A Qualitative Analysis of Latina Migrant Farmworkers' Perception of Mental Health: Voices From Wisconsin.

INTRODUCTION: Despite evidence showing Latinos' high prevalence of mental health, little is known about Latina migrant farmworkers' mental health experiences, especially those working in Midwestern states. Considering the multiple vulnerabilities observed among Latina migrant farmworkers, it is necessary to gain insight from own accounts and perceptions of mental health and mental health-seeking experiences. METHOD: A qualitative descriptive approach, using in-depth semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, served to retrieve data from 34 Latina migrant farmworkers. This study was informed by Chicana, postcolonial, and Black feminist epistemologies. RESULTS: Thematic analysis identified themes within the data. These findings pertained to the conceptualization of mental health within the contexts of family, capacities, stigma, denial, and faith. DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrate the need for health care providers to consider Latina migrant farmworkers' perceptions about mental health and apply those in designing and implementing culturally informed policy and practice.

Knowledge, Beliefs, and Cultural Practices of Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Afghan Refugee Women in Türkiye.

INTRODUCTION: Limited research on experiences of women, who constitute a double vulnerable group in both women and refugee status, regarding sexual and reproductive health. The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge, beliefs, and cultural practices of Afghan women living in Türkiye regarding sexual and reproductive health. METHOD: This descriptive phenomenological study was conducted with 18 Afghan refugee women. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from interviews: cultural practices and beliefs related to pregnancy and postpartum, use of contraceptive methods, gender-based violence, and access to health services. CONCLUSIONS: Afghan women have different cultural practices regarding prenatal, pregnancy, and postpartum and lack of knowledge about sexual and reproductive health. Considering individual differences in sexual and reproductive health, providing sensitive, supportive, and informative services is recommended.

The Lack of Race and Ethnicity Data in Australia-A Threat to Achieving Health Equity.

Collecting meaningful race and ethnicity data must be part of the national agenda and must be one of its primary objectives in order to achieve public good and support public interests. Yet, Australia does not collect data on race and ethnicity, and prefers the use of collective cultural groups, whose information is not consistently collected and reported at all levels of government and service delivery. This paper examines the current discrepancies in race and ethnicity data collection in Australia. The paper begins with examining the current practices related to collecting race and ethnicity data and then moves on to examine the various implications and public health significance of not collecting data on race and ethnicity in Australia. The evidence suggests that (1) race and ethnicity data matter, are imperative to ensuring proper advocacy and to reducing inequities in health and social determinant factors; (2) that White privilege is constructed as realized or unrealized personal and systemic racism; and (3) the use of non-committal collective terminologies makes visible minorities invisible, leads to the distorted allocation of governmental support, and legitimises and institutionalises racism and othering, hence perpetuating exclusion and the risk of victimisation. There is an urgent need for the collection of customized, culturally competent racial and ethnicity data that can be consistently integrated into all policy interventions, service delivery and research funding across all levels of governance in Australia. Reducing and eliminating racial and ethnic disparities is not only an ethical, social, and economic imperative, but must also be a critical item on the national agenda. Bridging the racial and ethnic disparities will require concerted whole-of-government efforts to collect consistent and reliable data that depict racial and ethnic characteristics beyond collective cultural groupings.

"We Experience What They Experience": Black Nurses' and Community Health Workers' Reflections on Providing Culturally Specific Perinatal Health Care.

INTRODUCTION: Black perinatal health workers are part of a tradition of Black people fighting for the well-being of Black communities. The purpose of this article is to better understand the unique experiences of these professionals. METHOD: Descriptive qualitative research was used to understand Black providers' experiences in a culturally specific perinatal public health program. A focus group was conducted with seven nurses and community health workers, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged: (a) shared lived experience and parallel process between staff and clients; (b) navigating multiple shifting gazes between clients, public health department, and medical systems; and (c) reproductive justice and community care characterize a culturally informed approach. DISCUSSION: Findings revealed strengths and complexities facing Black nurses and community health workers in their roles. More work is needed in education, practice, and research to better prepare and support nurses and community health workers in culturally specific settings.

