exceeding twice the baseline and >5% of maximum voluntary clenching, were extracted. In addition, the number of bursts and episodes (groups of bursts), burst duration, and burst peak amplitude were calculated for each participant. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the EMG parameters between the groups with and without awareness of d-TC. Additionally, the frequency distribution of the number of EMG waveforms exhibited wide ranges and substantial overlap between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The variability in the number of bursts and episodes, burst peak amplitude, and burst duration among subjects suggests the need for an objective classification of d-AB severity based on EMG values. The absence of significant differences and large overlap in frequency distributions between the groups with and without awareness of d-TC indicate difficulty in predicting muscle activity solely based on awareness of d-AB.

Analysis of definite awake bruxism using a portable electromyography device.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare awake bruxism events between subjective and objective evaluations using a questionnaire survey and a modified portable electromyography (EMG) device, and to examine correlations between sleep quality and awake bruxism. METHODS: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and awareness of awake bruxism as clarified via interviews were conducted on 34 participants as subjective evaluations. The EMG device was used to record left temporal muscle activity for 6.5 h (from 09:00 to 15:30) and the number of awake bruxism episodes per hour. The participants were then classified into "bruxer" and "non-bruxer" groups based on the number of awake bruxism episodes. RESULTS: The mean number of awake bruxism episodes per hour was 33.6 ± 21.4, and 23% of the participants who reported having no awareness of awake bruxism in the interviews were defined as "bruxers" in the objective evaluations. In the bruxer group, positive correlations were found between the number of awake bruxism episodes and both ESS and PSQI scores. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that objective measurements using a portable EMG device can increase the diagnostic accuracy for awake bruxism, and that sleep quality is a major risk factor for awake bruxism.

Diagnosis and prevalence of probable awake and sleep bruxism in adolescents: an exploratory analysis

Abstract The aims of this study were to perform an exploratory analysis of probable awake (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB) prevalence using of different diagnosis criteria based on the International Consensus; evaluate the associations between self-report and clinical signs/symptoms in adolescents. Participated in this cross-sectional study 403 adolescents aged 12- to 19-years-old enrolled in public and private schools from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic status and adolescents' health status. Adolescents answered a questionnaire evaluating AB (e.g., grinding and clenching) and SB (e.g., grinding, bracing, and thrusting) activities and frequent headaches. A clinical examination was performed on adolescents to evaluate bruxism clinical signs/symptoms (pain upon palpation on masseter and temporal, linea alba, indentation on the tongue and attrition wear severity). Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Qui-square test were performed (P≤0.05). Adolescents mean age was 14.3±1.5 years, and 58.1% were female. Self-report of SB was identified in 31% of participants and self-report of AB in 51.6%. Almost all adolescents (99%) presented at least one tooth with attrition wear (98.5% on enamel and 0.5% on dentin), with a mean number of 12.4±5.7 teeth. Depending on the diagnosis criteria, the prevalence of probable SB and AB varied from 0- 99% and 0.2- 99%, respectively. A high inconsistency was found for the prevalence of probable AB and SB in adolescents, which were influenced by the different clinical sings/symptoms used as diagnosis criteria. Frequent headaches and pain upon palpation on masseter and temporal muscle were associated to self-report of AB and SB among adolescents.

