Localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia: a case report.

Localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia (LJSGH) is a kind of gingival hyperplasia with unique pathological manifestations. Its clinical manifestations are atypical, and the etiology and pathogenesis are unclear. No case report was reported in China. The diagnosis of this disease mainly relies on pathological testing, and recurrence may occur after treatment. The best treatment method still lacks medical evidence. This paper reports a case of LJSGH in a teenager and summarizes its clinical, pathological, and treatment through literature review. This work provides a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

A conservative approach for keratinized tissue augmentation: Report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Free gingival graft harvested from the palate is considered the most predictable method to augment the keratinized tissue (KT). However, the anatomical limitations of the palate, and associated patient morbidity and complications restrict clinicians from performing these procedures in adolescents. Color mismatch with the native tissues resulting in poor esthetic appearance is another concern. To overcome these limitations, this article reports a surgical approach known as labial gingival graft (LGG) as an alternative to palatal graft. METHODS: Two adolescent patients presenting with absence of attached gingiva and shallow gingival recession in the mandibular incisor region were treated with LGG harvested from the labial KT of teeth adjacent to those requiring KT augmentation. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated by the patients. At the final follow-up (3.5- and 2 years from baseline), a significant gain in KT with complete root coverage was achieved in both patients. Both professional and patient-centered esthetic evaluations revealed excellent color match making the grafted area imperceptible from the adjacent mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed technique was found to be simple and predictable, and was associated with minimal morbidity and no complications. Clinicians may consider performing LGG procedure when sufficient KT can be harvested from adjacent donor site. The selection of such techniques is of particular relevance in children who are vulnerable to complications associated with more invasive procedures. KEY POINTS: Why are these cases new information? To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first to present the use of labial gingival graft harvested from adjacent keratinized mucosa in adolescent patients. What are the keys to successful management of these cases? Proper case selection in terms of sufficient amount of keratinized tissue to harvest as labial gingival graft from adjacent teeth. Use of smaller instruments, small-sized needles, and sutures under magnification to minimize trauma to the tissues /graft. Preparation of an immobile periosteal bed and suturing protocol that minimizes the dead space and ensures revascularization of graft. What are the primary limitations to success in these cases? A prerequisite of the presence of thick gingiva and sufficient dimensions of KT around the adjacent teeth further limits its applicability in all cases.

Hyperspectral imaging with deep learning for quantification of tissue hemoglobin, melanin, and scattering.

Significance: Hyperspectral cameras capture spectral information at each pixel in an image. Acquired spectra can be analyzed to estimate quantities of absorbing and scattering components, but the use of traditional fitting algorithms over megapixel images can be computationally intensive. Deep learning algorithms can be trained to rapidly analyze spectral data and can potentially process hyperspectral camera data in real time. Aim: A hyperspectral camera was used to capture 1216 × 1936 pixel wide-field reflectance images of in vivo human tissue at 205 wavelength bands from 420 to 830 nm. Approach: The optical properties of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, melanin, and scattering were used with multi-layer Monte Carlo models to generate simulated diffuse reflectance spectra for 24,000 random combinations of physiologically relevant tissue components. These spectra were then used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict tissue component concentrations from an input reflectance spectrum. Results: The ANN achieved low root mean square errors in a test set of 6000 independent simulated diffuse reflectance spectra while calculating concentration values more than 4000× faster than a conventional iterative least squares approach. Conclusions: In vivo finger occlusion and gingival abrasion studies demonstrate the ability of this approach to rapidly generate high-resolution images of tissue component concentrations from a hyperspectral dataset acquired from human subjects.

Correlation Between ABO Blood Grouping and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Periodontal Diseases.

This study investigates the relationship between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and ABO blood grouping in the context of periodontal disorders. Periodontal diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions that damage the tissues supporting teeth, can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. ESR, a common hematological test indicating systemic inflammation, has been linked to the severity of periodontal disease. ABO blood grouping, a hereditary trait, is linked to a higher risk of various oral and systemic diseases. By synthesizing existing research, this study explores the potential of the connection between blood type ABO and ESR levels in individuals with periodontal disorders, examining studies that assess the distribution of ABO blood types and corresponding ESR values among periodontal patients.

Gingivectomy as a Treatment for Orthodontic-Induced Gingival Enlargement.

The side effects of an antipsychotic drug, such as fibrous overgrowth and gingival inflammation, or a combination of both, can lead to gingival enlargement. Causes for developing plaque include neglected cleanliness, architectural differences disturbing contact, faulty restorative buildup, cavities, and orthodontic appliances. Hence, in actual clinical scenarios, finding out the exact reason with precision is the key to appropriate therapeutic intervention. The presented clinical case is about a 29-year-old female patient who was referred to the Department of Periodontics due to a swollen gums complaint. The drug administration was first done, with the second step constituting surgical reduction of excessive gingival tissue under local anesthesia using gingivectomy. After the surgery, an application of GC Coe-Pack (GC America Inc., USA) was made that acted as a dressing for the tissue and promoted healing. Follow-up was done to assess the patient's gingival and periodontal conditions as requested through recall. In the post-procedure circumstances following that, the ideal gingival height was reached. All the results were healthy in the given case presentation with no remaining supra bony pockets, achieving natural-looking gingival architecture, thus enhancing esthetics and decreasing plaque accumulation. The interventions of surgical gingivectomy can be deemed effective in this case.

Volumetric changes in free gingival graft and gingival unit graft treatments evaluated using an indirect digital method.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical one-dimensional changes such as root surface coverage, decrease seen in the amount of gingival recession and keratinised gingival width (KGW) obtained throughout a 6-month follow-up period following the treatment of Cairo class II gingival recession with free gingival graft (FGG) and gingival unit graft (GUG). Three-dimensional changes in gingival volume and thickness were also compared digitally using an indirect method. METHODS: A total of 20 patients with localised Cairo class II gingival recession were randomly separated into two groups; 10 patients were treated with FGG and 10 patients treated with GUG. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, the initial position of the gingiva and KGW were recorded for all the patients and plaster models were formed from the obtained impressions with the traditional method. The plaster models were transferred to a digital environment by scanning with a model scanner. Using a software program, changes in gingival papillary height and gingival volume and thickness were compared between the groups and according to the baseline values from The Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files obtained. RESULTS: Compared to the baseline values, a significant increase was determined in the KGW, and a significant decrease in pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingiva recession depth in all the groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the changes in mean gingiva thickness, gingiva volume, and mean vertical papillary height (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The study results showed that GUG treatment for Cairo class II localised gingival recession is an effective method in respect of increasing gingiva volume and thickness, increasing KGW, coverage of the root surface, and forming tissue contours that allow the patient to easily maintain oral hygiene. However, there was not seen to be any adventage of GUG and FGG over each other.

Heterogeneity in Dental Tissue-Derived MSCs Revealed by Single-Cell RNA-seq.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent, progenitor cells that reside in tissues across the human body, including the periodontal ligament (PDL) and gingiva. They are a promising therapeutic tool for various degenerative and inflammatory diseases. However, different heterogeneity levels caused by tissue-to-tissue and donor-to-donor variability, and even intercellular differences within a given MSCs population, restrict their therapeutic potential. There are considerable efforts to decipher these heterogeneity levels using different "omics" approaches, including single-cell transcriptomics. Previous studies applied this approach to compare MSCs isolated from various tissues of different individuals, but distinguishing between donor-to-donor and tissue-to-tissue variability is still challenging. In this study, MSCs were isolated from the PDL and gingiva of 5 periodontally healthy individuals and cultured in vitro. A total of 3,844 transcriptomes were generated using single-cell mRNA sequencing. Clustering across the 2 different tissues per donor identified PDL- and gingiva-specific and tissue-spanning MSCs subpopulations with unique upregulated gene sets. Gene/pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed differences restricted to several cellular processes between tissue-specific subpopulations, indicating a limited tissue-of-origin variability in MSCs. Gene expression, pathway enrichment, and PPI network analysis across all donors' PDL- or gingiva-specific subpopulations showed significant but limited donor-to-donor differences. In conclusion, this study demonstrates tissue- and donor-specific variabilities in the transcriptome level of PDL- and gingiva-derived MSCs, which seem restricted to specific cellular processes. Identifying tissue-specific and tissue-spanning subpopulations highlights the intercellular differences in dental tissue-derived MSCs. It could be reasonable to control MSCs at a single-cell level to ensure their properties before transplantation.

Peripheral calcifying odontogenic cyst in maxillary anterior gingiva: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Calcifying odontogenic cysts (Gorlin cysts) most commonly present centrally and have only rarely been reported in peripheral locations. The purpose of this report is to describe a new case of peripheral calcifying odontogenic cyst (PCOC) occurring in the anterior maxillary gingiva and to review the management and differential diagnosis of such a lesion. METHODS: A 37-year-old female presented with a long-standing submucosal nodule on the gingiva between the maxillary central incisors, with asymptomatic growth over the last three years. Following an initial incisional biopsy, a diagnosis of PCOC was established. To exclude the possibility of a central process, a corresponding small field of view cone beam CT scan was obtained and the patient returned for a 6 mm excisional biopsy to the depth of the periosteum. RESULTS: Results of these additional assessments supported the original diagnosis of PCOC. Following uneventful healing of the second biopsy, no recurrence or other clinical findings were noted at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: While rare, the peripheral variant of calcifying odontogenic cyst, and other peripheral counterparts to recognized central cysts and tumors, should be considered in a differential diagnosis for a benign gingival nodule. Gingival tissue should be submitted for histologic evaluation to ensure a neoplastic process is not present. KEY POINTS: Various lesions may present on the gingiva as a "bump"; these can represent common clinical entities, such as pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, and fibroma, or more rare conditions that may not be adequately considered in the differential diagnosis. A rarely documented case of peripheral calcifying odontogenic cyst (PCOC; Gorlin cyst) on the maxillary anterior gingiva of an adult female is reported here and compared with the few other similar PCOC cases in the literature. A biopsy of gingival lesions is always necessary to establish the correct diagnosis and provide the appropriate treatment. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Several different lesions can appear on the gingiva (gums). Some are quite common, and some are rare. This report documents the occurrence of a new case of calcifying odontogenic cyst (Gorlin cyst), a type of cyst that has been rarely found outside the jawbone, presenting as a "bump" on the gingiva between the maxillary central incisor teeth of an adult female. Because of the patient history, a peripheral calcifying odontogenic cyst (PCOC) was not initially suspected. Following a biopsy, a PCOC diagnosis was given. The possibility of a lesion within the bone was then excluded by an X-ray (cone beam CT) scan examination. A second, more extensive biopsy confirmed the diagnosis and the removal of the lesion. The patient had no complications or recurrence for the following 12 months. This case highlights the need to always biopsy lesions presenting on the gums to obtain a proper diagnosis and provide the correct treatment.

Gingival Augmentation Using Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF)-A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: In recent years, the utilization of blood concentrates in dentistry has become increasingly prevalent. In 2014, the development of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) was achieved. One of the key benefits of i-PRF is its ability to consistently release a range of growth factors. This review aimed to determine whether i-PRF could be used for gingival augmentation. Methods: The research involved a search of the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the following search terms: ("microneedling" or "micro needling" or "injectable platelet-rich fibrin" or "i-PRF") and ("gingival augmentation" or "augmentation" or "attached gingiva" or "attached mucosa" or "soft tissue augmentation" or "KM" or "keratinized mucosa"). Results: Of the 668 results, 8 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the article. The results of the studies analyzed indicated a significant increase in gingival thickness. Furthermore, some articles demonstrated an increase in keratinized tissue width. The augmentation of the gingival thickness with i-PRF yielded no inferior results in comparison to the free gingival graft, which is the current gold standard, resulting in a superior aesthetic outcome and a reduction in postoperative discomfort. Conclusions: This systematic review allowed the authors to conclude that the use of i-PRF or hyaluronic acid may be the first step towards developing a non-surgical method of gingival augmentation.

Gene Therapeutic Drug pCMV-VEGF165 Plasmid ('Neovasculgen') Promotes Gingiva Soft Tissue Augmentation in Rabbits.

Currently, an increasing number of patients are undergoing extensive surgeries to restore the mucosa of the gums in the area of recessions. The use of a connective tissue graft from the palate is the gold standard of such surgical treatment, but complications, especially in cases of extensive defects, have led to the development of approaches using xenogeneic collagen matrices and methods to stimulate their regenerative and vasculogenic potential. This study investigated the potential of a xenogeneic scaffold derived from porcine skin Mucoderm and injections of the pCMV-VEGF165 plasmid ('Neovasculgen') to enhance soft gingival tissue volume and vascularization in an experimental model in rabbits. In vitro studies demonstrated the biocompatibility of the matrix and plasmid with gingival mesenchymal stem cells, showing no toxic effects and supporting cell viability and metabolic activity. In the in vivo experiment, the combination of Mucoderm and the pCMV-VEGF165 plasmid (0.12 mg) synergistically promoted tissue proliferation and vascularization. The thickness of soft tissues at the implantation site significantly increased with the combined application (3257.8 ± 1093.5 µm). Meanwhile, in the control group, the thickness of the submucosa was 341.8 ± 65.6 µm, and after the implantation of only Mucoderm, the thickness of the submucosa was 2041.6 ± 496.8 µm. Furthermore, when using a combination of Mucoderm and the pCMV-VEGF165 plasmid, the density and diameter of blood vessels were notably augmented, with a mean value of 226.7 ± 45.9 per 1 mm2 of tissue, while in the control group, it was only 68.3 ± 17.2 per 1 mm2 of tissue. With the application of only Mucoderm, it was 131.7 ± 37.1 per 1 mm2 of tissue, and with only the pCMV-VEGF165 plasmid, it was 145 ± 37.82 per 1 mm2 of the sample. Thus, the use of the pCMV-VEGF165 plasmid ('Neovasculgen') in combination with the xenogeneic collagen matrix Mucoderm potentiated the pro-proliferative effect of the membrane and the pro-vascularization effect of the plasmid. These results indicate the promising potential of this innovative approach for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and dentistry.

Comparison of different methods used in the classification of maxillary gingival phenotype: A diagnostic accuracy study.

AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and applicability of novel methods for determining gingival phenotypes and compare them with currently recommended methods. METHODS: Six maxillary anterior teeth from 50 systemically and periodontally healthy patients were evaluated using two conventional methods (periodontal probe translucency method [PP] and transgingival measurement with an endodontic file [EF]), and two novel methods (colored biotype probe translucency method [CBP] and transgingival measurement with a Florida probe [FP]). All data were statistically analyzed. Intra-examiner reproducibility and inter-examiner reproducibility for all methods were analyzed using 10 randomly selected patients who were re-evaluated for each analysis. RESULTS: Moderate agreement was found between EF and PP, with statistically significant differences between median gingival thickness (GT) values for thick 0.8 mm (0.5-1.1 mm) and thin 1 mm (0.6-1.7 mm) phenotypes, and a threshold GT value of ≤0.92 mm (p < .001). FP and PP also showed moderate agreement, with statistically significant differences between median GT values for thick and thin phenotypes (0.80 mm [0.40-1.60 mm] and 0.89 mm [0.40-1.60 mm], respectively), and a threshold GT value of ≤0.8 mm (p < .001). PP and CBP values showed a substantial agreement (p < .001). A statistically significant difference was found between median EF values and CBP categories (p < .001); however, paired comparisons showed that the distinction was applicable only between thin and other phenotypes. CONCLUSION: Although CBP was found to be successful in detecting the thin phenotype, it was not successful in distinguishing between medium, thick, and very thick phenotypes; moreover, it did not appear to offer any advantages over PP. Although FP may be preferable to EF in measuring gingival thickness, the cost of FP is a disadvantage.

Port-Wine Stains and Intraoral Hemangiomas: A Case Series.

Port-wine stains (PWSs), also called port-wine birthmarks or nevus flammeus, are hamartomatous vascular capillary malformations that clinically appear as erythematous areas on the buccal mucosa, vermilion border of the lip, gingiva, or pink to port-wine-colored patches on skin since birth and persist throughout life. On the face, they occur in the area supplied by the trigeminal nerve. PWSs have structural abnormalities of the intradermal capillaries. PWSs on the skin and oral mucosa contain ectatic capillaries in the dermis and submucosa, respectively. PWSs occur anywhere, and the oral mucosa is no exception. PWSs on the facial skin lead to cosmetic disfigurement and create social stigma. Clinically, PWSs start as flat, pink, or red patches and may darken, thicken, and develop nodules over time. The diagnosis of PWSs is primarily clinical. PWSs are complex vascular malformations with significant clinical, psychosocial, and therapeutic challenges. This article enlightens a series of cases of PWSs on the facial skin and capillary hemangioma on the gingiva, buccal mucosa, and lip diagnosed by a diascopy test, etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management of PWSs.

Metastatic Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Journey From the Kidney to the Gingiva.

Oral metastatic lesions are very rare and are often diagnosed at a later stage, complicating treatment. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third most frequent neoplasm to metastasize to the oral cavity, following breast and lung cancers. These metastatic lesions are usually asynchronous and develop after the initial diagnosis, affecting the overall survival rate. This report describes a known case of RCC with a growth in the mandibular gingiva. Multiple pulmonary and femoral metastases appeared five years after the initial renal lesion. The gingival growth was excised and referred for histopathological examination, which revealed a pleomorphic sarcomatoid cellular morphology. Immunohistochemistry with an array of markers led to the diagnosis of sarcomatoid RCC, a rare high-grade tumor. This case underscores the importance of detailed history-taking, interpretation of clinical findings, and emphasis on histopathological examination to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis.

Gingival phenotype classification by visual and probe visibility assessments: Relationship with thickness and probe design.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the agreement among dentists in classifying gingival phenotype (GP) through periodontal probe visibility (PPV) assessment with various probe types and the visual method. Additionally, the relationship between GP classifications and gingival thickness (GT) was evaluated. METHODS: Photographs were taken with standard periodontal probe (SPP), color-coded periodontal probe (CCPP) tips in white, green, and blue, as well as metal phenotype probe (MPP) tips in gray and black. Evaluators (periodontist, periodontics resident, endodontics resident, dental student) assessed the photographs and classified the GPs. GT was measured by trans gingival probing. RESULTS: Visual method showed poor to fair agreement to classify GP. The lowest agreement regarding PPV was noted with white-tipped CCPP. The highest agreement in singular PPV was observed with CCPP blue (κ = 0.932), followed by CCPP green (κ = 0.791), MPP black (κ = 0.783), SPP (κ = 0.730), and MPP gray (κ = 0.690). Combined PPV data revealed fair to moderate agreement with CCPP and moderate to substantial agreement with MPP in GP classification. The corresponding GT to different GP classifications based on combined PPV were comparable. The agreement between SPP and CCPP in classifying non-thin phenotypes was 89.8%, while the agreement between SPP and MPP was 75.4%. Based on PPV, no significant GT cutoff value was found to distinguish between thin and non-thin phenotypes. CONCLUSION: Determining a precise GT that guarantees the visibility of a given probe can be difficult when evaluating GP. Regardless of the type of probe, the PPV method has a high potential for misclassifying GP, despite having an acceptable agreement. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Gingival phenotype (GP) is constituted by thickness of the gums and width of keratinized tissue around teeth. Direct visual evaluation or evaluating a periodontal probe's visibility beneath gums are established techniques to classify gingival phenotype. This study investigated how dentists classify GP using visual assessments and different types of periodontal probes, while also exploring the relationship between GP classifications and gingival thickness. Results showed varied agreement among dentists in classifying GP, with lower agreement observed when using certain types of probes, notably the white-tipped phenotype probe. The highest agreement was found with the blue phenotype probe. Data from periodontal probe visibility assessments indicated fair to moderate agreement with certain probes, suggesting some inconsistency in classification methods. Interestingly, GP classification with visual assessments or probes did not correlate with gingival thickness, which may highlight the importance of considering both factors in clinical practice. These findings underline the need for attention when relying solely on visual assessments or specific probe types for accurate GP classification.

Severe Discoloration of the Alveolar Bone Secondary to Long-Term Minocycline Therapy: A Case Report.

Minocycline, the synthetic derivative of the antibiotic tetracycline, has been used for a variety of medical treatments. One such use for minocycline is for acne vulgaris. Although widely used, minocycline has a common side effect of discoloration of tissues, including bone, skin, and mucosa. This case report presents a 19-year-old female patient with a history of long-term minocycline therapy for acne vulgaris who presented for periodontal esthetic crown lengthening. The initial exam revealed a blue-gray discoloration of the mucosa. Upon surgical exploration, it was discovered that the discoloration originated from the underlying alveolar bone with minimal gingival involvement. Surgical removal and recontouring of the bony exostoses revealed that the bone remained deeply stained. Although the discolored bone was not fully removed, the patient was able to obtain an acceptable esthetic result.

Effect of Dietary Composite Probiotic Supplementation on the Microbiota of Different Oral Sites in Cats.

Probiotics demonstrated effectiveness in modulating oral microbiota and improving oral health in humans and rodents. However, its effects and applications on the oral microbiota of cats remain underexplored. Twelve healthy cats were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and a composite probiotic group (CPG) for a 42-day trial. The CPG diet included additional supplementation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and Lactobacillus casei LC-11, each at approximately 1 × 1010 CFU/kg. On days 0 and 42, microbial samples were collected from the gingiva, tooth surfaces, and tongue of all cats for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla across all oral sites. The CPG treatment enriched seven genera, such as Moraxella, Actinomyces, and Frederiksenia in the gingiva. Meanwhile, Bergeyella and Streptococcus were enriched on the tooth surfaces, while Bergeyella, Flavobacterium, and Luteimonas were enriched on the tongue. Furthermore, the composite probiotic effectively suppressed eight genera, such as Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, and Filifactor in the gingiva of CPG cats, as well as Helcococcus, Lentimicrobium, and Campylobacter on tooth surfaces, and Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Fusibacter on the tongue. These findings suggest that the composite probiotic used in this study modulates the feline oral microbiota by supporting beneficial or commensal bacteria and inhibiting oral pathogens, demonstrating potential to improve oral health in cats.

In vitro comparison of zinc-based, chlorhexidine, and essential oil mouth rinses.

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine (CHX)-based mouth rinses are frequently prescribed following periodontal surgeries. A more recently available brand of zinc-based mouth rinses advertises one of its mouth rinses as a substitute for chlorhexidine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effects of this brand of zinc-based mouth rinses on cell survival, cell motility, and gene expression of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS: HGFs were exposed to essential oil (EO), CHX, and three types of one brand of zinc-based mouth rinses designed to treat breath malodor (ZnA), dry mouth (ZnB), and gingivitis (ZnC). Each mouth rinse was tested over a range of concentrations for its effects on HGF survival and motility. Gene expression of cytokines, interleukins, and growth factors were evaluated via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as a means to assess potential influences on inflammation and wound healing. RESULTS: Cell survival was significantly decreased for CHX and ZnC at 10% dilutions (p < 0.05). For all time points, cells exposed to ZnC displayed the greatest reduction in cell motility (p < 0.05). The various mouth rinses examined differentially altered the expression of growth factor transcripts. ZnC particularly enhanced the expression of BMP-2 and FGF-2. CONCLUSION: ZnC was more cytotoxic and inhibited cell motility to a greater extent than any of the other mouth rinses. Therefore, using ZnC as an alternative to CHX could potentially have negative effects on wound healing after periodontal surgery. However, further investigation is required to confirm the clinical relevance of these in vitro findings. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: One type of zinc-based mouth rinse designed to replace chlorhexidine (often prescribed after oral surgeries) demonstrated the greatest oral cell death and reduction in cell movement when compared to other zinc-based mouth rinses. These zinc-based mouth rinses also reduced the amounts of proteins involved in regulating inflammation, potentially reducing the destruction of bone holding the teeth in place. They also changed the amounts of several molecules involved in tissue healing. It is unknown if this will speed or slow the healing of the soft tissues of the mouth.

The Impact of Orthodontic Extrusion on Keratinized Gingiva.

Background and Objectives: The key factor that enables osteoblastic activity and the formation of new bone, as well as gingiva, during orthodontic tooth extrusion (OE) is the periodontal ligament. The reaction of periodontal tissues associated with changes in the gingiva is a part of orthodontic tooth displacement. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OE on the width of the zone of the keratinized and attached gingiva, the position of the mucogingival junction, and the height of the interdental papillae in the region where the OE was performed as well as in the adjacent region. Materials and Methods: This research included 28 adult patients (both orthodontically treated and untreated). The treated group included 15 patients, in whom orthodontic extrusion of the upper or lower frontal teeth was indicated and performed. The untreated group included 13 patients, with no previous or undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with periodontal disease and periodontal pockets in the frontal region and patients allergic to iodine were excluded from the study. Gingivomorphometric measurements were performed on two occasions in three groups of teeth (24 extruded and 30 agonist teeth in the treated patients; 66 teeth in the untreated patients). Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using the software package SPSS version 26.0. Results: Orthodontic extrusion induced changes in the position of the mucogingival line and an increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva. There were no statistically significant effects on the depth of the gingival sulcus, the attached gingiva width, or the height of the interdental papillae. Conclusions: Orthodontic tooth extrusion has an effect on the periodontium in the observed region. Vertical orthodontic force, directed towards the coronal plane, affects the surrounding soft oral tissues.

Ossifying fibroma: the peripheral variant.

Introduction: Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is a solitary gingival growth thought to arise from the gingiva, periosteum or the periodontal ligament. It is a slow-growing, benign, progressive lesion that is limited in size. Case description: This article describes a case of ossifying fibroma of a peripheral variant that occurred in a 26-year-old female in the anterior region of the lower jaw and presented as a growth on the gingiva. Since it was difficult to diagnose clinically, a pathological evaluation was mandatory. Upon pathological confirmation of the diagnosis, the lesion was surgically excised up to the periosteum. This was deemed to be the required treatment yet, since the recurrence rate is high for POF (8% to 20%), the patient must be followed up yearly to check for recurrence.

Introduction: Le fibrome ossifiant périphérique (FOP) est une excroissance gingivale solitaire dont on pense qu'elle provient des gencives, du périoste ou du ligament parodontal. Il s'agit d'une lésion progressive, bénigne et à croissance lente dont la taille est limitée. Description du cas: Cet article décrit le cas d'une variante périphérique du fibrome ossifiant survenue chez une femme de 26 ans, dans la région antérieure de sa mâchoire inférieure et se présentant comme une excroissance sur la gencive. Comme il était difficile d'établir un diagnostic clinique, une évaluation pathologique a été nécessaire. Après confirmation pathologique du diagnostic, la lésion a été excisée jusqu'au périoste lors d'une opération chirurgicale. On a jugé ce traitement nécessaire, puisque le taux de récidive du FOP est élevé (entre 8 % et 20 %). La patiente doit faire l'objet d'un suivi annuel pour rechercher toute récidive éventuelle.