Is it possible to obtain food consumption information through children's drawings? Comparison with the Free Listing.

The aims of this research were 1) to study the children's drawings to obtain scientific information about food consumption; 2) to compare this method with an existing one (Free Listing); and 3) to compare fruits- and vegetables-consumed by children of different cultural groups within a same country. Children (n = 105) from two Argentinian cities (Salta in the northwest and 9 de Julio in the Pampean region), reported the fruits and vegetables they consumed, with the Free Listing and the new Free Drawing methods. Contingency tables were built and cognitive saliency indexes (CSI) were calculated. Children evoked 57 fruits and 54 vegetables by both methods, which were then grouped into 31 fruit and 27 vegetable categories. The advantages and limitations of the methods are discussed. Throughout Free Drawing, each food was defined by its name, shape and colour, which allowed better discrimination between varieties. Children from Salta reported consuming more fruits (63.7%) and vegetables (68.6%) than those from 9 de Julio (p < 0.05). Differences between cultural groups were found in 10 fruits and 7 vegetables, mentioned more frequently in Salta, where regional crops arose principally by Free Listing. The CSI did not depend on the method used but, for vegetables, they were affected by the cultural group. The fruits with the greatest CSI were banana and apples followed by orange (CSI≥0.19). Tomatoes, carrot and pumpkins showed the highest CSI in 9 de Julio; while carrot, tomatoes, varieties of lettuce and potatoes had the highest CSI in Salta (0.17 ≤ CSI≤0.33). Free Drawing is a qualitative alternative to study food consumption in children populations through a fun activity without the need for assistants.

Correlates of participation in physical activity among older women in Israel: does ethno-cultural background matter?

Osteoporosis and its related fractures are major public health concerns. Physical activity (PA) is crucial for bone density preservation and fractures prevention. Yet, gaps in understanding exist regarding how ethno-cultural backgrounds might shape attitudes, intentions and actual PA participation. Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) for predicting PA, the aims of this study were: (i) to compare attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, intentions and knowledge, across four ethno-cultural groups; (ii) to evaluate the fit of the model we constructed across four ethno-cultural groups of women: Israeli-born Jews and Israeli-born Bedouin-Muslims, immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Ethiopian immigrants. Four hundred women (one hundred from each group), aged >65, completed valid and reliable questionnaires assessing knowledge, TPB components and actual PA. The level of knowledge on osteoporosis was relatively low among all four ethno-cultural groups. Intention to participate in PA was the only variable that directly predicted actual PA. Intention to participate in PA served as a mediator among attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control and actual PA. The structural equation models (SEMs) revealed that among Israeli-born Jews and Ethiopian immigrants, TPB components mediated the link between knowledge and intention to participate in PA. Among FSU immigrants and Israeli Bedouin-Muslims, the knowledge variable was not included in the final model, as its contribution was not significant. It is essential to better understand and augment interventions that enhance PA in the community, and to address the unique needs of each ethno-cultural group.

Socialisation Influences on Gender Ideologies of Immigrant and Native Youth in Germany, England, Sweden and the Netherlands.

Adolescence is a crucial life course phase for identity formation, and youths' gender ideologies significantly predict gendered behaviours and longer-term transitions. With Western post-industrial societies becoming more culturally diverse, the present study provides novel cross-nationally comparative evidence on gender socialisation processes among native and immigrant youth in Sweden, Germany, England, and the Netherlands, which vary in gender and migration policies and cultures. In addition to parents' gender ideologies, the study also considers classmates' gender ideologies as factors shaping 14-year-old adolescents' gender ideologies. The analysis draws on 5917 adolescent-parent dyads from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study which we link with country-level gender empowerment measures from the United Nations. Remarkably, with the exception of native female adolescents in England and Germany, parents tend to report slightly more egalitarian beliefs than adolescents across the four countries. OLS regressions show that parents' and classmates' gender ideologies correlate significantly with adolescents' ideologies, with little variation across gender and immigrant groups in all four countries. From a policy and practical point of view, the great similarity in the intergenerational transmission of gender beliefs across diverse family backgrounds as well as cultural and policy contexts seem remarkable.