Resumo Os objetivos deste estudo foram realizar uma análise exploratória da prevalência de provável bruxismo em vigília (BV)e do sono (BS) utilizando diferentes critérios de diagnóstico baseados no Consenso Internacional; avaliar a associação entre o autorrelato e os sinais/sintomas clínicos em adolescentes. Participaram deste estudo transversal 403 adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos e estado de saúde dos adolescentes. Os adolescentes relataram atividades do BV (ranger e apertar) e BS (ranger, bracing e thrusting) e dores de cabeça frequentes. Um exame clínico foi realizado nos adolescentes para avaliar os sinais/sintomas clínicos do bruxismo (dor à palpação nos músculos masseter e temporal, marcas de endentação na língua e linha alba, desgaste dentário por atrição). Análises descritiva e teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson foram realizados (P≤0,05). A média de idade dos adolescentes foi de 14,3±1,5 anos e 58,1% eram do sexo feminino. O autorrelato de BS foi identificado em 31% dos participantes e o autorrelato do BV em 51,6%. Quase a totalidade dos adolescentes (99%) apresentaram pelo menos um dente com desgaste dentário (98,5% em esmalte; 0,5% em dentina), com média de 12,4±5,7 dentes acometidos. Dependendo do critério de diagnóstico, a prevalência do provável BS e BV variou de 0- 99% e 0,2- 99%, respectivamente. Uma grande inconsistência foi identificada na prevalência de provável BV e BS em adolescentes, que foram influenciadas pelos diferentes sinais/sintomas usados como critério de diagnóstico. Dores de cabeça frequentes e dor à palpação no masseter e temporal foram associados ao autorrelato de bruxismo em crianças e adolescentes.

Bruxismo do sono e em vigília em adolescentes: prevalência, fatores associados e análise de caminhos / Sleep and awake bruxism in adolescents: prevalence, associated factors and pathways to occurrence

O Bruxismo é um comportamento, com atividade muscular mastigatória, que pode apresentar-se como bruxismo do sono (BS) e bruxismo em vigília (BV). Possui etiologia multifatorial, sendo pouco explorado entre adolescente. Essa tese é composta por dois artigos que avaliam a prevalência, fatores associados e análise de caminhos. O objetivo do artigo 1 (n=403) foi reconhecer os caminhos que influenciam a ocorrência de provável bruxismo do sono (PBS) e provável bruxismo em vigília (PBV) em adolescentes. O artigo 2 (n=342) objetivou avaliar a associação entre PBV e hábitos de morder, satisfação de vida, caracteristicas do sono e perfil cronotipo em adolescentes, por meio de um estudo caso-controle. Com aprovação do comitê de ética institucional, participaram do estudo adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos de idade, regularmente matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte. Os pais/cuidadores responderam a um questionário sobre características do sono de seus filhos. Os adolescentes responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: questionário sobre hábitos de morder, características do sono e relato de bruxismo; a escala "The Circadian Energy Scale" (CIRENS), para mensurar o perfil cronotipo; e o dominio self da versão brasileira da Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Adolescentes (EMSVA). O PBS e PBV foram mensurados considerando o auto relato positivo, somado à presença de desgaste dentário por atrição aferido em exame clinico feito pela pesquisadora previamente calibrada. A análise descritiva foi incluida nos artigos 1 e 2. O artigo 1 usou a análise de caminhos, tecnica que descreve as dependências direcionadas entre um conjunto de variáveis. No artigo 2 foi feita regressão logistica condicional (OR) (p<0,05). Como resultados no artigo 1, verificou-se que 22,3% dos adolescentes apresentaram PBS e 51,1% PBV. As duas manifestações de bruxismo apresentaram associação entre si, com uma correlação moderada e positiva (ß= 0,390). Qualidade do sono e renda familiar tiveram um efeito direto sobre PBS (ß= - 0,138; ß=0,123; respectivamente) e em PBV (ß= - 0,155; ß=0,116; respectivamente), de modo que aqueles com maior renda e com má qualidade do sono tenderam a apresentar provável bruxismo tanto BS, quanto BV. Cronotipo teve efeito direto sobre o PBS, de modo que adolescentes com cronotipo matutino tenderam a ter o comportamento (ß= -0,102). Adolescentes que relataram babar no travesseiro enquanto dormiam (ß= 0,184) e/ou que tinham sono agitado (ß= 0,104) tenderam a apresentar PBS. Já no artgido 2 verificou-se que má qualidade do sono (OR=1,731, IC95% 1,054-2,842, p=0,030), hábito de morder objetos muitas vezes (OR=3,303, IC95% 1,631-6,690, p=0,001), hábito de morder ou apertar os lábios algumas vezes (OR=2,134, IC95% 1,230-3,702, p=0,007) e hábito de morder ou apertar os lábios muitas vezes nas duas semanas anteriores à avaliação (OR=2,355, IC95% 1,203- 4,608, p=0,012) foram associados à ocorrencia de PBV. Concluiu-se com o artigo 1 que o perfil cronotipo, renda familiar e caracteristicas do sono influenciaram no caminho percorrido pelo PBS, enquanto renda e qualidade do sono influenciam o PBV. Enquato atraves do artigo 2, concluiu- se que adolescentes com má qualidade do sono e que apresentam habitos de morder tiveram mais chance de apresentar PBV.

