Unraveling gene regulation mechanisms in fish: insights into multistress responses and mitigation through iron nanoparticles.

The recent trend of global warming poses a significant threat to ecosystems worldwide. This global climate change has also impacted the pollution levels in aquatic ecosystems, subsequently affecting human health. To address these issues, an experiment was conducted to investigate the mitigating effects of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress (As+NH3+T). Fe-NPs were biologically synthesized using fish waste and incorporated into feed formulations at 10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1 diet. A total of 12 treatments were designed in triplicate following a completely randomized design involving 540 fish. Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet notably reduced the cortisol levels in fish exposed to multiple stressors. The gene expressions of HSP 70, DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP), and DNA damage were upregulated by stressors (As+NH3+T) and downregulated by Fe-NPs. Apoptotic genes (Cas 3a and 3b) and detoxifying genes (CYP 450), metallothionein (MT), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish subjected to As+NH3+T stress. Immune-related genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), immunoglobulin (Ig), and interleukin (IL) were upregulated by Fe-NPs, indicating enhanced immunity in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Conversely, Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression was notably downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Immunological attributes such as nitro blue tetrazolium chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish, regardless of stressors. The antioxidant genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx) were also strengthened by Fe-NPs in fish. Genes associated with growth performance, such as growth hormone regulator (GHR1 and GHRß), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1X and IGF 2X), were upregulated, enhancing fish growth under stress, while SMT and MYST were downregulated by Fe-NPs in the diet. Various growth performance indicators were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet. Notably, Fe-NPs also enhanced arsenic detoxification and reduced the cumulative mortality after a bacterial infection. In conclusion, this study highlights that dietary Fe-NPs can effectively mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress by modulating gene expression in fish.

Dietary fiber alleviates alcoholic liver injury via Bacteroides acidifaciens and subsequent ammonia detoxification.

The gut microbiota and diet-induced changes in microbiome composition have been linked to various liver diseases, although the specific microbes and mechanisms remain understudied. Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is one such disease with limited therapeutic options due to its complex pathogenesis. We demonstrate that a diet rich in soluble dietary fiber increases the abundance of Bacteroides acidifaciens (B. acidifaciens) and alleviates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. B. acidifaciens treatment alone ameliorates liver injury through a bile salt hydrolase that generates unconjugated bile acids to activate intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and its downstream target, fibroblast growth factor-15 (FGF15). FGF15 promotes hepatocyte expression of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), which facilitates the metabolism of accumulated ornithine in the liver into glutamate, thereby providing sufficient glutamate for ammonia detoxification via the glutamine synthesis pathway. Collectively, these findings uncover a potential therapeutic strategy for ALD involving dietary fiber supplementation and B. acidifaciens.

Recovery from opioid use on a neuropsychoanalytic service.

Background: Little is known about recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) or outcomes of detoxification and drug-free treatment of chronic opioid therapy (COT). Harm reduction with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is regarded as the only legitimate treatment. Methods: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved reporting deidentified outcomes. Patients seen over a 10-year period whose records suggested recovery were called and interviewed. Results: Overall, 69/86 (80%) confirmed that they had been sober for at least a year, including 41 patients with OUD (75%) and 28 COT patients (90%). 91% were drug-free, and 9% were on MOUD. 79% preferred a psychotherapy approach. 21% preferred MOUD. Coming for more treatment and abstinence from tobacco were significantly correlated with recovery. Conclusion: This is the first report that we are aware of regarding the frequency of recovery from OUD and COT. We have complicated the discussion about what is the best treatment for patients with OUD and patients on COT. Advising that maintenance is the only legitimate treatment for patients who suffer from OUD or who are on COT seems both premature and jeopardizes the ability of treaters to individualize treatment recommendations.

A Literature Review on Holistic Well-Being and Dopamine Fasting: An Integrated Approach.