Confucian Values as a Buffer Against Age-Based Stereotype Threat for Chinese Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: Research has shown that stereotype threat can impair older adults' memory in Western cultures. We tested whether this also occurs for older adults from the East Asian Chinese culture. We also tested whether an intervention that highlighted Confucian principles would protect Chinese older adults from stereotype threat's detrimental effects. METHOD: Culturally-Chinese older adults residing in the United States completed a memory test either under age-based stereotype threat about cognitive decline or not. Prior to this, some participants were also reminded of Confucian traditions of filial piety and were assured these values had been transmitted to the younger generation. RESULTS: Stereotype threat impaired Chinese older adults' memory performance. However, our intervention was effective in eliminating this deficit. When the Chinese participants were reminded of the Confucian principle of filial piety they did not exhibit stereotype threat effects. DISCUSSION: Confirming that younger adults have an obligation to respect their elders can eliminate the social-evaluative pressure of stereotype threat for Chinese older adults. These findings are noteworthy since population aging is happening at an unprecedented pace in East Asia. Although our results suggest that stereotype threat can adversely affect older adults' cognitive performance in these societies, we also identify a culturally-based intervention to alleviate this impairment.

Inclusive Clinical Practice and Policy for Muslim Nursing Students.

Purpose: Increasing diversity in nursing offers opportunities and challenges. This article addresses considerations for clinical and educational policies when working with Muslim nursing students and suggests changes to facilitate inclusive environments. Approach: This article describes the twofold response of a school of nursing where Muslim nursing students encountered potential limitations in clinical experiences. Faculty conducted a review of literature and examined policies to determine barriers to inclusivity for Muslim nursing students in clinical practice. Outcomes: Few research articles exist to guide construction of inclusive practices. The review of policies for the school of nursing and clinical agencies revealed problematic language and wording that could lead to exclusive practices. Clinical Relevance: For the nursing profession to embrace diversity, faculty must be aware of the discrimination and general lack of knowledge toward Muslim nurses/students in the United States and reasonable accommodation for cultural and religious beliefs.

Workplace Aggression in Cuban Health Care Settings.

PURPOSE: Workplace aggression (WPA) is an international problem; however, no published reports of WPA in Cuba were found. This research describes WPA in Cuba and identifies prevention strategies for adoption in the United States. DESIGN: A qualitative case study design was used. Procedures included visiting several health care settings in the region of Havana, Cuba. Interviews were conducted with 18 Cuban key informants and digital photographs documented the environment. FINDINGS: WPA is a rare occurrence and typically demonstrates as verbal abuse. The use of illicit substances and prolonged wait times, common U.S. factors associated with WPA, are less problematic in Cuba. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Primary reasons for the low incidence of WPA may be the caring Cuban culture itself, tolerance for wait times, and less access to illicit and controlled substances. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Adopting Cuba's model to acknowledge WPA risk and implement prevention plans could reduce WPA incidence in the United States.

Socio-cultural contribution to medicinal plants assessment and sustainable development: case of antidiabetic and antihypertensive plants in Cameroon.

Diabetes and hypertension rank among human diseases that are very difficult to control. The medicinal material of Cameroon can provide much information on ethnic folklore practices and traditional aspects of therapeutically important natural products. Cameroon has a very rich cultural diversity with different traditional systems of medicine that need more evidence-based studies on both crude extracts and purified phytomolecules. Therefore, an ethnobotanical study was conducted on 58 socio-cultural population groups living in different phytogeographic units of Cameroon in order to collect various medicinal plants or recipes. A two by two comparison of social-cultural groups of the same phytogeographic unit indicated a significant difference in 86.97% of medicinal plants or recipes comparisons' cases. A total of two hundred and eight recipes were identified, among which 75 were used for diabetes and hypertension treatment, 74 for hypertension alone, and 59 for diabetes alone. Also, two hundred and three plants were identified among which 33 were cultivated and marketed by 25 farming families engaged in integrated agriculture and selling of antidiabetic and antihypertensive plants to enhance their socio-economic status.

