Effect of Dehulling Pretreatment on the Flavor of Sesame Paste.

Gas chromatography-olfactory-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) combined with Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) were employed to characterize the key odor-active compounds in sesame paste (SP) and dehulled sesame paste (DSP). The AEDA results revealed the presence of 32 and 22 odor-active compounds in SP and DSP, respectively. Furthermore, 13 aroma compounds with FD ≥ 2, OAV ≥ 1, and VIP ≥ 1 were identified as key differential aroma compounds between SP and DSP. Specifically, compounds such as 3-methylbutyraldehyde (OAV = 100.70-442.57; fruity), 2-methylbutyraldehyde (OAV = 106.89-170.31; almond), m-xylene (FD = 16; salty pastry), and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (FD = 8-16; roasted, salty pastry) played an important role in this differentiation. Additionally, the dehulling process led to increased fermented, sweet, green, and nutty aroma notes in DSP compared to the more pronounced burnt and roasted sesame aroma notes in SP. Our findings offer a theoretical foundation for the regulation of sesame paste aroma profiles.

Influence of traditional dehulling on mycotoxin reduction and GC-HRTOF-MS metabolites profile of fermented maize products.

Contamination with mycotoxins has been a worldwide food safety concern for several decades, and food processing has been suggested as a potential method to mitigate their presence. In this study, the influence of traditional dehulling (TD) on the mycotoxin reduction and metabolites profile of fermented white maize products obtained via natural and three controlled fermentation methods (involving Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and their mixed cultures) was examined. Gas chromatography coupled with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were employed. TD brought the levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in the white maize below the regulatory limit set by the European Union (EU) for maize consumed by humans. While TD increased the concentration of several mycotoxins in the fermented maize products obtained from other studied fermentation methods, it primarily reduced aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), FB1, deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in the L. plantarum-fermented products. By tempering the dehulled maize, a solid-state fermentation process began. This was used in TD to make it easier to remove the pericarp. GC-HR-TOF-MS metabolomics revealed that TD brought about the generation of 12 additional compounds in the dehulled maize though some metabolites in the whole maize were lost/biotransformed. The fermented dehulled maize products obtained from the four studied fermentation procedures contained fewer compounds than the fermented whole maize products. Overall, the analysis showed that all fermented maize (whole and dehulled) produced had varied nutritional metabolites and mycotoxin concentrations below the EU maximum level, except for fermented maize obtained from mixed strains (AFB1 + AFB2 > 4.0 g/kg).

Rheological properties, biochemical changes, and potential health benefits of dehulled and defatted industrial hempseeds after fermentation.

Dehulled hempseed (DHS), fermented dehulled hempseed (FDHS), hempseed cake (HSC), and fermented HSC (FHSC) were examined for their phytochemical composition, health benefits, and rheological characteristics. At 500 µg/mL concentration, DHS, FDHS, HSC, and FHSC extracts exhibited the ability to inhibit DPPH radicals, with 32.46 %, 47.35 %, 33.85 %, and 47.41 %, respectively. Similarly, they demonstrated potential to scavenge ABTS radicals by 13.7 %, 27.87 %, 14.40 % and 25.70 %, respectively. For lipase inhibition activity, FDHS (72.92 %) and FDHS (85.89 %) outperformed DHS (52.94 %) and HSC (43.08 %). Furthermore, FHSC enhanced the survival and reduced fat accumulation in glucose-supplemented Caenorhabditis elegans. We used HPLC and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS for metabolite analysis, quantifying eight polyphenols using HPLC and identifying thirty-four metabolites with UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Generally, metabolomics indicated an improved metabolite profile after fermentation. Fermentation also showed impact on rheological characteristics, modifying viscosity, loss modulus, and storage modulus. These findings collectively demonstrate the ability of fermentation in enhancing overall value of hempseed.

Antinutrient removal in yellow lentils by malting.