Popularly known as dopaminergic detox or dopamine fasting, it is a concept that aims at reducing dependence on instant satisfaction gratification and overstimulation to attain mental clarity, lessen anxiety, and be able to enjoy everyday events again. Digital detox has been a part of the dopamine fasting concept for several years now. However, some critics argue that this notion has no scientific proof behind it and may fail to deal with the problem of dopamine dysregulation. Some intense types of dopamine fasting which include extreme isolation or strict dieting can result in damage to mental health as well as physical fitness. The objective of the article is to understand what dopamine fasting means and see the literature and evidence available on the topic. Indexes like PubMed, Scopus, OVID, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords to understand the existing knowledge about dopamine fasting. The literature review was then written to incorporate the understanding in a way that can be implemented practically. Recent studies have shown that individuals who engage in dopamine-fasting-like ideologies may experience reduced impulsive behaviors, increased focus on tasks, and reduced overwhelm. However, extreme forms of dopamine fasting can lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and malnutrition, which can have detrimental effects on mental and physical health. Hence, the effects of dopamine fasting can vary greatly among individuals, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach. It is essential to consider individual needs and preferences when incorporating dopamine fasting into one's lifestyle and explore alternative practices that align with the principles of dopamine fasting. Understanding and respecting these differences is crucial in determining the most suitable strategies for maintaining a balanced dopamine response and overall psychological health. The benefits of dopamine fasting can be tremendous if done correctly but it depends on every individual to find the correct way and in the modern day, the practices can become tough to implement.

Persistent effectiveness of CGRP antibody therapy in migraine and comorbid medication overuse or medication overuse headache - a retrospective real-world analysis.

BACKGROUND: Management of patients with migraine who have concomitant medication overuse (MO) or medication overuse headache (MOH) is a major problem in clinical practice. Detoxification of acute analgesics before or during initiation of prophylactic therapy has long been recommended although this concept has recently been questioned. Additionally, relapse after detoxification is a common problem. This real-world study analyses the initial and sustained effectiveness of prophylactic migraine therapy with CGRP (receptor) antibodies without prior detoxification in patients with comorbid MO or MOH for up to one year. METHODS: A retrospective real-world analysis was performed on 291 patients (episodic migraine (EM) with MO (EM-MO; n = 35), EM without MO (EM-noMO; n = 77), chronic migraine (CM) with MOH (CM-MOH; n = 109), CM without MOH (CM-noMOH; n = 70). All patients began treatment with either erenumab (n = 173), fremanezumab (n = 70) or galcanezumab (n = 48) without prior detoxification. Data were available for up to 12 months of treatment. Responder rates for monthly headache days (MHD), monthly migraine days (MMD) and monthly acute medication intake (AMD) were analysed. RESULTS: All groups showed a significant reduction in MHD, MMD and AMD at the last observed time point compared to baseline. In patients with CM and MOH, 60.6% (66/109) no longer fulfilled the definition of MO or MOH and a further 13.8% (15/109) had only EM-MO. In the EM cohort, 89% (31/35) of MO patients lost their MO during therapy. MHD and AMD 30% responder rates were comparable for CM-MOH and CM-noMOH (MHD: CM-MOH: 56.0% vs. CM-noMOH: 41.4%, p = 0.058, AMD: CM-MOH: 66.1% vs. CM-noMOH: 52.9%, p = 0.077). MMD responder rate did not differ significantly (after Bonferroni adjustment) (CM-MOH: 62.4% vs. CM-noMOH: 47.1%, p = 0.045, α = 0.017). After successful initiation of therapy, 15.4% of the initial CM-MOH patients relapsed and met the criterion for CM-MOH at the end of follow-up. There were no antibody specific differences in response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirms the effectiveness of CGRP antibody treatment in migraine patients with additional MOH or MO in a real-world setting. Low relapse rates after initial successful therapy support an early start of CGRP antibody treatment in patients with MOH or MO. TRIAL REGISTRATION: No registration, retrospective analysis.

TNF compromises intestinal bile-acid tolerance dictating colitis progression and limited infliximab response.

