Tuning Nanochannel Microenvironments of a Thermoresponsive MXene Membrane for Mixed Molecule Gradient Separation.

Drawing inspiration from dynamic biological ion channels, researchers have developed various artificial membranes featuring responsive nanochannels. Typically, these membranes modify mass transport behaviors by manipulating the responsive layer on the inner surfaces of the intrinsic layer. In this study, we build two-dimensional lamellar membranes composed of titanium carbide MXene and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), endowed with dual-level regulatable nanochannels, achieved through adjustments of nanochannel microenvironments. The size of these two-dimensional nanochannels can be altered by both the thermoresponsive polymer layer and the intrinsic MXene layer that could undergo spontaneous oxidation. The multilevel regulation strategy substantially enhances the molecular selectivity of MXene separation membranes, which is further applied for precise gradient separation toward multiple molecules. This advancement showcases the versatility and transformative capabilities of responsive nanochannel technology, setting the stage for innovative developments in diverse fields.

Sustainable bioinspired materials for regenerative medicine: balancing toxicology, environmental impact, and ethical considerations.

The pursuit of sustainable bioinspired materials for regenerative medicine demands a nuanced balance between scientific advancement, ethical considerations, and environmental consciousness. This abstract encapsulates a comprehensive perspective paper exploring the intricate dynamics of toxicology, environmental impact, and ethical concerns within the realm of bioinspired materials. As the landscape of regenerative medicine evolves, ensuring the biocompatibility and safety of these materials emerges as a pivotal challenge. Our paper delves into the multidimensional aspects of toxicity assessment, encompassing cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity analyses. Additionally, we shed light on the complexities of evaluating the environmental impact of bioinspired materials, discussing methodologies such as life cycle assessment, biodegradability testing, and sustainable design approaches. Amid these scientific endeavors, we emphasize the paramount importance of ethical considerations in bioinspired material development, navigating the intricate web of international regulations and ethical frameworks guiding medical materials. Furthermore, our abstract underscores the envisioned future directions and challenges in toxicology techniques, computational modeling, and holistic evaluation, aiming for a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic interplay between sustainable bioinspired materials, toxicity assessment, environmental stewardship, and ethical deliberation.

Constructing Electron-Rich Ru Clusters on Non-Stoichiometric Copper Hydroxide for Superior Biocatalytic ROS Scavenging to Treat Inflammatory Spinal Cord Injury.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a complex neuropathological challenge that significantly impacts the well-being of affected individuals. The quest for efficacious antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies is both a compelling necessity and a formidable challenge. Here, in this work, the innovative synthesis of electron-rich Ru clusters on non-stoichiometric copper hydroxide that contain oxygen vacancy defects (Ru/def-Cu(OH)2), which can function as a biocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger for efficiently suppressing the inflammatory cascade reactions and modulating the endogenous microenvironments in SCI, is introduced. The studies reveal that the unique oxygen vacancies promote electron redistribution and amplify electron accumulation at Ru clusters, thus enhancing the catalytic activity of Ru/def-Cu(OH)2 in multielectron reactions involving oxygen-containing intermediates. These advancements endow the Ru/def-Cu(OH)2 with the capacity to mitigate ROS-mediated neuronal death and to foster a reparative microenvironment by dampening inflammatory macrophage responses, meanwhile concurrently stimulating the activity of neural stem cells, anti-inflammatory macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, this results in a robust reparative effect on traumatic SCI. It is posited that the synthesized Ru/def-Cu(OH)2 exhibits unprecedented biocatalytic properties, offering a promising strategy to develop ROS-scavenging and anti-inflammatory materials for the management of traumatic SCI and a spectrum of other diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Platelet interaction and performance of antibacterial bioinspired nanostructures passivated with human plasma.