Somali Immigrant Perceptions of Mental Health and Illness: An Ethnonursing Study.

PURPOSE: Knowledge of Somali immigrants' mental health care beliefs and practices is needed so that nurses can promote culturally congruent care. The purpose of this study was to explore, discover, and understand mental health meanings, beliefs, and practices from the perspective of immigrant Somalis. METHOD: Leininger's qualitative ethnonursing research method was used. Thirty informants (9 key and 21 general) were interviewed in community settings. Leininger's ethnonursing enablers and four phases of analysis for qualitative data were used. RESULTS: Analysis of the interviews revealed 21 categories and nine patterns from which two main themes emerged. The themes are the following: (a) Our religion significantly influences our mental health and (b) Our tribe connectedness, cultural history, and khat usage are significant in mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Somali cultural and religious beliefs and practices influence their health care choices. IMPLICATIONS: The findings will improve care by promoting culturally congruent care for the Somali immigrant population.

Cultural Preparation for Womanhood in Urban African American Girls: Growing Strong Women.

PURPOSE: Poor sexual health is a significant contributor to morbidity in young African American women. Knowing how sexual knowledge is transmitted to Black girls is needed to develop effective preventive interventions. The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which Black mothers transmit sexual values and knowledge to their daughters. DESIGN: Interviews were conducted with 14 mothers, aged 25 to 34 years, with daughters aged 8 to 16 years. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. FINDINGS: The themes derived were (a) truth telling, (b) building strength through self-esteem, and (c) spirituality as helper. The overarching cultural theme was "Growing Strong Black Women." DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' discussions with their daughters were infused with cultural meaning derived from their experiences. Black girls' behavioral responses to their mothers' strategies need to be studied. IMPLICATIONS: The findings will help nurses develop effective interventions that take into account the cultural realities of Black mothers.

Parental emotional management benefits family relationships: A randomized controlled trial in Hong Kong, China.

UNLABELLED: There is a shortage of culturally appropriate, brief, preventive interventions designed to be sustainable and acceptable for community participants in nonwestern cultures. Parents' ability to regulate their emotions is an important factor for psychological well-being of the family. In Chinese societies, emotional regulation may be more important in light of the cultural desirability of maintaining harmonious family relationships. The objectives of our randomized controlled trial were to test the effectiveness of our Effective Parenting Programme (EPP) to increase the use of emotional management strategies (primary outcome) and enhance the parent-child relationship (secondary outcome). We utilized design characteristics that promoted recruitment, retention, and intervention sustainability. We randomized a community sample of 412 Hong Kong middle- and low-income mothers of children aged 6-8 years to the EPP or attention control group. At 3, 6 and 12- month follow up, the Effective Parent Program group reported greater increases in the use of emotion management strategies during parent-child interactions, with small to medium effect size, and lower negative affect and greater positive affect, subjective happiness, satisfaction with the parent-child relationship, and family harmony, compared to the control group, with small to medium effect size. Our results provided evidence of effectiveness for a sustainable, preventive, culturally appropriate, cognitive behaviorally-based emotion management program, in a non-clinical setting for Chinese mothers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: HKCTR-1190.

Perceived unsatisfactory care as a barrier to diabetes self-management for Coeur d'Alene tribal members with type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes and related complications are disproportionally higher in Native Americans. Diabetes self-management (DSM) is instrumental in preventing complications. The results presented here are a part of a larger hermeneutic phenomenology study to explore living with diabetes for one Pacific Northwest tribe. This study identified barriers to DSM within the worldview of the tribal people. Using purposive sampling, 10 Coeur d'Alene tribal members, ages 26 to 86 years, participated in in-depth interviews. Data interpretation used a three-step method leading to integrated themes across the transcripts. Perceived unsatisfactory care emerged as the major barrier to self-management, including communication barriers (distrust, misunderstanding, and educational methods) and organizational barriers (quality of care and access issues). Findings highlight the need to improve cross-cultural communication and calls for different approaches to diabetes education. Our profession is challenged to create new DSM and diabetes educational approaches for acceptable and compassionate cross-cultural nursing care.