The intestine constantly encounters and adapts to the external environment shaped by diverse dietary nutrients. However, whether and how gut adaptability to dietary challenges is compromised in ulcerative colitis is incompletely understood. Here, we show that a transient high-fat diet exacerbates colitis owing to inflammation-compromised bile acid tolerance. Mechanistically, excessive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced at the onset of colitis interferes with bile-acid detoxification through the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in intestinal epithelial cells, leading to bile acid overload in the endoplasmic reticulum and consequent apoptosis. In line with the synergy of bile acids and TNF in promoting gut epithelial damage, high intestinal bile acids correlate with poor infliximab response, and bile acid clearance improves infliximab efficacy in experimental colitis. This study identifies bile acids as an "opportunistic pathogenic factor" in the gut that would represent a promising target and stratification criterion for ulcerative colitis prevention/therapy.

Differentiation in detoxification gene complements, including neofunctionalization of duplicated cytochrome P450 genes, between lineages of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera.

Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of five enzyme superfamilies (CYPs, GSTs, UGTs, CCEs and ABCs) involved in detoxification in Helicoverpa armigera. The reference assembly for an African isolate of the major lineages, H. a. armigera, has 373 genes in the five superfamilies. Most of its CYPs, GSTs, UGTs and CCEs and a few of its ABCs occur in blocks and most of the clustered genes are in subfamilies specifically implicated in detoxification. Most of the genes have orthologues in the reference genome for the Oceania lineage, H. a. conferta. However, clustered orthologues and subfamilies specifically implicated in detoxification show greater sequence divergence and less constraint on non-synonymous differences between the two assemblies than do other members of the five superfamilies. Two duplicated CYPs, which were found in the H. a. armigera but not H. a. conferta reference genome, were also missing in 16 Chinese populations spanning two different lineages of H. a. armigera. The enzyme produced by one of these duplicates has higher activity against esfenvalerate than a previously described chimeric CYP mutant conferring pyrethroid resistance. Various transposable elements were found in the introns of most detoxification genes, generating diverse gene structures. Extensive resequencing data for the Chinese H. a. armigera and H. a. conferta lineages also revealed complex copy number polymorphisms in 17 CCE001s in a cluster also implicated in pyrethroid metabolism, with substantial haplotype differences between all three lineages. Our results suggest that cotton bollworm has a versatile complement of detoxification genes which are evolving in diverse ways across its range.

Insecticidal activity and underlying molecular mechanisms of a phytochemical plumbagin against Spodoptera frugiperda.

Introduction: Plumbagin is an important phytochemical and has been reported to exhibit potent larvicidal activity against several insect pests, However, the insecticidal mechanism of plumbagin against pests is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the insecticidal activities of plumbagin and the underlying molecular mechanisms against a devastating agricultural pest, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Methods: The effects of plumbagin on S. frugiperda larval development and the activities of two detoxification enzymes were initially examined. Next, transcriptomic changes in S. frugiperda after plumbagin treatment were investigated. Furthermore, RNA-seq results were validated by qPCR. Results: Plumbagin exhibited a high larvicidal activity against the second and third instar larvae of S. frugiperda with 72 h LC50 of 0.573 and 2.676 mg/g, respectively. The activities of the two detoxification enzymes carboxylesterase and P450 were significantly increased after 1.5 mg/g plumbagin treatment. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis provided a comprehensive overview of complex transcriptomic changes in S. frugiperda larvae in response to 1.5 mg/g plumbagin exposure, and revealed that plumbagin treatment led to aberrant expression of a large number of genes related to nutrient and energy metabolism, humoral immune response, insect cuticle protein, chitin-binding proteins, chitin synthesis and degradation, insect hormone, and xenobiotic detoxification. The qPCR results further validated the reproducibility and reliability of the transcriptomic data. Discussion: Our findings provide a valuable insight into understanding the insecticidal mechanism of the phytochemical plumbagin.