The ever-increasing ageing of the world population is demanding superior orthopedic devices. Issues such as implant infection, poor osseointegration, or chronic inflammation remain problematic to the lifespan and long-term efficacy of implants. Fabrication of materials with bioinspired nanostructures is one emerging antibacterial strategy to prevent implant infection, however their interactions with blood components, and whether they retain their bactericidal properties in an environment displaying a complex protein corona, remains largely unexplored. In the present study, titanium alloy, commercially pure and plasma-sprayed titania were hydrothermally etched, passivated with human native plasma to develop a protein corona, and then incubated with either Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or human platelets. Surface analysis was first used to characterize the topography, chemical composition or crystallinity of each material. Fluorescence staining and SEM were performed to evaluate the nanostructure bactericidal properties, as well as to study platelet attachment and morphology. Composition of platelet supernatant was studied using ELISA and flow cytometry. Overall, our study showed that the bioinspired nanostructured surfaces displayed both impressive antibacterial properties in a complex environment, and a superior blood biocompatibility profile in terms of platelet activation (particularly for titanium alloy). Additionally, the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines released by platelets was found to be no different to that found in native plasma (background levels) and, in some cases, presented a more pro-healing profile with an increased secretion of factors such as TGF-ß, PDGF-BB or BMP-2. The nanostructured surfaces performed equally, or better, than hydroxyapatite-coated titanium which is one of the current gold standards in orthopedics. Although further in vivo studies are required to validate these results, such bioinspired nanostructured surfaces certainly show promise to be safely applied to medical device surfaces used in orthopedics and other areas.

Bacteriophage-like Nanobiocatalysts with Spiky Topography and Dual-Atom Sites for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria.

Overuse of antibiotics leads to the proliferation of drug-resistant bacterial strains, worsening global morbidity, and mortality rates. Bioinspired nanomaterials present a promising avenue for developing nonantibiotic strategies against drug-resistant bacteria. Here, we engineer a bacteriophage-inspired artificial nanobiocatalyst via nonstoichiometric W18O49 that features a spiky topography and synergistic dual-atom sites for combating drug-resistant bacterial infection. Benefiting from the strong interaction within the synergistic Fe-O-Mo sites, the synthesized spiky artificial nanobiocatalyst exhibits superior reactive oxygen species (ROS)-catalytic activity, attributed to the regulated adsorption affinity between the reaction intermediates and catalytic sites. The experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate that the bioinspired biocatalyst can effectively capture and kill bacteria through its spiky morphology and potent ROS-catalytic activity, which can enable a significant reduction in bacterial viability through downregulating genes associated with biosynthesis, cellular maintenance, and respiration. In vivo experiments demonstrate that the spiky artificial biocatalyst accelerates the reconstruction of drug-resistant bacteria-infected skin wounds in rabbits, exhibiting efficacy comparable to that of vancomycin. It is expected that this bioinspired study on spiky artificial nanobiocatalysts offers a straightforward path to facilitate the development of both bionic and nonantibiotic disinfection strategies.

Squid-Inspired Anti-Salt Skin-Like Elastomers With Superhigh Damage Resistance for Aquatic Soft Robots.

Cephalopod skins evolve multiple functions in response to environmental adaptation, encompassing nonlinear mechanoreponse, damage tolerance property, and resistance to seawater. Despite tremendous progress in skin-mimicking materials, the integration of these desirable properties into a single material system remains an ongoing challenge. Here, drawing inspiration from the structure of reflectin proteins in cephalopod skins, a long-term anti-salt elastomer with skin-like nonlinear mechanical properties and extraordinary damage resistance properties is presented. Cation-π interaction is incorporated to induce the geometrically confined nanophases of hydrogen bond domains, resulting in elastomers with exceptional true tensile strength (456.5 ± 68.9 MPa) and unprecedently high fracture energy (103.7 ± 45.7 kJ m-2). Furthermore, the cation-π interaction effectively protects the hydrogen bond domains from corrosion by high-concentration saline solution. The utilization of the resultant skin-like elastomer has been demonstrated by aquatic soft robotics capable of grasping sharp objects. The combined advantages render the present elastomer highly promising for salt enviroment applications, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by sweat, in vivo, and harsh oceanic environments.

