Fisiología del ejercicio y pedagogía vocal: reflexiones calisténicas

Introducción: El método de calistenia gimnástica se configura como una modalidad de ejercicios específicos que involucra la adopción de posturas artificiales a través de movimientos particulares. Estos movimientos están diseñados para producir efectos higiénicos y educativos claramente definidos. Esta modalidad de ejercicio guarda notables similitudes con el modus operandi de los vocalise en la pedagogía vocal. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar las relaciones potenciales entre los principios técnico-científicos que guían el sistema de calistenia gimnástica y los principios técnico-pedagógicos que rigen los ejercicios vocales realizados por cantantes durante su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Asimismo, se busca explorar las conexiones entre los objetivos y propósitos del sistema de calistenia gimnástica y los de los ejercicios vocales en dicho proceso. Método: Para abordar este objetivo, se llevó a cabo una investigación bibliográfica que implicó el análisis detallado de fuentes pertinentes. Se examinaron publicaciones académicas y literatura especializada relacionada con la calistenia gimnástica y la pedagogía vocal. Reflexión: La calistenia gimnástica y los ejercicios vocales comparten una estructura fundamental de ejercicios específicos que implican posturas artificiales y movimientos específicos. Ambos buscan un refinamiento en la higienización y educación, permitiendo a los individuos, ya sea en el ámbito físico o vocal, desarrollarse de manera adecuada y saludable. Conclusión: A partir de la investigación bibliográfica, se concluye que los ejercicios vocales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los cantantes pueden considerarse una suerte de calistenia vocal. Esta conclusión se fundamenta en las relaciones intrínsecas observadas entre los principios y objetivos del sistema de calistenia gimnástica y el modus operandi de los ejercicios vocales. Esta reflexión aporta perspectivas valiosas a la pedagogía vocal, con el fin de ofrecer una comprensión más específicamente fisiológica y biomecánica de los ejercicios vocales, orientando mejor la aplicación de las vocalizaciones en el proceso de educación y entrenamiento vocal.

Introduction: The gymnastic calisthenics method is configured as a specific form of exercises involving the adoption of artificial postures through specific movements. These movements are designed to produce clearly defined hygienic and educational effects. This mode of exercise bears notable similarities to the modus operandi of vocalises in vocal pedagogy. Objective: The objective of this work is to investigate the potential relationships between the technical-scientific principles that guide the gymnastic calisthenics system and the technical-pedagogical principles governing vocal exercises practiced by singers during their teaching and learning process. Additionally, it aims to explore the connections between the objectives and purposes of the gymnastic calisthenics system and those of vocal exercises in this process. Method: To address this objective, a bibliographic research was conducted, involving a detailed analysis of relevant sources. Academic publications and specialized literature related to gymnastic calisthenics and vocal pedagogy were examined. Reflection: Gymnastic calisthenics and vocal exercises share a fundamental structure of specific exercises involving artificial postures and specific movements. Both seek refinement in hygiene and education, enabling individuals, either in the physical or vocal realm, to develop appropriately and healthily. Conclusion: Based on the bibliographic research, it is concluded that vocal exercises in the teaching and learning process of singers can be considered a form of vocal calisthenics. This conclusion is based on the intrinsic relationships observed between the principles and objectives of the gymnastic calisthenics system and the modus operandi of vocal exercises. This reflection provides valuable insights into vocal pedagogy, aiming to offer a more specifically physiological and biomechanical understanding of vocal exercises. This effectively guides the application of vocalizations in the process of vocal education and training.

Efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular: una revisión sistemática / Effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review / Efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: 'cluster training', 'rest Interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' y 'cross sectional area'. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que utilizaron el entrenamiento cluster como intervención en personas mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos. Resultados: La revisión sistemática obtenida durante la búsqueda de las bases de datos consultadas arrojó un total de 23 artículos, potencialmente elegibles, de los cuales se tomó una muestra de 9, con los que se podían obtener resultados que respondían al objetivo de esta revisión. La cantidad de participantes de los 9 artículos elegibles fue de 172 sujetos. Los entrenamientos cluster permiten aumentar el volumen de entrenamiento y la intensidad sin provocar elevados niveles de fatiga, favoreciendo así el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular. Conclusiones: Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que los entrenamientos cluster pueden ser una herramienta eficaz para el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy. Methodology: A literature search was performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, using the following keywords: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' and 'cross sectional area'. We included clinical trials that used cluster training as an intervention in people over 18 years of age of both sexes. Results: The systematic review obtained during the search of the databases consulted yielded a total of 23 potentially eligible articles, of which a sample of 9 was taken from which results could be obtained that responded to the objective of this review. The number of participants from the 9 eligible articles was 172 subjects. Cluster workouts allow for increased training volume and intensity without causing high levels of fatigue, thus favoring the development of muscle hypertrophy. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review suggest that cluster training can be an effective tool for the development of muscle hypertrophy.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi determinar os efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma busca na literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' e 'cross sectional area'. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que utilizaram o treinamento em cluster como intervenção em pessoas com mais de 18 anos de ambos os sexos. Resultados: A revisão sistemática realizada durante a busca nas bases de dados consultadas resultou em um total de 23 artigos potencialmente elegíveis, dos quais uma amostra de 9 foi selecionada para obter resultados que respondessem ao objetivo desta revisão. O número de participantes nos 9 artigos elegíveis foi de 172 indivíduos. Os treinos em cluster permitem um aumento no volume e na intensidade do treinamento sem causar altos níveis de fadiga, favorecendo assim o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular. Conclusões: Os resultados desta revisão sistemática sugerem que o treinamento em cluster pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular.

[Relationship between frailty and functional status in lung transplant candidates]. / Relación entre la fragilidad y la capacidad funcional en los pacientes candidatos a trasplante de pulmón.

INTRODUCTION: Lung transplant (LT) is one of the therapeutic options for patients with terminal respiratory diseases. It is highly important to incorporate the functional status and frailty assessment into the selection process of candidates for LT. OBJECTIVES: Identify the prevalence of frailty in the LT waiting list. Study the relationship between frailty, functional status, Lung Allocation Score (LAS) and muscular dysfunction. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive transversal study of patients on the waiting list for LT. POPULATION: 74 patients with chronic respiratory diseases assessed by the lung transplant committee and accepted to be transplanted in a university hospital in Barcelona. The outcome variables were frailty status was evaluate for SPPB test, functional capacity was evaluate for the six-minute walking test (6MWT) and muscular dysfunction. The results were analyzed with the statistical package STATA 12. RESULTS: Sample of 48 men and 26 women, with a median age of 56.55 years (SD 10.87. The prevalence of frailty assessed with the SPPB was 33.8% (8.1% are in frailty and 25.7% are in a state of pre-frailty). There is a relationship between the SPPB, 6MWT and maximal inspiratory pressure, but not with others force values. There is a relationship between the risk of frailty (scores below 9 in SPPB) and the meters walked in 6 but not with the LAS. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of frailty in patients with terminal chronic respiratory diseases is high. Frailty is related with functional capacity, but not with LAS.

[Safety and efficacy of a therapeutic exercise program in young adults with repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia]. / Seguridad y eficacia de un programa de ejercicio terapéutico en jóvenes intervenidos de hernia diafragmática congénita.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can have up to 40 times more frequency of muskuloskeletal deformities and decreased perception of physical activity tan their pairs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an individualized exercise program in late adolescents and young adults with repaired CDH, as well as a description of their basal status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non randomized prospective trial of 13 patients with repaired CDH between 1997-2005. An initial physical exploration and a pre-post assessment of bioimpedance (BIA), dynamometry, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP/MEP), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), physical activity level (IPAQ) and quality of life (QoL) was made. The training program last for 4 weeks. For the statistical analysis, the Student's t test for paired samples and Wilcoxon test were used. RESULTS: 77% (n=10) were male with a mean age of 19.23±2.13 years. In baseline BIA, 62% (n=8) had truncal sarcopenia that improved in -0.43±0.58, and P=.016. MIP, MEP, 6MWT and QoL tests increased by -7.27±8.26 cmH2O, P=.008; -11.91±10.20 cmH2O, P=.002; -70.63±17.88 m, P=.001; -42,19±26.79, P=.00 respectively. The IPAQ did not change significantly (P=0.86), however the time dedicated to muscle strengthening increased. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: A personalized rehabilitation program is safe and could improve the respiratory muscle strength and truncal sarcopenia as well as the submaximal effort capacity in late adolescents and young adults with repaired CDH.

The effectiveness of the Escape Room as an educational methodology in the Infarction Code.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of an educational intervention (escape room) in the acquisition and retention of knowledge in relation to the Infarction Code, and to compare the knowledge of other teaching methodologies related to the Infarction Code. METHODS: A pre-post study was designed without a control group. After one month of the master class on the Infarction Code given to master's degree (doctors and nurses), an educational intervention was carried out consisting of an Escape Room on the same content, with a questionnaire that collected various sociodemographic data, and a knowledge test on the Infarction Code, which was repeated immediately after the activity and at the end of 2 months after the activity, and a test of knowledge on the Infarction Code. immediately after the activity and 2 months after the master class. Likewise, after the activity, a gamified experience evaluation questionnaire (GAMEX) was completed. RESULTS: Thirty-two students received the educational intervention (12 physicians and 20 nurses), and differences were observed between medical and nursing professionals in terms of initial knowledge of simulation and gamification. After the activity, and based on the initial knowledge test, the score increased by 3.49 points, an increase that was also reflected in the test taken two months after the master class, where an increase of 2.08 points was maintained. The participants rated the experience positively, with no significant overall differences between the two professional groups. CONCLUSIONS: The nurses had greater knowledge and contact with clinical simulation, virtual reality and gamification. The escape room showed to be a valid method for the assimilation and retention of knowledge in master's degree students. Medical professionals experienced a greater degree of immersion in the activity.

Exactitud del Xiaomi Mi Band 4 para contabilizar pasos en adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Estudio de concordancia / Accuracy of the Xiaomi Mi Band 4 for Steps Counting in Adults with Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Agreement Study

Introducción: El Xiaomi Mi Band 4 (XMB4) demostró ser exacto para medir pasos en sujetos sanos, pero no ha sido estudiado en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC). Objetivos: Evaluar la exactitud del XMB4 para cuantificar pasos caminados en pacientes con ERC. Secundariamente, evaluar su viabilidad y usabilidad.Material y métodos: Estudio de concordancia contrastando los datos del XMB4 con la video-filmación (prueba de referencia). Fueron incluidos mayores de 18 años con diversas ERC y excluidos aquellos con deterioro cognitivo, limitaciones osteoarticulares y/o cardiovasculares que impedían la marcha. Realizamos un muestreo por conveniencia de pacientes que participaban de un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar.Las variables estudiadas incluyeron número de pasos, distancia y tiempo caminado, velocidad de la marcha, viabilidad y usabilidad. Cada participante realizó cinco caminatas (5, 10 y 30 metros, y 5 minutos a ritmo lento y rápido). Para testear la equivalencia estadística, necesitamos incluir 33 pacientes y utilizamos el método de intervalo de confianza con una zona de equivalencia de ±15%. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 33 pacientes, 64% mujeres, con una mediana (P25-75) de edad de 64,9 (55,8 a 70,2) años. Los pasos registrados por el XMB4 fueron equivalentes a los de la video-filmación en las diferentes caminatas, excepto en la de 5 metros. Los pasos fueron subestimados con un error de medición menor al 15%. Conclusiones: El XMB4 tiene una exactitud aceptable para medir pasos en pacientes con ERC excepto en caminatas muy cortas, es viable y fácil de usar

Introduction: Xiaomi Mi Band 4 (XMB4) has been shown to be accurate to measure steps in healthy subjects, but has not been studied in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRD).Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the XMB4 to quantify steps walked in patients with CRD. Secondarily, evaluate its feasibility and usability.Materials and methods: Agreement study compared the XMB4 data with the video (reference test). Adults aged 18 years or older with various CRD were included and those with cognitive impairment, osteoarticular and/or cardiovascular limitations that prevented walking were excluded. We conducted a convenience sampling of patients participating in a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Outcome measures studied included number of steps, distance and time walked, walking speed, feasibility and usability. Each participant performed five walks (5, 10 and 30 meters, and 5 minutes at a slow and fast pace).To test statistical equivalence we need to include 33 patients and use the confidence interval method with an equivalence zone of ±15%.Results: 33 patients were included, 64% women, with a median (P25-75) age of 64.9 (55.8 to 70.2) years. The steps recorded by the XMB4 were equivalent to those of the video in the different walks, except for the 5-meter walk. The steps were underestimated with a measurement error of less than 15%.Conclusions: XMB4 has acceptable accuracy for measuring steps in patients with CRD except for very short walks, it is feasible and easy to us.

[Self-sense and experiences of physical activity in breast cancer survivors: Qualitative evidence synthesis]. / Significados y experiencias de actividad física en mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama: síntesis cualitativa.

Breast cancer has a high incidence rate and a negative impact on women's lives. The practice of physical activity (PA) has shown strong evidence in controlling the side effects associated with the disease and its treatment. However, having an active lifestyle is influenced by socio-health inequities. The objective was to analyze the categories related to the meanings and perceived experiences with PA in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Protocol https://osf.io/7fwbs/. Articles describing the meanings of PA in BCS published after 2010 were included. Fourteen articles were analyzed using line-by-line coding. The emerging categories were: 1)PA as a strategy to re-signify and empower the body. 2)Cancer means a change in PA trajectories. 3)PA is a tool for a healthy and functional body in everyday life.

Autoejercitación del ejercicio físico en los estudiantes de Educación Física de la Educación Superior

La atención a la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico constituye punto de referencia para el cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos planteados por las universidades cubanas, particularmente en la disciplina Educación Física del Plan de estudios E, como un contenido del currículo que favorece el protagonismo del estudiante en su propio proceso de aprendizaje, constituye una necesidad antes los cambios que se operan en el sistema de Educación Superior Cubano, dado fundamentalmente por condiciones que surgieron de aislamiento físico provocado por la COVID 19, unido a la falta de habilidades para realizar actividad física y por garantizar una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en elaborar una estrategia didáctica para la formación de la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico; en la investigación se emplean métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se inicia con el diagnóstico, utilizándose diferentes métodos y técnicas, como la encuesta, la entrevista. Además, se aplica los test para evaluar la condición física y de las insuficiencias que presenta los estudiantes de Educación Física de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Agraria de La Habana. La sistematización y los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos analizados permitieron diseñar una estrategia didáctica, la cual cuenta de cuatro etapas, cada una de ellas con su objetivo y sistema de acciones, las cuales se ofrecen como resultado para la formación de la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico en los estudiantes objetos de estudio. La evidencia de los aprendizajes adquiridos por los estudiantes, la valoración de especialistas indica una mejora de los niveles de condición física, las acciones propuestas responden al propósito para el cual fue concebida la estrategia.

A atenção à habilidade de autoexercício do exercício físico constitui um ponto de referência para o cumprimento dos objetivos estratégicos traçados pelas universidades cubanas, particularmente na disciplina de Educação Física do Currículo E, como conteúdo do currículo que favorece o protagonismo do aluno. o seu próprio processo de aprendizagem, constitui uma necessidade face às mudanças que estão a ocorrer no sistema de ensino superior cubano, dadas fundamentalmente pelas condições que surgiram do isolamento físico causado pela COVID 19, juntamente com a falta de competências para a realização de actividade física e garantir uma educação inclusiva, equitativa e de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma estratégia didática para o treinamento da habilidade de autoexercício do exercício físico; Métodos qualitativos e quantitativos são utilizados na pesquisa. Começa com o diagnóstico, utilizando diferentes métodos e técnicas, como inquéritos e entrevistas. Além disso, são aplicados testes para avaliar a condição física e as insuficiências apresentadas pelos estudantes de Educação Física da carreira de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Agrária de Havana. A sistematização e os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos analisados permitiram o desenho de uma estratégia didática, que conta com quatro etapas, cada uma delas com seu objetivo e sistema de ações, que são oferecidas como resultado para a formação da habilidade de autoexercício do exercício físico nos alunos estudados. A evidência das aprendizagens adquiridas pelos alunos, a avaliação dos especialistas indica uma melhoria nos níveis de aptidão física, as ações propostas respondem ao propósito para o qual a estratégia foi concebida.

Attention to the self-exercise skill of physical exercise constitutes a point of reference for the fulfillment of the strategic objectives set by Cuban universities, particularly in the Physical Education discipline of Study Plan E, as a content of the curriculum that favors the student's protagonism in his/her own learning process, constitutes a necessity in the face of the changes that are taking place in the Cuban Higher Education system, given fundamentally by conditions that arose from physical isolation caused by COVID 19, coupled with the lack of skills to perform physical activity and to guarantee inclusive, equitable and quality education. The objective of this work is to develop a didactic strategy for the training of the self-exercise skill of physical exercise; qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the research. It begins with the diagnosis, using different methods and techniques, such as surveys and interviews. In addition, tests are applied to evaluate the physical condition and insufficiencies presented by Physical Education students of the Veterinary Medicine career at the Agrarian University of Havana. The systematization and the theoretical and methodological foundations analyzed allowed the design of a didactic strategy, which has four stages, each of them with its objective and system of actions, which are offered as a result for the formation of the self-exercise skill of the physical exercise in the students studied. The evidence of the learning acquired by the students, the assessment of specialists indicates an improvement in physical fitness levels, the proposed actions respond to the purpose for which the strategy was conceived.

Competencias digitales de docentes de Educación Física para reducir el estrés de estudiantes mediante emprendimiento en proyectos

Los emprendimientos en proyectos de la actividad física y el deporte, ante todo, han demostrado ser atractivos y curativos, por excelencia. Es muy notable esta situación en individuos que invierten gran parte de su tiempo sentados frente a un computador, como es el caso de los estudiantes en formación que desarrollan competencias digitales. En este trabajo, se consideró la necesidad de investigar la relación existente entre la labor que realizan estos estudiantes y los inconvenientes para la salud que generan las prolongadas horas que ellos invierten en su trabajo de vinculación con las competencias digitales; por lo que el objetivo consistió en determinar cuáles son las causas fundamentales que provocan el estrés en estudiantes de informática y en qué medida la actividad física que realizan les ayuda reducir estos impactos de la actividad profesional. Para lograrlo, se aplicaron métodos del nivel empírico como la observación científica, la entrevista y la encuesta. Como resultados preliminares, a partir de un prexperimento, se pudo constatar que los estudiantes percibieron un cambio satisfactorio, con niveles inferiores de estrés y mejoras de los comportamientos posturales.

Entrepreneurship in physical activity and sports projects, above all, has proven to be attractive and healing, par excellence. This situation is very notable in individuals who spend a large part of their time sitting in front of a computer, as is the case of students in training who develop digital skills. In this work, the need to investigate the relationship between the work carried out by these students and the health problems generated by the long hours they invest in their work linking with digital skills was considered; therefore, the objective was to determine what are the fundamental causes that cause stress in computer science students and to what extent the physical activity they perform helps them reduce these impacts of professional activity. To achieve this, empirical level methods such as scientific observation, interviews and surveys were applied. As preliminary results, from a pre-experiment, it was confirmed that the students perceived a satisfactory change, with lower levels of stress and improvements in postural behaviors.

O empreendedorismo em projetos de atividade física e esportivos, sobretudo, tem se mostrado atrativo e curativo, por excelência. Esta situação é muito notória nos indivíduos que passam grande parte do seu tempo sentados em frente ao computador, como é o caso dos alunos em formação que desenvolvem competências digitais. Neste trabalho foi considerada a necessidade de investigar a relação entre o trabalho realizado por esses alunos e os problemas de saúde gerados pelas longas horas que investem no seu trabalho vinculando-se às competências digitais; Portanto, objetivou-se determinar quais são as causas fundamentais que causam estresse em estudantes de informática e em que medida a atividade física que realizam os ajuda a reduzir esses impactos da atividade profissional. Para conseguir isso, foram aplicados métodos de nível empírico, como observação científica, entrevistas e pesquisas. Como resultados preliminares, de um pré-experimento, confirmou-se que os alunos perceberam uma mudança satisfatória, com menores níveis de estresse e melhorias nos comportamentos posturais.

Da hospitalização para a prática corporal: análise qualitativa das vivências no projeto Respirar no Amazonas / From hospitalizaton to corporal practice: qualitative analysis of experiences in the projeto Respirar no Amazonas / Del hospitalización a la práctica corporal: análisis cualitativo de experiencias en el proyecto Respirar no Amazonas

A pandemia do coronavírus (covid-19) desencadeou uma avalanche de incessantes tentativas em busca por soluções para os diferentes desafios relacionados à saúde. Neste cenário, políticas públicas voltadas para auxiliar a população como o Projeto Respirar foram fundamentais para recuperar a funcionalidade cardiorrespiratória e física de pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar as experiências de um grupo de ex-pacientes, e agora usuários do Projeto Respirar, desde a alta hospitalar até a alta ao final do projeto. A coleta de dados incluiu a realização de dois Grupos Focais. Os usuários relataram sentir muitos medos e incertezas no início da pandemia, contudo, após o ingresso no Projeto Respirar, mudanças aconteceram nas suas percepções de saúde, em seus comportamentos e hábitos (AU).

The coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic has triggered an avalan-che of incessant attempts to find solutions to different health-related challenges. In this scenario, public policies aimed at helping the popula-tion, such as the Breathing Project, were essential to recover the cardio-respiratory and physical functionality of patients. The objective of this study was to present the experiences of a group of former patients, who are now users of Projeto Respirar from hospital discharge to discharge at the end of the project. Data collection included conducting two Focus Groups. Users reported feeling many fears and uncertainties at the be-ginning of the pandemic, however, after joining Projeto Respirar, chan-ges occurred in their health perceptions, behaviors and habits (AU)

La pandemia del coronavirus (covid-19) ha desencadenado una avalancha de intentos incesantes por encontrar soluciones a diferentes desafíos relacionados con la salud. En ese escenario, las políticas públicas dirigidas a ayudar a la población, como el Proyecto Respiración, fueron fundamentales para recuperar la funcionalidad cardiorrespirato-ria y física de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar las experiencias de un grupo de ex pacientes, que ahora son usuarios Projeto Respirar desde el alta hospitalaria hasta el alta al final del proyecto. La recopilación de datos incluyó la realización de dos Grupos Focales. Los usuarios reportaron sentir muchos miedos e incertidumbres al inicio de la pandemia, sin embargo, luego de unirse a Projeto Respirar, ocurrieron cambios en sus percepciones de salud, comportamientos y hábitos (AU).

Anthropometric Characteristics, Training Intensity Distribution, Physiological Profile and Performance of an Elite Trail Runner: A Longitudinal Case Study

SUMMARY: Trail running (TR), an extreme endurance sport, presents unique challenges due to the variety of terrain and distances, where physiological capacity and body composition have been considered better predictors of performance. This longitudinal case study examines the impact of training intensity distribution (TID) on an elite trail runner's physiological profile and performance over four years. Two TID models were implemented: polarized (POL) and pyramidal (PYR). Physiological assessments included maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), lactate thresholds (LT1 and LT2), and anthropometric characteristics. The training was classified according to the 3-zone intensity model (zone 1: below the first lactate threshold; zone 2: between the first and second lactate threshold; zone 3: above the second lactate threshold). During the four years, the average TID distribution was 75 % zone 1, 18 % zone 2, and 7 % zone 3. Physiological capacity increased by 7.14 % (14 to 15 km/h) for velocity at LT1 (vLT1) and 8.13 % (16 to 17.3 km/h) for velocity at LT2 (vLT2). The most significant increases were observed during the second year when the percentage of training time in zone 1 was lower (65 %) and in zone 2 greater (30 %) than those reported in other years. Consequently, vLT1 and vLT2 increased by 3.5 % (from 14.1 to 14.6 km/h) and 3.6 % (from 16.5 to 17.1 km/h), respectively. In conclusion, this case study revealed that emphasizing training in zone 2 (moderate intensity) and increasing the training load significantly improved performance at lactate thresholds. Despite modifying body composition, no influence on improving endurance performance was observed. These findings underscore the importance of TID in elite trail runners and highlight the potential to optimize physiological adaptations and performance outcomes.

Trail running (TR), un deporte de resistencia extrema, presenta desafíos únicos debido a la variedad de terrenos y distancias, donde la capacidad fisiológica y la composición corporal se han considerado mejores predictores del rendimiento. Este estudio de caso longitudinal examina el impacto de la distribución de la intensidad del entrenamiento (TID) en el perfil fisiológico y el rendimiento de un corredor de montaña de élite durante cuatro años. Se implementaron dos modelos TID: polarizado (POL) y piramidal (PYR). Las evaluaciones fisiológicas incluyeron el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), los umbrales de lactato (LT1 y LT2) y las características antropométricas. El entrenamiento se clasificó según el modelo de intensidad de 3 zonas (zona 1: por debajo del primer umbral de lactato; zona 2: entre el primer y segundo umbral de lactato; zona 3: por encima del segundo umbral de lactato). Durante los cuatro años, la distribución TID promedio fue 75 % zona 1, 18 % zona 2 y 7 % zona 3. La capacidad fisiológica aumentó un 7,14 % (14 a 15 km/h) para la velocidad en LT1 (vLT1) y un 8,13 % (16 a 17,3 km/h) para velocidad en LT2 (vLT2). Los incrementos más significativos se observaron durante el segundo año cuando el porcentaje de tiempo de entrenamiento en la zona 1 fue menor (65 %) y en la zona 2 mayor (30 %) que los reportados en otros años. En consecuencia, vLT1 y vLT2 aumentaron un 3,5 % (de 14,1 a 14,6 km/h) y un 3,6 % (de 16,5 a 17,1 km/h), respectivamente. En conclusión, este estudio reveló que enfatizar el entrenamiento en la zona 2 (intensidad moderada) y aumentar la carga de entrenamiento mejoró significativamente el rendimiento en los umbrales de lactato. A pesar de modificar la composición corporal, no se observó influencia en la mejora del rendimiento de resistencia. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia del TID en los corredores de trail de élite y resaltan el potencial para optimizar las adaptaciones fisiológicas y los resultados de rendimiento.

Time dedicated to physical activity among medical residents: are there differences based on gender or specialty type?

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) is associated with positive health outcomes such as prevention of chronic diseases, psychological well-being and improved work performance. Medical residents are subjected to sleep deprivation, extended work schedule and high burnout prevalence. These conditions may lead to the neglect of personal health and the restriction of time dedicated to PA. The objective of the present study was to analyze the time dedicated to PA of medical residents, comparing women vs men residents and surgical vs clinical residents. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study performed in a Spanish third-level university hospital. All medical residents from our institution were invited to voluntarily participate in the study answering a web-based questionnaire on June 2022. Data regarding demographics, residency and PA practice was recorded. RESULTS: The response rate was 20.73% (114/550). The 32.5% of the residents considered themselves to be physically inactive and mean time dedicated to PA in a regular week was 3.62 ±â€¯2.22 h. Men residents dedicated more time to PA than women residents (4.23 ±â€¯2.42 h vs 3.14 ±â€¯1.95 h, p = 0.012) and surgical residents dedicated more time than clinical residents (4.33 ±â€¯2.36 h vs 3.23 ±â€¯2.05 h, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: One third of the medical residents consider themself physically inactive. Women and clinical residents practice PA less time than men and surgical residents. Efforts should be made to encourage PA among residents, especially in women and non-surgeons.

Cognitive rehabilitation program in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, there has been an increase of studies dedicated to cognitive rehabilitation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, few of these analyze the impact on such variables as cognitive reserve. The study aims to explore the effects of a cognitive rehabilitation program comprising a combination of cognitive and physical exercises, as well as group sessions to improve cognitive performance, emotional state, and cognitive reserve index. METHOD: Fifty patients with MS were subdivided into 2 groups: the control group, which performed aerobic exercise (n=25), and the experimental group (n=25), which participated in the integrated cognitive rehabilitation program (ICRP). All participants were evaluated 3 times (baseline, post-treatment, and long-term) with the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Reserve Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and a scale evaluating trait and state anxiety. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, patients in the experimental group showed improvements in cognitive function, with significant changes in measures of information processing speed, attention, memory, cognitive reserve index, and long-term mood. CONCLUSIONS: The ICRP was effective in improving cognitive and emotional function in MS, and increased the cognitive reserve index.

[Correlation between physical activity and the symptoms of depression in senior centers in Lima, Peru]. / Correlación entre la actividad física y la sintomatología depresiva en centros integrales del adulto mayor de Lima, Perú.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Depression in the elderly is a growing problem, and exercise is a strategy to prevent it. We aim to identify the correlation between scores obtained in the Geriatric Depression Scale - 15 items (GDS-15) for depressive symptomatology and Metabolic equivalent of task (MET) obtained in the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-S) for physical activity in aged attending senior centers in a district of Lima, Peru. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in three senior centers in Miraflores, Lima, Peru. Participants (n=158) completed a three-part questionnaire, including a sociodemographic survey to collect general participant data, the GDS-15 to assess the level of depressive symptomatology, and the IPAQ-S to evaluate the amount of physical activity performed in the last week. RESULTS: A mild but significant inverse linear correlation was identified between the GDS-15 score and METs obtained in the IPAQ-S (rho=-0.213, p=0.007). Moderate to severe depressive symptomatology decreased with a higher level of physical activity: 4.3% low level, 3.3% moderate level, and no cases in those with vigorous activity; however, these differences were not significant (p=0.541, Kendall's Tau B test). CONCLUSIóN: The results showed that individuals with moderate to severe depressive symptoms show a lower level of depressive symptoms in relation to the degree of physical activity carried out in the last week.

[Exercise prescription in post-COVID syndrome: A challenge for primary healthcare]. / Prescripción de ejercicio en condición pos-COVID. Un reto en Atención Primaria.

After the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic we face a new global epidemic: the Post-COVID Syndrome. This novel condition has fluctuating progression and a wide range of symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, muscle pain or breathlessness. Although its pathophysiology is not clear, a multiorganic affection is suspected, altering the immune, cardiorespitatory and nervous systems. Whereas there is no consensus over its treatment, most of the researches conclude the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise and a multicomponent rehabilitation, coordinating and cooperating between different health professionals. A functional, respiratory and strength evaluation prior to treatment prescription is highly recommended, since it will help professionals to precisely prescribe and objectively measure the evolution of our patients. In this article we suggest a few tests, adequate to primary health requirements, to evaluate our patients' initial condition, as well as the most secure way to initiate a therapeutic exercise programme, together with other healthcare providers.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico con enfoque sanológico en universitarios / Effects of a physical exercise program with a sanological approach in university students / Efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos com abordagem saudável em estudantes universitários

Objetivo: identificar el efecto del programa de ejercicio físico del proyecto institucionalUSCO saludable con enfoque sanológico en 40 jóvenes universitarios con sobrepeso. Metodología: se plantea un estudio mixto el cual utiliza metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. En específico, se desarrolló un estudio cuasiexperimental de un solo grupo con valoración antes y después, los datos se tomaron de la revisión de historias clínicosanológicas del programa de ejercicio físico, de la dimensión actividad física. Del proyecto USCO Saludable, se seleccionaron 40 estudiantes con un índice de masa muscular (IMC) entre los rangos de 25 a 30 kg/m2. Se utilizó un instrumento denominado historia clínico-sanológica, esta fue diseñada, ajustada y estandarizada por los investigadores Pedro Reyes Gaspar y Dolly Arias Torres. Los datos se trabajaron a través de entrevista semiestructurada, mediante la creación de códigos y categorías con el programa ATLAS. ti 6.0. Para la comparación del IMC se empleó la prueba de Wilcoxon y el tamaño del efecto por medio de la g de Hedges en el programa SPSS versión 24. Resultados: después de la intervención, en el grupo de estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso se observaron cambios importantes en la comprensión del concepto de salud, salud actual y del ejercicio físico como herramienta de cuidado de la salud y la vejez. Además, se identificó un cambio significativo en el IMC de la población. Conclusiones: la estrategia de ejercicio físico desde un enfoque sanológico es factible y eficaz, debido a los cambios significativos en el pensamiento y comportamiento en la salud de estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso.

Objective: to identify the effect of the physical exercise program, of the healthy USCO institutional project with a sanological approach, on 40 overweight university students. Methodolgy: a mixed study is proposed using quantitative and qualitative methodology. Specifically, a quasiexperimental study of a single group was developed with evaluation before and after, the data was taken from the review of clinical-sanological histories of the physical exercise program, of the physical activity dimension, of the Healthy USCO project, 40 students with BMI (body mass index) between the ranges of 25 to 30 kg/ m2 were selected. An instrument called clinical-sanological history was used, it was designed, adjusted, and standardized by researchers Pedro Reyes Gaspar and Dolly Arias Torres. The data was processed through a semi-structured interview through the creation of codes, and categories with the ATLAS.ti 6.0 software, for the comparison of the BMI the Wilcoxon test was used and the effect size through Hedges' G in the SPSS program version 24. Results: after the intervention, important changes were observed in the understanding of the concept of health, current health, and physical exercise as a tool for health care and old age in a group of overweight university students. Furthermore, a significant change in the BMI of the population was identified. Conclusions: the strategy of physical exercise from a sanological approach is feasible and effective due to the significant changes in the thinking and behavior in the health of overweight university students.

Objetivo: identificar o efeito do programa de exercícios físicos do projeto institucional USCO saudável com enfoque saudável em 40 universitários com excesso de peso. Metodologia: propõe-se um estudo misto que utiliza metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. Especificamente, foi desenvolvido um estudo quase-experimental de grupo único com avaliação antes e depois, os dados foram retirados da revisão dos registros clínico-saúde do programa de exercício físico, da dimensão atividade física. Do projeto USCO Healthy, foram selecionados 40 alunos com índice de massa muscular (IMC) entre 25 e 30 kg/m2. Foi utilizado um instrumento denominado histórico clínico-saúde, desenhado, ajustado e padronizado pelos pesquisadores Pedro Reyes Gaspar e Dolly Arias Torres. Os dados foram trabalhados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, mediante criação de códigos e categorias com o programa ATLAS.ti 6.0. Para a comparação do IMC foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon e o tamanho do efeito por meio do g de Hedges no programa SPSS versão 24. Resultados: após a intervenção, no grupo de universitários com excesso de peso, foram observadas mudanças importantes na compreensão do conceito de saúde, saúde atual e exercício físico como ferramenta de cuidado à saúde e à velhice. Além disso, foi identificada uma alteração significativa no IMC da população. Conclusões: a estratégia de exercício físico sob uma abordagem de saúde é viável e eficaz, devido às mudanças significativas no pensamento e no comportamento de saúde de estudantes universitários com excesso de peso

Comparison of effectiveness between different interventions in postconcussive symptoms in adolescents and young people: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, concussion considers a problem of great magnitude, adolescents and young people being the population at risk, since it is in the process of maturation. Our goal has been to compare the effectiveness of different interventions (exercise therapy, vestibular rehabilitation and rest) in adolescents and young people with concussion. DEVELOPMENT: A bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases. Once the inclusion/exclusion criteria and the PEDro methodological scale were applied, 6 articles were reviewed. The results support the use of exercise and vestibular rehabilitation in the initial stages to reduce post-concussion symptoms. According to most authors, therapeutic physical exercise and vestibular rehabilitation report greater benefits, although a protocol that unifies assessment scales, study variables and analysis parameters would be needed to be able to make the inference in the target population. CONCLUSIóN: From the moment of hospital discharge, the combined application of exercise and vestibular rehabilitation could be the best option to reduce post-concussion symptoms.

Planetary health diet versus usual diet in adolescents. How do food and physical activity influence academic performance?

Introduction: Objective: to analyze the relationship of the similarity of planetary health diet and habitual diet with the practice of physical activity on the academic performance of adolescent high school students by gender. Method: 877 adolescents were evaluated. The diet is reviewed through the 24-hour reminder. Physical activity was classified according to type of activity, frequency, duration, and intensity using the APALQ questionnaire. The caloric intake of adolescents was compared with the proposal of the EAT-LANCET commission, and the relationship between physical activity and diet with academic performance was again established. Results: Mexican adolescents do not comply with the proposal of a planetary health diet. No relationship was found between physical activity and academic performance. On the other hand, animal proteins rich in fats are consumed doubly according to the recommendation; these and whole grains, both are inversely related to better academic performance. Conclusions: Mexican adolescents are far from consuming a planetary health diet. Physical activity was not related to academic performance, but there is an inverse relationship between fat-rich animal proteins and whole grains in relation to subjects that contribute to academic performance, which suggests that a healthy diet such as the planetary diet proposal could have an impact on environmental sustainability and favorably impact the academic performance of adolescents.

Introducción: Objetivo: analizar la relación de la similitud entre la dieta de salud planetaria y la dieta habitual con la práctica de actividad física sobre el rendimiento académico en adolescentes estudiantes de secundaria por género. Método: se evaluaron 877 adolescentes. La dieta se revisó a través del recordatorio de 24 horas. Se clasificó la actividad física según el tipo de actividad, frecuencia, duración e intensidad con el cuestionario APALQ. Se comparó la ingesta calórica de los adolescentes con la propuesta por la comisión EAT-LANCET y se establecieron relaciones entre la actividad física y la dieta con el rendimiento académico. Resultados: los adolescentes mexicanos no cumplen con la propuesta de una dieta de salud planetaria. No se encontró relación entre la actividad física y el rendimiento académico. Por otro lado, las proteínas animales ricas en grasas se consumen doblemente de acuerdo con la recomendación; estas y los cereales integrales, ambos se relacionan inversamente con un mejor rendimiento académico. Conclusiones: los adolescentes mexicanos están lejos de consumir una dieta planetaria saludable. La actividad física no se relacionó con el rendimiento académico, pero sí existe una relación inversa entre las proteínas animales ricas en grasas y los cereales integrales con relación a materias que contribuyen con el rendimiento académico, lo que sugiere que una alimentación saludable como la propuesta de la dieta planetaria podría tener impacto sobre la sostenibilidad ambiental e impactar favorablemente en el rendimiento académico de los adolescentes.

[Medical recommendations from primary care on physical exercise in the postpartum]. / Recomendaciones médicas desde atención primaria sobre ejercicio físico en el posparto.

There is evidence that demonstrates the benefits of practicing physical activity/exercise for the mother after childbirth. However, this postpartum period (PP) is often a missed opportunity in a lifetime for women to start or resume physical exercise and get the great benefits that it can bring them. The objective of this article was to analyze the benefits of physical exercise during PP; the prescription of physical exercise; recommendations on when to resume your practice; barriers and facilitators; physical exercise during breastfeeding; as well as its role in the most frequent illnesses and discomforts in this period, always keeping in mind that the work of the primary care doctor is essential to motivate and encourage women to perform physical exercise in the PP.