BACKGROUND: To improve the current low per capita consumption of lentils, the present study first aimed to minimize the anti-nutrient content of two yellow Moroccan and Italian lentil seeds by resorting to the malting process and then testing the resulting decorticated flours as ingredients in the formulation of gluten-free fresh egg pastas. RESULTS: The most proper operating conditions for the three malting process steps were identified in a bench-top plant. The first (water steeping) and second (germination) steps were studied at 18, 25 or 32 °C. After 2 or 3 h of steeping at 25 °C and almost 24 h of germination, 95-98.8% of the lentil seeds sprouted. By prolonging the germination process to 72 h, the raffinose or phytic acid content was reduced by about 80% or 95% or 27% or 37%, respectively. The third step (kilning) was carried out under fluent dry air at 50 °C for 24 h and at 75 °C for 3 h. The cotyledons of the resulting yellow lentil malts were cyclonically recovered, milled and chemico-physically characterized. CONCLUSION: Both flours were used to prepare fresh egg-pastas essentially devoid of oligosaccharides, and low in phytate (4.6-6.0 mg g-1 ) and in vitro glycemic index (38-41%). However, the cooking quality of the fresh egg pasta made of malted Moroccan lentil flour was higher with respect to its crude protein content and lower with respect to its water solubility index. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Partial Replacement of Diet with Dehulled Adlay Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Gut Dysbiosis in Rats with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing worldwide, and the average age at NAFLD diagnosis has been decreasing. Although some components of adlay can ameliorate lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and gut microbiota, few studies have explored the effects of the dietary intake of intact dehulled adlay on liver diseases. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of the dietary intake of dehulled adlay on NAFLD progression and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. Rats were randomized into a control group; a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (60% total energy derived from fat and 9.4% from sucrose)-induced NAFLD group (N); or a high-fat, high-sucrose diet with dehulled adlay group (received the same amounts of dietary fiber and total energy as did the N group). The experimental duration was 16 weeks. The diet containing dehulled adlay mitigated hepatic fat accumulation, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and oxidative stress by regulating the AMPK-Nrf2-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and ferroptosis. Additionally, the dietary intake of dehulled adlay modulated the composition of the gut microbiota. In conclusion, a diet containing dehulled adlay may decelerate the progression of NAFLD by ameliorating hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis.

Structural and textural properties of walnut protein gels induced by ultrasound and transglutaminase: encapsulation and release of tea polyphenols.

This study investigated the synergy of ultrasonic and transglutaminase (TGase) treatment on the structural, physicochemical, rheological, gelation properties and controlled release properties of dehulled walnut proteins (DWP). The results showed that after ultrasonic-TGase treatment, the surface hydrophobicity was decreased, indicating the involvement of disulfide bonds in gel formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that ultrasonic-TGase treatment resulted in a more uniform and denser microstructure of DWP gels. Ultrasonic-TGase treatment changed the secondary structure of the DWP gels as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, with an increase in α-helix, ß-turn and random coils and a decrease in ß-sheets. In addition, in vitro drug release profiles showed that ultrasonic-TGase treatment promoted the cross-linking of protein molecules and formed a dense network to embed tea polyphenols (TP), thereby slowing down the digestion of TP in simulated gastric fluid and achieving the purpose of slow-release in simulated intestinal fluid. Thus, the synergy of ultrasonic and TGase treatment might be an effective method to improve gel properties and expand the application of protein gels in the food industries. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05756-6.

Proteomic Profiles of Whole Seeds, Hulls, and Dehulled Seeds of Two Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars.

As a source of nutritionally important components, hemp seeds are often dehulled for consumption and food applications by removing the hard hulls, which increases their nutritional value. The hulls thus become waste, although they may contain valuable protein items, about which there is a lack of information. The present work is therefore aimed at evaluating the proteome of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) at the whole-seed, dehulled seed, and hull levels. The evaluation was performed on two cultivars, Santhica 27 and Uso-31, using LC-MS/MS analysis. In total, 2833 protein groups (PGs) were identified, and their relative abundances were determined. A set of 88 PGs whose abundance exceeded 1000 ppm (MP88 set) was considered for further evaluation. The PGs of the MP88 set were divided into ten protein classes. Seed storage proteins were found to be the most abundant protein class: the averages of the cultivars were 65.5%, 71.3%, and 57.5% for whole seeds, dehulled seeds, and hulls, respectively. In particular, 11S globulins representing edestin (three PGs) were found, followed by 7S vicilin-like proteins (four PGs) and 2S albumins (two PGs). The storage 11S globulins in Santhica 27 and Uso-31 were found to have a higher relative abundance in the dehulled seed proteome (summing to 58.6 and 63.2%) than in the hull proteome (50.5 and 54%), respectively. The second most abundant class of proteins was oleosins, which are part of oil-body membranes. PGs belonging to metabolic proteins (e.g., energy metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, and protein synthesis) and proteins related to the defence and stress responses were more abundant in the hulls than in the dehulled seeds. The hulls can, therefore, be an essential source of proteins, especially for medical and biotechnological applications. Proteomic analysis has proven to be a valuable tool for studying differences in the relative abundance of proteins between dehulled hemp seeds and their hulls among different cultivars.