Butterfly wing-inspired superhydrophobic photonic cellulose nanocrystal films for vapor sensors and asymmetric actuators.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)-based stimuli responsive photonic materials demonstrate great application potential in mechanical and chemical sensors. However, due to the hydrophilic property of cellulose molecular, a significant challenge is to build a water-resistant photonic CNCs material. Here, inspired by butterfly wings with vivid structural color and superhydrophobic property, we have designed a CNCs based superhydrophobic iridescent film with hierarchical structures. The iridescent colored layer is ascribed to the chiral nematic alignment of CNCs, the superhydrophobic layer is ascribed to the micro-nano structures of polymer microspheres. Specially, superhydrophobic iridescent CNCs film could be used as an efficient colorimetric humidity sensor due to the existence of 'stomates' on superhydrophobic layer, which allowed the humid gas to enter into and out from the humidity responsive chiral nematic layers. Meanwhile, superhydrophobic iridescent films show out-standing self-cleaning and anti-fouling performance. Moreover, when the one side of the CNCs film was covered with superhydrophobic layer, the Janus film displays asymmetric expansion and bending behaviors as well as responsive structural colors in hydrous ethanol. This CNCs based hierarchical photonic materials have promising applications including photonic sensors suitable for extreme environment and smart photonic actuators.

Light-Driven Ionic and Molecular Transport through Atomically Thin Single Nanopores in MoS2/WS2 Heterobilayers.

Nanofluidic ionic and molecular transport through atomically thin nanopore membranes attracts broad research interest from both scientific and industrial communities for environmental, healthcare, and energy-related technologies. To mimic the biological ion pumping functions, recently, light-induced and quantum effect-facilitated charge separation in heterogeneous 2D-material assemblies is proposed as the fourth type of driving force to achieve active and noninvasive transport of ionic species through synthetic membrane materials. However, to date, engineering versatile van der Waals heterostructures into 2D nanopore membranes remains largely unexplored. Herein, we fabricate single nanopores in heterobilayer transition metal dichalcogenide membranes with helium ion beam irradiation and demonstrate the light-driven ionic transport and molecular translocation phenomena through the atomically thin nanopores. Experimental and simulation results further elucidate the driving mechanism as the photoinduced near-pore electric potential difference due to type II band alignment of the semiconducting WS2 and MoS2 monolayers. The strength of the photoinduced localized electric field near the pore region can be approximately 1.5 times stronger than that of its counterpart under the conventional voltage-driven mode. Consequently, the light-driven mode offers better spatial resolution for single-molecule detection. Light-driven ionic and molecular transport through nanopores in van der Waals heterojunction membranes anticipates transformative working principles for next-generation biomolecular sequencing and gives rise to fascinating opportunities for light-to-chemical energy harvesting nanosystems.

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Micro-CT Visualization within Collagen Scaffolds in an Aqueous Environment.

Among all of the materials used in tissue engineering in order to develop bioequivalents, collagen shows to be the most promising due to its superb biocompatibility and biodegradability, thus becoming one of the most widely used materials for scaffold production. However, current imaging techniques of the cells within collagen scaffolds have several limitations, which lead to an urgent need for novel methods of visualization. In this work, we have obtained groups of collagen scaffolds and selected the contrasting agents in order to study pores and patterns of cell growth in a non-disruptive manner via X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT). After the comparison of multiple contrast agents, a 3% aqueous phosphotungstic acid solution in distilled water was identified as the most effective amongst the media, requiring 24 h of incubation. The differences in intensity values between collagen fibers, pores, and masses of cells allow for the accurate segmentation needed for further analysis. Moreover, the presented protocol allows visualization of porous collagen scaffolds under aqueous conditions, which is crucial for the multimodal study of the native structure of samples.

Plant-Based Shape Memory Cryogel for Hemorrhage Control.

The escalating global demand for sustainable manufacturing, motivated by concerns over energy conservation and carbon footprints, encounters challenges due to insufficient renewable materials and arduous fabrication procedures to fulfill specific requirements in medical and healthcare systems. Here, biosafe pollen cryogel is engineered as effective hemostats without additional harmful crosslinkers to treat deep noncompressible wounds. A straightforward and low-energy approach is involved in forming stable macroporous cryogel, benefiting from the unique micro-hierarchical structures and chemical components of non-allergenic plant pollen. It is demonstrated that the pollen cryogel exhibits rapid water/blood-triggered shape-memory properties within 2 s. Owing to their inherent nano/micro hierarchical structure and abundant chemical functional groups on the pollen surface, the pollen cryogel shows effective hemostatic performance in a mouse liver penetration model, which is easily removed after usage. Overall, the self-crosslinking pollen cryogel in this work pioneers a framework of potential clinical applications for the first-hand treatment on deep noncompressible wounds.