Bruxism is a behavior, with masticatory muscle activity, which can present itself as sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). It has a multifactorial etiology, and is little explored among adolescents. This thesis is composed of two articles assessing prevalence, associated factors, and path analysis. The objective of article 1 (n=403) was to recognize the pathways influencing the occurrence of probable sleep bruxism (PSB) and probable awake bruxism (PAB) in adolescents. Paper 2 (n=342) aimed to evaluate the association between PSB and biting habits, life satisfaction, sleep characteristics and chronotype profile in adolescents by means of a case-control study. After approval by the institutional ethics committee, adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, regularly enrolled in public and private schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, participated in the study. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire about their children's sleep characteristics. The adolescents answered the following instruments: a questionnaire about biting habits, sleep characteristics and bruxism report; the Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS), to measure the chronotype profile; and the self domain of the Brazilian version of the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents (MLSSA). The PSB and PAB were measured considering the positive self-report, added to the presence of attrition dental wear measured in a clinical examination performed by a previously calibrated researcher. Descriptive analysis was included in articles 1 and 2. Article 1 used path analysis, a technique that describes the directed dependencies among a set of variables. In article 2, conditional logistic regression (OR) was performed (p<0.05). As results in article 1, it was found that 22.3% of the adolescents presented PSB and 51.1% PAB. The two manifestations of bruxism showed an association with each other, with a moderate and positive correlation (ß= 0.390). Sleep quality and family income had a direct effect on PSB (ß= - 0.138; ß=0.123; respectively) and on PAB (ß= -0.155; ß=0.116; respectively), so that those with higher income and poor sleep quality tended to show likely bruxism in both SB and AB. Chronotype had a direct effect on PSB, such that adolescents with morning chronotype tended to have the behavior (ß= -0.102). Adolescents who reported drooling on the pillow while sleeping (ß= 0.184) and/or who had restless sleep (ß= 0.104) tended to present PSB. In artgid 2, on the other hand, it was found that poor sleep quality (OR=1.731, 95%CI 1.054-2.842, p=0.030), habit of biting objects often (OR=3.303, 95%CI 1.631-6.690, p=0.001), habit of biting or tightening lips sometimes (OR=2, 134, 95%CI 1.230-3.702, p=0.007) and biting or lip-squeezing often in the two weeks prior to evaluation (OR=2.355, 95%CI 1.203- 4.608, p=0.012) were associated with the occurrence of PAB. It was concluded with article 1 that the chronotype profile, family income and sleep characteristics influence the path taken by PSB, while income and quality of sleep influence PAB. In article 2, it was concluded that adolescents with poor sleep quality and those with biting habits were more likely to present PAB.

Conocimientos actuales para el entendimiento del bruxismo: revisión de la literatura / Current knowledge for the understanding of bruxism: review of the literature

El bruxismo es considerado una actividad parafuncional músculomandibular repetitiva, caracterizada principalmente por apretamiento y/o rechinamiento dental. El bruxismo tiene dos diferentes manifestaciones circadianas: puede ocurrir durante la vigilia (bruxismo en vigilia) o durante el sueño (bruxismo del sueño); en ambos casos puede poner en riesgo la integridad del sistema estomatognático, siempre y cuando la fuerza de las actividades músculo-mandibulares que se ejerzan logre superar la capacidad adaptativa de los componentes fi siológicos. El diagnóstico de bruxismo ha sido prevalentemente anatómico/lesional, esto es, la observancia clínica de atriciones o abfracciones sin entender sus causas y mecanismos de inducción, desarrollo y persistencia, restringiendo subsecuentemente el accionar odontológico al manejo de los efectos nocivos. Este artículo es una revisión de la literatura científi ca con el objetivo de otorgar los conocimientos básicos actuales para el entendimiento del bruxismo, una actividad muscular disfuncional con orígenes neurobiológicos que lo explican más allá de su efecto periférico evidente (AU)