Mitigating aluminum toxicity and promoting plant resilience in acidic soil with Penicillium olsonii TLL1.

Aluminum (Al), prevalent in the crust of the Earth, jeopardizes plant health in acidic soils, hindering root growth and overall development. In this study, we first analysed the Al- and pH- tolerance of the Penicillium olsonii TLL1 strain (POT1; NRRL:68252) and investigated the potential for enhancing plant resilience under Al-rich acidic soil conditions. Our research illustrates the extraordinary tolerance of POT1 to both high Al concentrations and acidic conditions, showcasing its potential to alleviate Al-induced stress in plants. Metabolite analysis revealed that POT1 detoxifies Al through organic acid-dependent chelation mechanisms, significantly reducing Al stress in Arabidopsis and Pak Choi plants. Consequently, plant growth conditions improved, and the Al content in plant tissues decreased. Transcriptome analysis indicated that POT1 treatment downregulates genes associated with Al and oxidative stress such as MATE, ALS3, NIP1-2 and several peroxidases, highlighting its effectiveness in lessening Al-induced damage. Comparative assessments highlight the superior performance of POT1 compared to other Al-tolerant Penicillium species, attributed to its ability to thrive in diverse pH levels and effectively detoxify Al. These findings position POT1 as a promising agent for enhancing crop resilience in Al-compromised acidic soils, offering new avenues for promoting plant health and bolstering food security through increased crop yield and safety.

Synergistic Interventions for Silencing Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Dyslexia in a Child With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Report From Albania.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this article is the first of its kind in Albania and neighboring countries to investigate the transformative synergistic intervention approach through cognitive behavioral therapy, parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), and heavy metal detoxification on a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and dyslexia. The limited mental health awareness in Albania, particularly regarding PCIT and similar treatments, highlights the importance of the applicability and adaptability of such interventions. This study suggests that the rapid management of comorbidities in ADHD, such as ODD and dyslexia, is better achieved by a combined intervention approach and by investigating the biological aspects. Further research with a large sample size is needed to assess the long-term sustainability and scalability of such an approach.

Biochemical insights into proline metabolism and its contribution to the endurant cell wall structure under metal stress.

The cell wall serves as the primary barrier against the entry of heavy metal ions into cells. However, excessive accumulation of heavy metals within plants can lead to alterations in the spatial structure and physical properties of the cell wall, thereby affecting the capacity of plants to capture heavy metals. Proline (Pro) is involved in the synthesis of the cell wall, modulating the stability and integrity of its structure. Extensins, core proteins that maintain the cell wall structure, are proline/hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that contain the characteristic sequence Ser-[Pro]3-5. They act as intermediates in the regulation of biological processes such as cell wall synthesis, assembly, and signal transduction, typically forming a network structure of cell wall proteins through cross-linking with pectin. This network is essential for the self-assembly expansion of the plant cell wall and plays an indispensable role in cell wall stress signal transduction through its interaction with intracellular signalling molecules. However, the mechanisms by which Pro affects the synthesis of cell wall structural proteins, cell wall assembly, and the sensing of cell wall stress under heavy metal stress remain unclear. This review, from the perspectives of biochemistry and molecular biology, comprehensively elaborates on the impact of Pro and Pro-rich proteins on the structure and function of the cell wall. These findings emphasize the mechanism by which Pro enhances the ability of the cell wall to capture heavy metals, providing new research ideas for the use of genetic engineering to manipulate cell wall synthesis and repair, thereby reducing the phytotoxicity of heavy metals.

Detoxification and neurotransmitter clearance drive the recovery of Arma chinensis from ß-cypermethrin-triggered knockdown.