Extracting Geometry and Topology of Orange Pericarps for the Design of Bioinspired Energy Absorbing Materials.

As a result of evolution, many biological materials have developed irregular structures that lead to outstanding mechanical performances, like high stiffness-to-weight ratios and good energy absorption. However, reproducing these irregular biological structures in synthetic materials remains a complex design and fabrication challenge. Here, a bioinspired material design method is presented that characterizes the irregular structure as a network of building blocks, also known as tiles, and rules to connect them. Rather than replicating the biological structure one-to-one, synthetic materials are generated with the same distributions of tiles and connectivity rules as the biological material and it is shown that these equivalent materials have structure-to-property relationships similar to the biological ones. To demonstrate the method, the pericarp of the orange, a member of the citrus family known for its protective, energy-absorbing capabilities is studied. Polymer samples are generated and characterized under quasistatic and dynamic compression and display spatially-varying stiffness and good energy absorption, as seen in the biological materials. By quantifying which tiles and connectivity rules locally deform in response to loading, it is also determined how to spatially control the stiffness and energy absorption.

Wood Ion Pumps Enabled by Light-Responsive MoS2-Decorated Nanocellulosic Channels.

Light-driven active ion transport discovered in nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, metal-organic framework, and MXene) implicates crucial applications in membrane-based technology and energy conversion systems. However, it remains a challenge to achieve bulk assembly. Herein, we employ the scalable wood as a framework for in situ growth of MoS2 nanosheets to facilitate light-responsive ion transport. Owing to the aligned and negatively charged wood nanochannels, the MoS2-decorated wood exhibits an excellent nanofluidic conductivity of 8.3 × 10-5 S cm-1 in 1 × 10-6 M KCl. Asymmetric light illumination creates the separation of electrons and holes in MoS2 nanosheets, enabling ions to move uphill against a wide range of concentration gradients. As a result, the MoS2-decorated wood can pump ions uphill against a 20-fold concentration gradient at a light intensity of 300 mW cm-2. When the illumination is applied to the opposite side, the osmotic current along the 20-fold concentration gradient can be enhanced to 75.1 nA, and the corresponding osmotic energy conversion power density increases to more than 12.6 times that of the nonilluminated state. Based on the light-responsive behaviors, we are extending the use of MoS2-decorated wood as the ionic elements for nanofluidic circuits, such as ion switches, ion diodes, and ion transistors. This work provides a facile and scalable strategy for fabricating light-controlled nanofluidic devices from biomass materials.

Graph-theoretical chirality measure and chirality-property relations for chemical structures with multiscale mirror asymmetries.

Chirality is an essential geometric property unifying small molecules, biological macromolecules, inorganic nanomaterials, biological microparticles, and many other chemical structures. Numerous chirality measures have attempted to quantify this geometric property of mirror asymmetry and to correlate these measures with physical and chemical properties. However, their utility has been widely limited because these correlations have been largely notional. Furthermore, chirality measures also require prohibitively demanding computations, especially for chiral structures comprised of thousands of atoms. Acknowledging the fundamental problems with quantification of mirror asymmetry, including the ambiguity of sign-variable pseudoscalar chirality measures, we revisit this subject because of the significance of quantifying chirality for quantitative biomimetics and describing the chirality of nanoscale materials that display chirality continuum and scale-dependent mirror asymmetry. We apply the concept of torsion within the framework of differential geometry to the graph theoretical representation of chiral molecules and nanostructures to address some of the fundamental problems and practical limitations of other chirality measures. Chiral gold clusters and other chiral structures are used as models to elaborate a graph-theoretical chirality (GTC) measure, demonstrating its applicability to chiral materials with different degrees of chirality at different scales. For specific cases, we show that GTC provides an adequate description of both the sign and magnitude of mirror asymmetry. The direct correlations with macroscopic properties, such as chiroptical spectra, are enhanced by using the hybrid chirality measures combining parameters from discrete mathematics and physics. Taking molecular helices as an example, we established a direct relation between GTC and optical activity, indicating that this chirality measure can be applied to chiral metamaterials and complex chiral constructs.