Bruxism is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible. Bruxism has two distinct circadian manifestations: it can occur during sleep (indicated as sleep bruxism) or during wakefulness (indicated as awake bruxism), in both situations, the integrity of the stomatognathic system components can be at risk as long as the strength of the jaw-muscle activities are able to overcome the adaptive capacity of the physiological components. The diagnosis of bruxism has been predominantly anatomical/lesional that is, the clinical observance of attritions or abfractions without understanding their causes and mechanisms of induction, development, and persistence, subsequently restricting the dental action to the management of harmful eff ects. This article is a review of the scientifi c literature with the aim of granting the current basic knowledge for the understanding of bruxism, a dysfunctional muscular activity with neurobiological origins that explain it beyond its evident peripheral eff ect (AU)

Alteraciones del sueño y bruxismo / Sleep alterations and bruxism

El sueño es un requerimiento biológico para la vida, sus alteraciones o su ausencia pueden disminuir la calidad de vida, el estado anímico y funcional, afectando seriamente la salud. Un sueño placentero y reparador implica cursar por facetas de profundidad diversa y actividad neuronal compleja. En este artículo se intentan explicar las generalidades del proceso del sueño y algunos de sus trastornos que lo relacionan con aumento de la actividad de los músculos masticatorios (bruxismo). Son presentados aspectos clínicos y neuronales que inducen a un incremento de microdespertares como alteración del sueño, estimulando bruxismo nocturno y bruxismo asociado a apnea nocturna. Son discutidas las posibles relaciones bidireccionales entre bruxismo diurno y nocturno secundarias a modifi caciones en la cantidad y calidad del proceso del sueño. De la misma manera, son sugeridas algunas consideraciones semiológicas y nosológicas para el mejor manejo y control del bruxismo asociado a las alteraciones del sueño, bajo el diagnóstico, atención y supervisión de equipos de atención multi- e interdisciplinarios (AU)

Sleep is a biological requirement for life, its alterations or privation thereof may reduce a person's quality of life, his or her state of mind and physical functions, which signifi cantly aff ects their health. Pleasant and repairing sleep implies going through variable deepness sleep stages, and a complex neuronal activity. This article intends to explain the generalities of the sleep process and certain disorders, particularly those in connection with the activity of the mastication muscles (bruxism). Clinical and neuronal aspects are presented inducing an increase in micro-awakenings such as sleep alterations stimulating nocturnal and bruxism associated with sleep apnea. Bidirectional connections between diurnal and nocturnal bruxism are argued as secondary to changes in the amount and quality of the sleep process. In the same manner, certain considerations associated to semiology and nosology of the diverse bruxism manifestations are considered for the better handling and control of the bruxism associated with sleep alterations under the diagnosis attention and supervision of multi- and interdisciplinary teams (AU)

Prevalencia de bruxismo de vigilia evaluado por auto-reporte en relación con estrés, ansiedad y depresión