Consumption of Dehulled Adlay Improved Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Overweight and Obese Individuals after a 6-Week Single-Arm Pilot Study.

Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide with a rising prevalence. Diets containing whole grains have been demonstrated to benefit body composition and inflammatory conditions in individuals at a high risk of metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effects of dehulled adlay on blood lipids and inflammation in overweight and obese adults. We recruited 21 individuals with abdominal obesity to participate in a 6-week experiment, providing them 60 g of dehulled adlay powder per day as a substitute for their daily staple. Before and after the 6-week intervention, we performed anthropometric analyses and measured blood lipid profiles, adipokines, and markers of inflammation. At the end of the study, the percentage of body fat mass, blood total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly decreased compared with the baseline. Plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, leptin, and malondialdehyde levels were also reduced. In addition, participants with higher basal blood lipid levels exhibited enhanced lipid lowering effects after the dehulled adlay intervention. These results suggest that a dietary pattern containing 60 g of dehulled adlay per day may have a beneficial effect on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers in individuals that are overweight and obese.

Investigating the Impact of Extruded Dehulled Adlay with Specific In Vitro Digestion Properties on Blood Lipids in Subjects with Mild to Moderate Dyslipidemia.

Dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is modifiable by diet and lifestyle changes. A large population with mild to moderate dyslipidemia is at risk of developing CVDs, and early initiation of preventive measures can avert advancing into severe medical conditions. Studies suggest increasing slowly digestible starch (SDS) in diets can help lower blood lipids. We processed dehulled adlay, a cereal rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and phytosterols, into an instant meal by extrusion and milling and then assessed its starch composition and in vitro digestibility. The dehulled adlay was found to consist of 32% SDS and resistant starch combined. Then, eligible subjects with dyslipidemia were recruited to explore the adlay's hypolipidemic potential, safety, and acceptability. Subjects consumed the dehulled adlay as the sole carbohydrate source in their breakfast, without changing other components in the diet or lifestyle, for 12 weeks. After intervention, serum total cholesterol (TC) decreased significantly in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. In addition, both TC and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in those above 50 years old. In conclusion, the extruded dehulled adlay displays potential for favorably modulating blood lipids, and the effect is more pronounced in the middle-aged population.

Enhancement of Anti-Proliferative Activity of the Extracts from Dehulled Adlay by Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis.

Dehulled adlay was fermented with Bacillus subtilis BJ3-2, the anti-proliferative activities of the extracts from fermented dehulled adlay were investigated with six types of tumor cells, and then the bioactive components and the anti-proliferative mechanism were primarily explored. Results showed that all the extracts of B. subtilis-fermented dehulled adlay (BDA) and dehulled adlay (DA) had no inhibition effect on human embryonic kidney 239T cells. The anti-proliferative activities of the extracts from BDA against six types of tumor cells were almost always significantly higher than DA. Compared with others, the n-butanol extract of BDA (BDA-Nb) exhibited stronger anti-proliferative activities against human leukemia K562 cells and human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Importantly, the anti-proliferative activity of fermented dehulled adlay against K562 cells was firstly discovered. Meanwhile, BDA-Nb was rich in tetramethylpyrazine, γ-aminobutyric acid, protocatechuic, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, trans-cinnamic, ferulic acids, and rutin. BDA-Nb induced the proliferative inhibition of K562 and A549 cells due to abnormal cell morphology, the increased cell population in G1 phase and apoptosis rate, the downregulation of Bcl-2, and the upregulation of Bax and caspase-3/8/9. These results indicate that dehulled adlay fermented with B. subtilis could be a potential therapeutic agent for leukemia and lung cancer.