Bioinspired Adaptive Microdrugs Enhance the Chemotherapy of Malignant Glioma: Beyond Their Nanodrugs.

Solid nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems are usually confined to nanoscale due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. However, they remain a great challenge for malignant glioma chemotherapy because of poor drug delivery efficiency and insufficient tumor penetration resulting from the blood-brain barrier/blood-brain tumor barrier (BBB/BBTB). Inspired by biological microparticles (e.g., cells) with excellent adaptive deformation, it is demonstrated that the adaptive microdrugs (even up to 3.0 µm in size) are more efficient than their nanodrugs (less than 200 nm in size) to cross BBB/BBTB and penetrate into tumor tissues, achieving highly efficient chemotherapy of malignant glioma. The distinct delivery of the adaptive microdrugs is mainly attributed to the enhanced interfacial binding and endocytosis via adaptive deformation. As expected, the obtained adaptive microdrugs exhibit enhanced accumulation, deep penetration, and cellular internalization into tumor tissues in comparison with nanodrugs, significantly improving the survival rate of glioblastoma mice. It is believed that the bioinspired adaptive microdrugs enable them to efficiently cross physiological barriers and deeply penetrate tumor tissues for drug delivery, providing an avenue for the treatment of solid tumors.

Supramolecularly Connected Armor-like Nanostructure Enables Mechanically Robust Radiative Cooling Materials.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a promising practice to realize sustainable thermal management with no energy and resources consumption. However, there remains a challenge of simultaneously integrating desired solar reflectivity, environmental durability, and mechanical robustness for polymeric composites with nanophotonic structures. Herein, inspired by a classical armor shell of a pangolin, we adopt a generic design strategy that harnesses supramolecular bonds between the TiO2-decorated mica microplates and cellulose nanofibers to collectively produce strong interfacial interactions for fabricating interlayer nanostructured PDRC materials. Owing to the strong light scattering excited by hierarchical nanophotonic structures, the bioinspired film demonstrates a desired reflectivity (92%) and emissivity (91%) and an excellent temperature drop of 10 °C under direct sunlight. Notably, the film guarantees high strength (41.7 MPa), toughness (10.4 MJ m-3), and excellent environmental durability. This strategy provides possibilities in designing polymeric PDRC materials, further establishing a blueprint for other functional applications like soft robots, wearable devices, etc.

Transpiration-Inspired Fabric Dressing for Acceleration Healing of Wound Infected with Biofilm.

In chronic wound management, efficacious handling of exudate and bacterial infections stands as a paramount challenge. Here a novel biomimetic fabric, inspired by the natural transpiration mechanisms in plants, is introduced. Uniquely, the fabric combines a commercial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric with asymmetrically grown 1D rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) micro/nanostructures, emulating critical plant features: hierarchically porous networks and hydrophilic water conduction channels. This structure endows the fabric with exceptional antigravity wicking-evaporation performance, evidenced by a 780% one-way transport capability and a 0.75 g h-1 water evaporation rate, which significantly surpasses that of conventional moisture-wicking textiles. Moreover, the incorporated 1D rutile TiO2 micro/nanostructures present solar-light induced antibacterial activity, crucial for disrupting and eradicating wound biofilms. The biomimetic transpiration fabric is employed to drain exudate and eradicate biofilms in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-infected wounds, demonstrating a much faster infection eradication capability compared to clinically common ciprofloxacin irrigation. These findings illuminate the path for developing high-performance, textile-based wound dressings, offering efficient clinical platforms to combat biofilms associated with chronic wounds.

Alveoli-Inspired Carbon Cathodes with Interconnected Porous Structure and Asymmetric Coordinated Vanadium Sites for Superior Li-S Batteries.

Accelerating sulfur conversion catalysis to alleviate the shuttle effect has become a novel paradigm for effective Li-S batteries. Although nitrogen-coordinated metal single-atom (M-N4) catalysts have been investigated, further optimizing its utilization rate and catalytic activities is urgently needed for practical applications. Inspired by the natural alveoli tissue with interconnected structure and well-distributed enzyme catalytic sites on the wall for the simultaneously fast diffusion and in situ catalytic conversion of substrates, here, we proposed the controllable synthesis of bioinspired carbon cathode with interconnected porous structure and asymmetric coordinated V-S1N3 sites for efficient and stable Li-S batteries. The enzyme-mimetic V-S1N3 shows asymmetric electronic distribution and high tunability, therefore enhancing in situ polysulfide conversion activities. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that the high charge asymmetry degree and large atom radius of S in V-S1N3 result in sloping adsorption for polysulfide, thereby exhibiting low thermodynamic energy barriers and long-range stability (0.076 % decay over 600 cycles).

Bioinspired Polymer Films with Surface Ordered Pyramid Arrays and 3D Hierarchical Pores for Enhanced Passive Radiative Cooling.

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) has been acknowledged to be an environmentally friendly cooling technique, and especially artificial photonic materials with manipulating light-matter interaction ability are more favorable for PRC. However, scalable production of radiative cooling materials with advanced biologically inspired structures, fascinating properties, and high throughput is still challenging. Herein, we reported a bioinspired design combining surface ordered pyramid arrays and internal three-dimensional hierarchical pores for highly efficient PRC based on mimicking natural photonic structures of the white beetle Cyphochilus' wings. The biological photonic film consisting of surface ordered pyramid arrays with a bottom side length of 4 µm together with amounts of internal nano- and micropores was fabricated by using scalable phase separation and a quick hot-pressing process. Optimization of pore structures and surface-enhanced photonic arrays enables the bioinspired film to possess an average solar reflectance of ∼98% and a high infrared emissivity of ∼96%. A temperature drop of ∼8.8 °C below the ambient temperature is recorded in the daytime. Besides the notable PRC capability, the bioinspired film exhibits excellent flexibility, strong mechanical strength, and hydrophobicity; therefore, it can be applied in many complex outdoor scenarios. This work provides a highly efficient and mold replication-like route to develop highly efficient passive cooling devices.

Elastic Wave Propagation Control in Porous and Finitely Deformed Locally Resonant Nacre-like Metamaterials.

Recent studies have shown that the mechanical properties of bioinspired periodic composite materials can be strongly influenced by finite deformation effects, leading to highly nonlinear static and dynamic behaviors at multiple length scales. For instance, in porous periodic nacre-like microstructures, microscopic and macroscopic instabilities may occur for a given uniaxial loading process and, as a consequence, wave attenuation properties may evolve as a function of the microstructural evolution, designating it as metamaterials. The numerical outcomes provide new opportunities to design bioinspired, soft composite metamaterials characterized by high deformability and enhanced elastic wave attenuation capabilities given by the insertion of voids and lead cores.

Cephalopod-Inspired Chemical-Gated Hydrogel Actuation Systems for Information 3D-Encoding Display.

Cephalopods evolve the acetylcholine-gated actuation control function of their skin muscles, which enables their dynamic/static multimode display capacities for achieving perfectly spatial control over the colors/patterns on every inch of skin. Reproduction of artificial analogs that exhibit similar multimodal display is essential to reach advanced information three-dimensional (3D) encoding with higher security than the classic 2D-encoding strategy, but remains underdeveloped. The core difficulty is how to replicate such chemical-gated actuation control function into artificial soft actuating systems. Herein, this work proposes to develop azobenzene-functionalized poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) hydrogel systems, whose upper critical solution temperature (UCST) type actuation responsiveness can be intelligently programmed or even gated by the addition of hydrophilic α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) molecules for reversible association with pendant azobenzene moieties via supramolecular host-guest interactions. By employing such α-CD-gated hydrogel actuator as an analogue of cephalopods' skin muscle, biomimetic mechanically modulated multicolor fluorescent display systems are designed, which demonstrate a conceptually new α-CD-gated "thermal stimulation-hydrogel actuation-fluorescence output" display mechanism. Consequently, high-security 3D-encoding information carriers with an unprecedented combination of single-input multiple-output, dynamic/static dual-mode and spatially controlled display capacities are achieved. This bioinspired strategy brings functional-integrated features for artificial display systems and opens previously unidentified avenues for information security.