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar el estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión con la prevalencia del bruxismo probable de vigilia en los estudiantes universitarios de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Cuenca. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un diseño de casos y controles, donde se evaluaron en total 284 pacientes, se utilizó un cuestionario de auto reporte más la examinación clínica para determinar el bruxismo "probable" de vigilia y se aplicó la escala DASS-21 para medir el estrés, ansiedad, y depresión. Resultados: los datos revelaron una prevalencia de 52.1% de Bruxismo probable de vigilia y una asociación con las variables estrés (OR: 3.148 IC 95%: 1.9 - 5.1), ansiedad (OR: 3.222 IC 95%: 1.9 - 5.4) y depresión (OR: 3.284 IC 95%: 2.0 - 5.3) con esta parafunción, a la vez no se encontró una asociación significativa entre bruxismo de vigilia con las variables edad mayor de 21 años y menor de 21 años (OR: 1.400 IC 95%: O.8 - 2.2) y sexo (OR: 1.260 IC 95%(0.7 - 2.0). Conclusiones: La depresión fue el factor asociado más relevante para el bruxismo de vigilia, esta patología es altamente prevalente entre los estudiantes universitarios de la facultad de odontología de la Universidad de Cuenca es de 52.1%, existe una alta frecuencia de pacientes con estrés.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to relate the stress, anxiety and depression with the prevalence of awake probable bruxism in college students of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Cuenca. Materials and methods: of cases and controls design, 284 patients were evaluated in total was conducted a questionnaire of self-report more clinical examination to determine the awake "probable" bruxism was used and the DASS-21 scale was applied to measure stress, anxiety, and depression. Results: The data revealed a prevalence of 52.1% of awake probable bruxism and an association with stress variables (OR: 3.148, 95% CI 1.9 - 5.1), anxiety (OR: 3.222, 95% CI 1.9 - 5.4) and depression ( OR: 3.284; 95% CI - 1.400 95% CI: O 2.0 5.3) with this parafunction, while no less significant association between awake bruxism with the variables age over 21 and under 21 years (OR we not found 0.8 - 2.2) and sex (OR: 1.260 (95% CI 0.7 - 2.0). Conclusions: depression was the most important factor associated to awake bruxism, this disease is highly prevalent among college students of the faculty of dentistry at the University of Cuenca is 52.1%, there is a high frequency of patients with stress.

Sleep Bruxism, Awake Bruxism and Sleep Quality among Brazilian Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and sleep quality among dental students of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed including 183 Brazilian dental students aged from 17 to 46 years old. The complete course curriculum consists of 9 semesters. Students enrolled in the first semester, the middle semester and the final semester of the course participated in the survey. The PSQI-BR (the Brazilian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index) was used for data collection. The PSQI-BR was distributed during lecture classes. Sleep bruxism and awake bruxism diagnosis was based on self-reported data. Descriptive analysis, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Poisson regression with robust estimator were the statistical tests used. Sleep bruxism prevalence was 21.5% and awake bruxism prevalence was 36.5%. Sleep duration components were associated with sleep bruxism (PR=1.540; 95% CI: 1.00-2.37) and awake bruxism (PR=1.344; 95% CI: 1,008-1,790). There was an association between awake bruxism and habitual sleep efficiency component (PR=1.323; 95% CI: 1.03-1.70). Sleep disturbance component and awake bruxism were associated (PR=1.533; 95% CI: 1.03-2.27). Poor sleep quality was an important factor among dental students, who reported sleep bruxism as well as among those who presented awake bruxism.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre o bruxismo do sono, bruxismo diurno e qualidade do sono entre estudantes de odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi desenvolvido com 183 estudantes de odontologia brasileiros com idade entre 17 e 46 anos. O curriculum completo do curso consiste de 9 semestres. Estudantes matriculados no primeiro semestre, no semestre do meio e no último semestre do curso participaram do estudo. O PSQI-BR (versão brasileira do Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index) foi utilizado para a coleta dos dados. O PSQI-BR foi distribuído em sala de aula. O diagnóstico de bruxismo do sono e bruxismo diurno foi baseado em auto-relato dos estudantes. Análise descritiva, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta foram os testes estatísticos utilizados. A prevalência do bruxismo do sono foi de 21,5% e a prevalência do bruxismo diurno foi de 36,5%. O componente duração do sono apresentou associação com bruxismo do sono (PR=1,540; 95%IC: 1,00-2,37) e com bruxismo diurno (PR=1,344; 95%CI: 1,008-1,790). Houve associação entre bruxismo diurno e o componente eficiência habitual do sono (PR=1,323; 95%IC: 1,03-1,70). O componente distúrbio do sono e o bruxismo diurno também apresentaram associação (PR=1,533; 95%IC: 1,03-2,27). A má qualidade do sono foi um fator importante tanto entre os universitários que relataram bruxismo do sono quanto entre os que apresentaram bruxismo diurno.