Natural enemies of arthropods contribute considerably to agriculture by suppressing pests, particularly when combined with chemical control. Studies show that insect recovery after insecticide application is rare. Here, we discovered the recovery of the predatory bug Arma chinensis from knockdown following the application of ß-cypermethrin but not five other insecticides. A. chinensis individuals were more tolerant to ß-cypermethrin than lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae, which did not recover from knockdown. We assessed A. chinensis recovery by monitoring their respiration and tracking locomotion through the entire process. We identified and verified the trans-regulation of detoxifying genes, including those encoding cytochrome P450s and α/ß-hydrolase, which confer recovery from ß-cypermethrin exposure in A. chinensis, by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Furthermore, we discovered a novel mechanism, the neurotransmitter clearance, in vivo during the recovery process, by which the insect initiated the removal of excessive dopamine with a degrading enzyme ebony. Overall, these results provide mechanistic insights into the detoxification and neurotransmitter clearance that jointly drive insect recovery from insecticide exposure.

Induction of insulin resistance in female mice due to prolonged phenanthrene exposure: unveiling the low-dose effect and potential mechanisms.

Phenanthrene (Phe) is a commonly occurring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in various food sources and drinking water. Previous studies have shown that long-term exposure to Phe in male mice leads to insulin resistance in a dose-dependent manner. However, the effect of Phe on glucose homeostasis in female mice remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, female Kunming mice were exposed to Phe through their drinking water at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 5 ng/mL. After 270 d of exposure, we surprisingly discovered a low-dose effect of Phe on insulin resistance in female mice, which differed from the effect observed in male mice and showed sexual dimorphism. Specifically, insulin resistance was only observed in the 0.05 ng/mL treatment, and this low-dose effect was also reflected in the concentration of Phe in white adipose tissue (WAT). Differences in metabolic enzyme activities in the liver may potentially explain this effect. The observed sexual dimorphism in Phe exposure could be attributed to variations in estrogen (E2) level and estrogen receptor beta (ERß) expression in WAT. These findings highlight the association between environmental factors and the development of insulin resistance, emphasizing the pathogenic effect of even low doses of Phe. Moreover, sex dependent-effect should be given more attention when studying the toxic effects of environmental pollutants.

Efficient degradation of sulfadiazine by UV-triggered electron transfer on oxalic acid-functionalized corn straw biochar for activating peroxyacetic acid: Performance, mechanism, and theoretical calculation.

A novel UV/oxalic acid functionalized corn straw biochar (OCBC)/peroxyacetic acid (PAA) system was built to degrade sulfadiazine from waters. 94.7 % of SDZ was removed within 30 min by UV/OCBC/PAA. The abundant surface functional groups and persistent free radicals (PFRs) on OCBC were responsible for these performances. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and other characterization analysis revealed, under UV irradiation, the addition of OCBC served as electron donor, which might promote the reaction of electrons with PAA. The quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests indicated that R-O•, 1O2 and •OH were generated. Theoretical calculations indicated sulfonamide bridge was vulnerable under the attacks of reactive species. In addition, high removal effect achieved by 5 reuse cycles and different real waters also suggested the sustainability of UV/OCBC/PAA. Overall, this study provided a feasible approach to remove SDZ with high mineralization efficiency, in addition to a potential strategy for resource utilization of corn straw.

A down-regulated cytochrome P450 in Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) can dechlorinate and hydroxylate chlorpyrifos without producing chlorpyrifos-oxon.

Selection of chemical-resistant predatory mites is a good alternative to balance the contradiction between chemical control and biological control. Previously, a resistant strain of Neoseiulus barkeri for chlorpyrifos was obtained. In the current study, two up-regulated (NbCYP3A6, NbCYP3A16) and one down-regulated (NbCYP3A24) P450s were screened through differential expression analysis and other detoxification-related genes such as CCEs, GST, etc. were not found. 3D modelling and molecular docking indicated that the chlorine at position 5 on the pyridine ring of chlorpyrifos, as well as a methyl group, were closest to the heme iron of the enzymes (less than 5 Å). Three active recombinant P450 proteins were heterologously expressed and metabolized with chlorpyrifos in vitro. HPLC assay showed that only NbCYP3A24 could metabolize chlorpyrifos, with a metabolism rate of 21.60 %. Analysis of the m/z of metabolites by LC-MS/MS showed that chlorine at the 5C position of chlorpyrifos was stripped and hydroxylated, whereas chlorpyrifos-oxon, a common product of oxidation by P450, was not found. Knockdown of the NbCYP3A24 gene in the susceptiblestrain did reduce the susceptibility of N. barkeri to chlorpyrifos, suggesting that the biological activity of the metabolite may be similar to chlorpyrifos-oxon, thus enhancing the inhibitory effect on the target.