The Influence of Dehulling on the Nutritional Quality of Lupine Seeds (Lupinus albus L.) and the Effect of Their Use in the Feed of Laying Quails on the Live Performance and Quality of Eggs.

Lupinus albus seeds from low-alkaloid varieties are a valuable alternative source of protein for reducing the dependence on soybean meal for the feeding of monogastric animals. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the dehulling influence of lupine seeds (L. albus, cv. Amiga) and the effect of their use in the laying quails feed on live performance and egg quality. A total of 200 laying quails (Coturnix japonica), with an age of 10 weeks, were randomly assigned to five experimental groups (five replicates/group). Each group was randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments: the control group (C) diet was based on soybean meal, while the experimental groups received either 200 g/kg (WLS20) or 250 g/kg (WLS25) of whole lupine seeds in their diets, or 200 g/kg (DLS20) or 250 g/kg (DLS25) of dehulled lupine seeds in their diets. The results show that by dehulling the lupine seeds, the nutritional value of the seeds increased. The use of dehulled lupine seeds in the diet of laying quails did not affect the live performance (egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio), yolk cholesterol content, and physico-chemical quality indices of the eggs, compared with control. The presence of dehulled lupine seeds in the diet improved the nutritional quality of the yolk lipids because of the increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, the lipid quality indices of the yolk became more favorable to consumer health because of an increase in the h/H ratio (hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic FA) and a decrease in the atherogenic index and thrombogenic index values. The higher content in carotenoids also contributed to the higher nutritional quality of the eggs obtained by lupine utilization. In conclusion, dehulling of lupine seeds had a positive influence on the nutritional quality of the seeds, the live performance of quails, and the quality of eggs.

Effect of dietary supplementation of ß-mannanase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, excreta microflora, blood constituents, and nutrient ileal digestibility in broiler chickens.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of ß-mannanase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, excreta microflora, blood constituents, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. METHODS: A total of 680 one-d-old Ross 308 (as hatched) broiler chickens were used in a 35-d growth assay. Chicks were sorted into pens with 17 birds/pen and 10 pens/treatment. Treatment diets were contained either 44% or 48% crude protein (CP) soybean meal (SBM) with or without ß-mannanase. RESULTS: Using SBM containing 48% CP led to an improvement (p<0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR) from d 1 to 14. Addition of ß-mannanase to the diets significantly improved body weight gain (BWG) and FCR from d 1 to 14. During overall experimental period, BWG was affected (p<0.05) by CP level of SBM and inclusion of ß-mannanase, but FCR and feed intake were not affected. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by treatment diets. The results showed that digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and energy was not affected by CP level of SBM and/or inclusion of ß-mannanase. Among essential amino acids (EAA) apparent digestibility of valine, methionine, and leucine improved (p<0.05) by the addition of ß-mannanase to the diets. The results demonstrated that ileal digestibility of DM, N, and energy was not affected by treatment diets. Among EAA, the ileal digestibility of valine and arginine was higher (p<0.05) in the diets containing 48% CP SBM and/or ß-mannanase. Excreta Lactobacillus count increased (p<0.05) by the addition of ß-mannanase to the diets. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total protein level were not affected by treatments. CONCLUSION: Feeding chickens with diets containing 44% CP SBM resulted in detrimental effects on growth performance and digestibility of nutrients, but addition of ß-mannanase to the 44% CP diet improved the growth performance of chickens without any effects on carcass characteristics.

Effect of yeast-fermented de-hulled rice on in vitro gas production, nutrient degradability, and rumen fermentation.

The aim of this experiment was to test the effect of yeast-fermented de-hulled rice (YDR) levels of protein-rich feed with different kinds of roughages on in vitro gas production, nutrient degradability, and rumen fermentation. The treatments were randomly assigned according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). The two experimental factors were comprised of two roughages (R) (untreated rice straw (RS) and sweet grass hay (SGH)) and four ratios of roughage to yeast-fermented de-hulled rice (R:YDR) (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75). Thus, there were 8 treatment combinations. The results revealed that the interaction between R and R:YDR ratios influenced on the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction ratio (c) (P < 0.01). The in vitro dry mater degradability (IVDMD) was improved by SGH and R:YDR ratios (P < 0.05). Supplementation of YDR with both of roughage sources (RS and SGH) increased propionate (C3) (P < 0.05) and total VFA production (P < 0.01); both factors showed interactive effects on rumen methane production (P < 0.01). Moreover, bacterial population was significantly increased by the SGH:YDR ratios (P < 0.05). Therefore, it could be summarized that supplementing YDR, an enriched protein source with SGH:YDR ratio at 50-75:50-25 ratio significantly enhanced nutrient degradability and in vitro rumen fermentation efficiency.

The Effect of Increasing Levels of Dehulled Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) on Extrusion and Product Parameters for Dry Expanded Dog Food.

The growing pet food market is continuously in search for novel ingredients. Legumes such as faba beans are increasingly popular in human nutrition but have not yet been explored in pet foods. Extruded dog diets were produced with 0, 10, 20, and 30% dehulled faba bean (DFB) inclusion (FB0, FB10, FB20, and FB30, respectively) in exchange for rice and corn gluten meal. Fixed processing inputs were extruder screw configuration, die size (5.2 mm diameter), dry feed rate (237 kg/h), extruder water and steam (0%), and die knife speed (1100 rpm). Variable inputs were managed by an operator with the goal to obtain similar kibble bulk density at the extruder die (OE) across treatments. Output parameters were measured at the pre-conditioner, extruder, and kibble. Measurements were collected at uniform time increments during production of each experimental diet and considered treatment replicates. Single degree of freedom contrasts were analyzed on extrusion and product outputs. The target of producing diets with similar wet bulk density was achieved, with moderate modifications at the pre-conditioner (PC) and extruder. As DFB increased, diets had increased retention time and water at the PC to improve starch hydration and swelling. The FB20 and FB30 required a more restricted flow to improve kibble expansion. After drying, the FB20 and FB30 diets were denser, harder and tougher (p < 0.05) than FB0 and FB10. The increasing levels of DFB up to 30% can be effectively controlled in an extruded pet food application with modest changes to extrusion parameters.

Soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) with enzymes in broiler diets.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. METHODS: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. RESULTS: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. CONCLUSION: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.

Effect of dietary dehulled white lupine seed supplementation on the growth, carcass traits and chemical, physical and sensory meat quality parameters of growing-fattening rabbits.

This work aimed to extend our current knowledge by obtaining novel information regarding the effect of the dietary inclusion of dehulled white lupine seeds (DWL) on the physical characteristics and sensory qualities of rabbit meat, as well as growth and carcass traits. The DWL diet was compared with a soybean meal-based diet. Feeding the DWL diet to rabbits led to lower Warner-Bratzler shear force values measured in grilled meat samples (Longissimus lumborum muscle) across fibers and this finding was confirmed in the sensory evaluation of texture in terms of higher tenderness and fibrosity of meat samples. No differences were detected by panelists in terms of intensity of aroma, the presence of a flavor typical for cooked meat, or the presence of a flavor typical for rabbit meat. Additionally, saturation and thrombogenic indexes from hind leg meat of rabbits fed the DWL diet were reduced. There was a better feed conversion ratio in rabbits fed the DWL diet.

Enhancing Contents of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Other Micronutrients in Dehulled Rice during Germination under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions.

Biofortification of staple grains with high contents of essential micronutrients is an important strategy to overcome micronutrient malnutrition. However, few attempts have targeted at γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a functional nutrient for aging populations. In this study, two rice cultivars, Heinuo and Xianhui 207, were used to investigate changes in GABA and other nutritional compounds of dehulled rice after germination under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Forty-one metabolites were identified in both cultivars treated by normoxic germination, whereas the germinated dehulled rice of Heinuo and Xianhui 207 under hypoxic treatment had 43 and 41 metabolites identified, respectively. GABA increased in dehulled rice after germination, especially under hypoxia. Meanwhile, a number of other health-beneficial and/or flavor-related compounds such as lysine and d-mannose increased after the hypoxic treatment. The accumulation of GABA exhibited genotype-specific modes in both normoxic and hypoxic treatments. With regard to GABA production, Xianhui 207 was more responsive to the germination process than Heinuo, whereas Heinuo was more responsive to hypoxia than Xianhui 207. This study provides a promising approach to biofortify dehulled rice with increased GABA and other nutrients through metabolomic-based regulation.