A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to mammography in Hispanic women.

PURPOSE: A systematic review of the research on barriers and facilitators to mammography in Latinas was conducted to determine if the challenges faced by these women are unique to this population. METHOD: Medline and CINAHL database searches for the years 2005-2013 were included. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were used to guide this review. RESULTS: Of the 174 articles identified, 18 articles met inclusion criteria. The most consistent findings were that income and education were associated with screening. CONCLUSIONS: Financial barriers and social characteristics were significant predictors of mammography in these studies, which were composed almost exclusively of low-income Latinas. These findings are similar to those found in other populations of low-income women and therefore are not likely unique to Latinas. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: It is likely that there is little difference between poor Latinas and other populations of poor, non-English-speaking women in barriers and facilitators to mammography.

Insights from health care professionals regarding palliative care options on South Dakota reservations.

PURPOSE: Palliative care options are limited for Native Americans (NA) in South Dakota (SD). This exploratory study offers the perspectives of Native and non-Native health care professionals regarding palliative care specific to NAs. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted (N = 7) with participants representing NA (4) and non-Native (3) ethnicities. Non-Native participants were practicing health care professionals in palliative medicine, whereas the NA health care professionals had experience with palliative care. FINDINGS: Concept analysis revealed two main themes and five subthemes: (a) barriers to palliative care, for example, insufficient funding, lack of infrastructure, and misconceptions; and (b) implementation strategies, for example, openness and listening and creating the right team. DISCUSSION: Genuine interest and concern exists for the provision of palliative care to NA communities using collaborative and innovative approaches. IMPLICATIONS: To address the health disparities of the NA population specific to palliative care, public health policy reform and education for health professionals are necessary.

Urban American Indian Adolescent Girls: Framing Sexual Risk Behavior.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore factors that influence urban adolescent American Indian (AI) girls' sexual risk behavior. DESIGN: A qualitative study was conducted with grounded theory methodology to reveal factors and processes that influence sexual risk behavior. METHOD: Talking circles, individual interviews, and event history calendars were used with 20 urban AI 15- to 19-year-old girls to explore influences on sexual risk behavior. RESULTS: The generated theory-framing sexual risk behavior-describes social and structural factors and processes that influenced the girls' sexual risk behavior. The theory extends Bronfenbrenner's ecological model by identifying microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem influences on sexual risk behavior. DISCUSSION: Urban AI girls reported similar social and structural influences on sexual risk behavior as urban adolescents from other racial and ethnic groups. However, differences were noted in the family structure, cultural heritage, and unique history of AIs. IMPLICATIONS: This theory can be used in culturally responsive practice with urban AI girls.

Sociocultural influences on strategies to lose weight, gain weight, and increase muscles among ten cultural groups.

This study determined how sociocultural messages to change one's body are perceived by adolescents from different cultural groups. In total, 4904 adolescents, including Australian, Chilean, Chinese, Indo-Fijian, Indigenous Fijian, Greek, Malaysian, Chinese Malaysian, Tongans in New Zealand, and Tongans in Tonga, were surveyed about messages from family, peers, and the media to lose weight, gain weight, and increase muscles. Groups were best differentiated by family pressure to gain weight. Girls were more likely to receive the messages from multiple sociocultural sources whereas boys were more likely to receive the messages from the family. Some participants in a cultural group indicated higher, and others lower, levels of these sociocultural messages. These findings highlight the differences in sociocultural messages across cultural groups, but also that adolescents receive contrasting messages within a cultural group. These results demonstrate the difficulty in representing a particular message as being characteristic of each cultural group.