Transcriptome analysis discloses antioxidant detoxification mechanism of Gracilaria bailinae under different cadmium concentrations and stress durations.

To remedy Cd pollution in the ocean, macroalgae are used as a bioremediation tool because of their ability to absorb and accumulate Cd. Gracilaria bailinae has high economic and ecological value and can survive in Cd contaminated waters; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, physiological and biochemical indexes were analyzed after 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of Cd2+ exposure; further, the transcriptome of G. bailinae was examined after a 7-day exposure to a Cd2+ culture environment with Cd levels of 0 mg L-1 (cd1, control), 1 mg L-1 (cd2, low concentration), and 2.5 mg L-1 (cd3, high concentration). The results showed that in the cd2 group, G. bailinae maintained a stable RGR that did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from that of the cd1 group. However, the soluble protein and MDA contents, as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and POD, were significantly increased (P< 0.05) compared to the cd1 group. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among the different Cd2+ stress durations. In contrast, compared with the cd1 group, the RGR, soluble protein content, SOD, CAT, and POD activities were significantly decreased (P< 0.05), while the MDA content was significantly increased (P< 0.05) in the cd3 group. Furthermore, significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed among the various tested Cd2+ stress durations within the cd3 group. Compared to the cd1 group, a total of 30,072 DEGs and 21,680 were identified in the cd2 and cd3 treatments, respectively. More up-regulated genes were found in cd2 group than in cd3 group. GO enrichment analysis showed that these genes were related to peptidase activity, endopeptidase activity, ion transport, peptide biosynthetic and metabolism. In addition, DEGs related to histidine metabolism and the stilbene, diarylheptane, and gingerol pathways were significantly up-regulated in the cd2 group compared to the cd3 group, which resulted in enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and promoted cell wall regeneration. The results of this study reveal the response mechanism of G. bailinae to Cd2+ stress, providing valuable insights for assessing the bioremediation potential of G. bailinae for Cd-contaminated waters.

Exploratory comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals potential gene targets associated with Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 resistance in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).

Genetically modified (GM) crops, expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins, have substantially transformed agriculture. Despite rapid adoption, their environmental and economic benefits face scrutiny due to unsustainable agricultural practices and the emergence of resistant pests like Spodoptera frugiperda, known as the fall armyworm (FAW). FAW's adaptation to Bt technology in corn and cotton compromises the long-term efficacy of Bt crops. To advance the understanding of the genetic foundations of resistance mechanisms, we conducted an exploratory comparative transcriptomic analysis of two divergent FAW populations. One population exhibited practical resistance to the Bt insecticidal proteins Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2, expressed in the genetically engineered MON-89Ø34 - 3 maize, while the other population remained susceptible to these proteins. Differential expression analysis supported that Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 significantly affect the FAW physiology. A total of 247 and 254 differentially expressed genes were identified in the Cry-resistant and susceptible populations, respectively. By integrating our findings with established literature and databases, we underscored 53 gene targets potentially involved in FAW's resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. In particular, we considered and discussed the potential roles of the differentially expressed genes encoding ABC transporters, G protein-coupled receptors, the P450 enzymatic system, and other Bt-related detoxification genes. Based on these findings, we emphasize the importance of exploratory transcriptomic analyses to uncover potential gene targets involved with Bt insecticidal proteins resistance, and to support the advantages of GM crops in the face of emerging challenges.