Feeding of Dehulled-micronized Faba Bean (Vicia faba var. minor) as Substitute for Soybean Meal in Guinea Fowl Broilers: Effect on Productive Performance and Meat Quality.

The present study aimed to assess the effect of dietary substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with dehulled-micronized faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor) in guinea fowl broilers on their growth traits, carcass quality, and meat fatty acids composition. In this trial, 120 day-old guinea fowl keets were randomly assigned to two treatments which were fed from hatch to 12 weeks of age. Birds were fed two wheat middlings-based diets comprising of a control treatment which contained SBM (78.3 g/kg) and a test diet containing dehulled-micronized faba bean (130 g/kg) as the main protein source. Substituting SBM with faba bean had no adverse effect on growth traits, dressing percentage, or breast and thigh muscles relative weight of the guinea fowls. Conversely, a decrease (p<0.05) of abdominal fat was found in guinea fowls fed the faba bean-diet. Breast muscle of birds fed faba bean had higher L* score (p<0.05) and water-holding capacity (p<0.05) than the SBM control diet. Meat from guinea fowls fed faba bean had less total lipids (p<0.05) and cholesterol (p<0.01), and higher concentrations of phospholipids (p<0.01). Feeding faba bean increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in breast meat and decreased the saturated fatty acid levels. Moreover, dietary faba bean improved the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in guinea fowl breast meat. Results indicated that substitution of SBM with faba bean meal in guinea fowl diet can improve carcass qualitative traits, enhancing also meat lipid profile without negatively affecting growth performance.

Screw pressing performance of whole and dehulled flaxseed and some physico-chemical characteristics of flaxseed oil.

Screw pressing performance of whole and dehulled flaxseed at different seed moisture (6.4 to 11.1 % d.b.) and press head temperature (80-120 °C) was investigated. Oil recovery, residual oil, press rate and sediment content and some important physico-chemical characteristics were determined at six different levels (50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 %) of dehulled flaxseed. Oil recovery decreased with increasing moisture content as well as press head temperature. Press rate was found maximum for 100 % dehulled flaxseed while minimum for 50 % dehulled flaxseed at 6.4 % moisture content. Colour of oil samples was found affected both with the level of dehulled flaxseed and press head temperature. Free fatty acids content of oil ranged from 1.07 % to 2.70 % and lower at 80 °C press head temperature. Oil and cake temperatures ranged from 53.10 °C to 65.95 °C and 69.15 to 103.75 °C, respectively. The α-linolenic acid content of different oil samples obtained at 80 °C was in the range of 53.34 ± 0.95 to 54.21 ± 1.04 %. In view of maximum oil recovery (82.9 % d.b.), lower FFA content, and oil and cake temperature, 7:3 ratio of dehulled and whole flaxseed having 6.4 % d.b. moisture content and 80 °C press head temperature may be considered for screw pressing of flaxseed.

Rheological and nutritional quality of selected dehulled legumes blended rice extrudates.

Rheological and nutritional quality of ready-to-eat rice (Oryza sativa ) -legume viz. black gram (Vigna mungo), green gram (Vigna radiata), lentil (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum) based extrudates were studied using low cost collet extruder. Extrudates were prepared keeping constant feed rate (25 kg/h) and moisture content (14% wb) at 0, 5, 10 and 15% legume incorporation levels. Rheological properties of porridge made of extrudate flour were evaluated using Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). Maximum and minimum peak viscosity for rice extrudates alone and rice extrudates blended with 15% peas were 697 cp and 523 cp, respectively. There was a decreasing trend in degree of gelatinization with increase in legume incorporation level. Other RVA rheological parameters like trough break down and final viscosity were in the range of 266-226 cp, 431-297 cp and 452-375 cp respectively. Maximum values of protein, fat, fibre and ash contents were found in rice extrudates at 15% legumes blend levels. There was an increasing trend in nutrient contents with legume content in rice extrudates. Degree of gelatinization for rice alone extrudate was 29.4% and showed a decrease in gelatinization with increase in legumes extrudate and was minimum (22.4%) for rice blended with 15% dehulled green gram. Sensory evaluation scores for all extrudates showed the most acceptable range of 6 to 8. Thus, legume blend level (up to 15%) of dehulled legumes fetched good scores and showed promising trend for the production of low cost expanded extrudates and its instant flour.