Opioid Medical Detoxification Compared to Opioid Agonist Treatment during Pregnancy: A Scoping Review.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly prevalent, affecting up to 1% of pregnancies. The current standard of care for the management of OUD during pregnancy has been maintained with opioid agonist treatment (OAT), using either methadone or buprenorphine. OAT use has been associated with a risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), which requires a longer neonatal length of stay for monitoring and possible pharmacological treatment. As a result, opioid medical detoxification (OMD) was proposed as an alternative strategy to reduce the stigma associated with OAT and to eliminate the risk of NAS by detoxifying or tapering pregnant persons during their pregnancy before delivery; however, the safety and effectiveness of OMD during pregnancy have not been established. This scoping review aims to summarize recent evidence related to maternal, obstetrical, and neonatal outcomes of OMD in comparison to OAT maintenance. This review also provides recommendations for future research initiatives to fill gaps in managing this patient population.

First Clarification of the Mechanism of Action of the Apple Glycosyltransferase MdUGT91AJ2 Involved in the Detoxification Metabolism of the Triketone Herbicide Sulcotrione.

Sulcotrione is a member of triketone herbicides, a class of HPPD (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitors with broad-spectrum herbicidal activity. Modifications of glycosylation mediated by glycosyltransferases (GT) are involved in plant detoxification. In this study, we analyzed chip data published online and found that eight glycosyltransferases from group A of the apple glycosyltransferase family 1 may be involved in the metabolic mechanism of detoxification of triketone herbicides. To verify this prediction, we induced apple seedlings with six types of triketone herbicides, and then detected the expression levels of eight glycosyltransferase genes through real-time PCR. We found that triketone herbicides induced up-regulation of eight glycosyltransferase genes to varying degrees, with MdUGT91AJ2 being the most significantly up-regulated by sulcotrione-induced glycosyltransferase gene expression. Then, through in vitro enzymatic reactions and HPLC identification of glycoside substrates, it was found that the glycosyltransferase MdUGT91AJ2 had the highest specific enzyme activity against the triketone herbicide sulcotrione. Furthermore, the in vivo mechanism of the glycosyltransferase MdUGT91AJ2 in the detoxification metabolism of sulcotrione was further validated by overexpressing the strain in the plant. HPLC analysis showed that the content of sulcotrione glycosides in the overexpressing strain of MdUGT91AJ2 was significantly higher than that in the wild type. This result indicated that the apple glycosyltransferase MdUGT91AJ2 can still glycosylate and modify sulfotrione in plants, and participate in its detoxification metabolism. In summary, this study identified for the first time a novel apple glycosyltransferase MdUGT91AJ2 and elucidated its mechanism of action in the detoxification and metabolism of the triketone herbicide sulfotriene.

New bacterial strains isolated from Tunisian biotopes: A sustainable enzymatic approach for decolorization and detoxification of Congo Red and Malachite Green.

Seven bacterial strains, isolated from various Tunisian biotopes, were investigated for Congo Red (CR) and Malachite Green (MG) decolorization. The isolated strains underwent morphological and biochemical tests, including assessments for antibiotic sensitivity as well as biofilm formation. One selected strain, ST11, was partially identified as Paenibacillus sp. strain ST11. The newly isolated crude bacterial filtrates (NICBFs) effectively decolorized CR and MG. Specifically, six and seven NICBFs were found to be effective for degrading CR (150 mg l-1) and MG (50 mg l-1), respectively. Under non-optimized conditions, CR and MG could be decolorized up to 80% within 6-12 h. The degradation products of CR and MG, characterized by UV-visible and FT-IR techniques, demonstrated both decolorization and transformation, highlighting the role of enzymes in dye degradation. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies evaluated the impact of treated and untreated CR and MG. Some NICBFs showed promise as powerful biological tools, reducing and sometimes detoxifying CR and MG, commonly used as fertilizers. The potential applications of these NICBFs in decolorization and bioremediation of dye-rich textile effluents were explored. The screening also identified environmentally friendly, cost-effective bacterial strains adaptable to various conditions through phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies.