Characterization of 37 enological tannins using a multiple technique approach: Linear sweep voltammetry as a rapid method both for classification and determination of antioxidant properties.

In this work, 37 enological tannins of different classes were studied to investigate whether linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) could be a method to determine the family of a sample and its antioxidant capacity. A "wholistic" approach was used, combining LSV data with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), polyphenol quantification (Folin-Ciocalteu method and gravimetric analysis), antiradical activity (DPPH assay), and reducing capacity (FRAP assay). Voltammetric data were processed with statistical techniques and the results show the clustering of tannins in three different classes: ellagitannins, gallotannins, and condensed tannins. These findings were confirmed by NMR data treated with the same procedure. Finally, ellagitannins showed a high reducing capacity and gallotannins showed a high antiradical capacity. Importantly, LSV indices were shown to be significantly correlated with DPPH and FRAP parameters. Therefore, the hypothesis of LSV as a potentially useful technique to choose the most suitable tannin for a determined antioxidant purpose was successfully proved.

Influence of solution pH dependency on structure, optical with photoelectrochemical characteristics of SILAR deposited copper oxide thin films.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology is a promising approach for converting solar energy into chemical energy, offering significant potential for renewable energy applications. In this work, the CuO thin film was fabricated with different pH value in between 8.5 ± 0.1 and 10.5 ± 0.1 via Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. The Effect of pH on thickness, structural, morphological, elemental composition and optical properties were investigated by using stylus profilometry, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, UV-vis and PL. The XRD results showed that as the pH increased, the crystallite size increased from 19.24 nm to 25.62 nm, with a monoclinic phase along the (111) direction. The CuO film deposited at pH value 10.5 ± 0.1 exhibit well defined identical particle with its size in the range between 200 and 300 nm was confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis. As the pH increased from 8.5 ± 0.1 to 10.5 ± 0.1, the CuO film bandgap (Eg) value reduced from 1.52 eV to 1.42 eV with indirect transition. The CuO photocathode deposited at pH 10.5 ± 0.1 shows maximum photocurrent density of 1.45 mA/cm2 at -0.1 V vs. RHE in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution. Furthermore, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis shows, the CuO (pH 10.5 ± 0.1) electrode have higher conductivity value of 0.6862 S/cm compared CuO at pH 8.5 ± 0.1 (0.2779 S/cm) and CuO at pH 9.5 ± 0.1 (0.4646 S/cm) electrodes.

Harnessing Graphene-Modified Electrode Sensitivity for Enhanced Ciprofloxacin Detection.

Increased evidence has documented a direct association between Ciprofloxacin (CFX) intake and significant disruption to the normal functions of connective tissues, leading to severe health conditions (such as tendonitis, tendon rupture and retinal detachment). Additionally, CFX is recognized as a potential emerging pollutant, as it seems to impact both animal and human food chains, resulting in severe health implications. Consequently, there is a compelling need for the precise, swift and selective detection of this fluoroquinolone-class antibiotic. Herein, we present a novel graphene-based electrochemical sensor designed for Ciprofloxacin (CFX) detection and discuss its practical utility. The graphene material was synthesized using a relatively straightforward and cost-effective approach involving the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, through a pulsing current, in 0.05 M sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), 0.05 M boric acid (H3BO3) and 0.05 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The resulting material underwent systematic characterization using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Subsequently, it was employed in the fabrication of modified glassy carbon surfaces (EGr/GC). Linear Sweep Voltammetry studies revealed that CFX experiences an irreversible oxidation process on the sensor surface at approximately 1.05 V. Under optimal conditions, the limit of quantification was found to be 0.33 × 10-8 M, with a corresponding limit of detection of 0.1 × 10-8 M. Additionally, the developed sensor's practical suitability was assessed using commercially available pharmaceutical products.

Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP.

The corrosion behavior of a hybrid laminate consisting of laser-structured aluminum EN AW-6082 ∪ carbon fiber-reinforced polymer was investigated. Specimens were corroded in aqueous NaCl electrolyte (0.1 mol/L) over a period of up to 31 days and characterized continuously by means of scanning electron and light microscopy, supplemented by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Comparative linear sweep voltammetry was employed on the first and seventh day of the corrosion experiment. The influence of different laser morphologies and production process parameters on corrosion behavior was compared. The corrosion reaction mainly arises from the aluminum component and shows distinct differences in long-term corrosion morphology between pure EN AW-6082 and the hybrid laminate. Compared to short-term investigations, a strong influence of galvanic corrosion on the interface is assumed. No distinct influences of different laser structuring and process parameters on the corrosion behavior were detected. Weight measurements suggest a continuous loss of mass attributed to the detachment of corrosion products.

Fabrication of Tungsten Oxide Nanowalls through HFCVD for Improved Electrochemical Detection of Methylamine.

In this study, well-defined tungsten oxide (WO3) nanowall (NW) thin films were synthesized via a controlled hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique and applied for electrochemical detection of methylamine toxic substances. Herein, for the thin-film growth by HFCVD, the temperature of tungsten (W) wire was held constant at ~1450 °C and gasification was performed by heating of W wire using varied substrate temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 450 °C. At an optimized growth temperature of 400 °C, well-defined and extremely dense WO3 nanowall-like structures were developed on a Si substrate. Structural, crystallographic, and compositional characterizations confirmed that the deposited WO3 thin films possessed monoclinic crystal structures of high crystal quality. For electrochemical sensing applications, WO3 NW thin film was used as an electrode, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were measured with a wide concentration range of 20 µM~1 mM of methylamine. The fabricated electrochemical sensor achieved a sensitivity of ~183.65 µA mM-1 cm-2, a limit of detection (LOD) of ~20 µM and a quick response time of 10 s. Thus, the fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibited promising detection of methylamine with considerable stability and reproducibility.

Palladium nanoclusters as a label to determine GFAP in human serum from donors with stroke by bimodal detection: inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and linear sweep voltammetry.

Water-soluble, stable, and monodisperse palladium nanoclusters (PdNCs) were synthesized using NaBH4 as a reductant and lipoic acid as a ligand. PdNCs, measured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, showed a round shape and a diameter of 2.49 ± 0.02 nm. It was found that each PdNC contains 550 Pd atoms on average. These PdNCs offer high amplification as a label of biochemical reactions when inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used as a detector. In addition, PdNCs have catalytic activity on electrochemical reactions, allowing detection by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). As a proof of applicability, a competitive immunoassay based on PdNC labels was developed for the determination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human serum, comparing ICP-MS and LSV detection. GFAP is a biomarker for differentiating between patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). The limit of detection (LoD), corresponding to IC10 (4-parameter logistic curve), was 0.03 pM of GFAP, both by ICP-MS and LSV, being lower than the 0.31 pM LoD provided by the ELISA commercial kit. Using the error profile method, 0.03 pM and 0.11 pM LoDs were obtained respectively by ICP-MS and LSV: LoD is lower by ICP-MS due to the better precision of the measurements. The analyses of human serum samples from IS, HS, and control (CT) donors using PdNC labels and detection by ICP-MS and LSV were validated with a commercial ELISA kit (for CT donors only ICP-MS provided enough sensitivity). Results point out toward the future use of PdNCs as a label in other immunoprobes for the determination of specific proteins requiring very low LoDs as well as the development of electrochemical decentralized methodologies.

Decoupling the anodic and cathodic behavior in asymmetric electrochemical hydroiodic acid decomposition cell for hydrogen production in the iodine-sulfur thermochemical cycle.

The HI section of the iodine-sulfur (I-S) thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production is one of the most energy-intensive sections and with significant material handling challenges, primarily due to the azeotrope formation and the corrosive nature of the hydroiodic acid-iodine-water mixture (HIx). As an alternative, the single-step direct electrochemical decomposition of the hydroiodic acid (HI) to generate hydrogen can circumvent the challenges associated with the conventional multistep HI section in the I-S cycle. In this work, we present new insights into the electrochemical HI decomposition process by deconvoluting the contributions from the anodic and the cathodic sections in the electrochemical cell system, specifically, the redox reactions involved and the overpotential contribution of the individual sections (anolyte and catholyte) in the overall performance. The studies on the redox reactions indicate that the HIx solution output from the Bunsen reaction section should be used as the anolyte. In contrast, aqueous HI without any iodine (I2) should be used as the catholyte. In the anodic section, the oxidation proceeds with I2 as the final oxidized species at low bias potentials. Higher positive potentials result in iodate formation along with oxygen evolution. For the catholyte section, I2 and tri-iodide ion reduction precede the hydrogen evolution reaction when I2 is present along with HI. Furthermore, the potential required for hydrogen production becomes more negative with an increasing I2/HI ratio in the catholyte. Polarization studies were conducted with simultaneous deconvolution of the anodic and cathodic behavior in a two-compartment cell. Model fitting of the polarization data revealed that the anolyte section's activation overpotential is negligibly low. In contrast, the activation overpotential requirement of the catholyte section is higher and dictates the onset of hydrogen production in the cell. Furthermore, the catholyte section dominates the total overpotential losses in the cell system. Operation in the ohmic resistance-dominated zone resulted in close to 90% current efficiency for the electrochemical HI decomposition. The results highlight that the potential for process improvement lies in reducing the ohmic resistance of the anolyte section and in lowering the activation overpotential of hydrogen evolution in the catholyte section.

Voltammetric determination of tryptophan at graphitic carbon nitride modified carbon paste electrode.

Herein, we reported carbon paste electrode modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-CPE) to determine of tryptophan (Trp) using voltametric techniques. Various spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the as-synthesized g-C3N4 and the assembled electrodes. The transfer coefficient, rate constant and the diffusion coefficient of Trp in this system were found to be 0.28, 1.9 × 104 M-1s-1 and 3.2 × 10-5 cm2s-1, respectively. The linear range was obtained for the detection of Trp using LSV is from 0.1 µM to 120 µM at pH 5. The limit of detection (LOD) (3σ/m) was 0.085 µM. The demonstrated modified CPE was also effectively used for the detection of Trp in milk with percentage recovery of 98 %-105.2 %. Furthermore, the modified CPE exhibited good repeatability, reproducibility and appropriate selectivity.

Kinetic modeling for miniaturize single-chambered microbial fuel cell: effects of biochemical reaction on its performance.

In this study, Nernst growth model equations are used to explain the anodic biofilm (ABF) modeling, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) at various growth stages of biofilm, and polarization curve modeling for its electron generation behavior in a miniaturized single-chambered microbial fuel cell (SMFC). Kinetic constants of various growth model equations were determined using non-linear regression analysis. Maximum specific growth rate (µmax) at anodic surface is observed 0.016 h-1 at a glucose concentration of 12 g L-1, whereas retardation in µmax is observed 14 g L-1 or more in SMFC. LSV results showed maximum current density of 6720.56 mA m-2. Anode performance in SMFC is examined through polarization curve resulting maximum open-circuit voltage (OCV), minimum charge transfer loss, and ohmic loss for NWG (NiWO4 impregnated on rGO), NiWO4, rGO, and plain CC (carbon cloth) anode. These results demonstrate significant enhancement in performance of MFC to lead towards model-based process controlling for significant scale-up in future.

Electrochemical activation of oxygen vacancy-rich TiO2@MXene as high-performance electrochemical sensing platform for detecting imidacloprid in fruits and vegetables.

Heterostructured TiO2@MXene rich in oxygen vacancies defects (VO-TiO2@MXene) has been developed to construct an electrochemical sensing platform for imidacloprid (IMI) determination. For the material design, TiO2 nanoparticles were firstly in situ grown on MXene and used as a scaffolding to prevent the stack of MXene nanosheets. The obtained TiO2@MXene heterostructure displays excellent layered structure and large specific surface area. After that, electrochemical activation is utilized to treat TiO2@MXene, which greatly increases the concentration of surface oxygen vacancies (VOs), thereby remarkably enhancing the conductivity and adsorption capacity of the composite. Accordingly, the prepared VO-TiO2@MXene displays excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of IMI. Under optimum conditions, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry techniques were utilized to investigate the electrochemical behavior of IMI at the VO-TiO2@MXene/GCE. The proposed sensor based on VO-TiO2@MXene presents an obvious reduction peak at -1.05 V(vs. Hg|Hg2Cl2) with two linear ranges from 0.07 - 10.0 µM and 10.0 - 70.0 µM with a detection limit of 23.3 nM (S/N= 3). Furthermore, the sensor provides a reliable result for detecting IMI in fruit and vegetable samples with a recovery of 97.9-103% and RSD≤ 4.3%. A sensitive electrochemical sensing platform was reported for imidacloprid (IMI) determination based on heterostructured TiO2@MXene rich in oxygen vacancy defects.

Electrochemical sensing platform with gold nanoparticles capped by PDDA for benzyl alcohol determination.

An electrochemical sensor has been developed, by modifying screen-printed carbon devices (SPCE) with photochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNP), to determine benzyl alcohol, a preservative widely used in the cosmetic industry. To obtain the AuNP with the best properties for electrochemical sensing applications, the photochemical synthesis was optimized using chemometric tools. A response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize the synthesis conditions, as irradiation time, and the concentrations of metal precursor and the capping/reducing agent (poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride, PDDA). The anodic current of benzyl alcohol on SPCE modified with the AuNP was used as response of the system. The best electrochemical responses were obtained using the AuNP generated by irradiating for 18 min a 7.20 [Formula: see text] 10-4 mol L-1 AuCl4--1.7% PDDA solution. The AuNP were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and dynamic light scattering. The nanocomposite-based sensor formed by the optimal AuNP (AuNP@PDDA/SPCE) was used to determine benzyl alcohol by linear sweep voltammetry in 0.10 mol L-1 KOH. The anodic current at + 0.017 ± 0.003 V (vs. AgCl) was used as analytical signal. Detection limit obtained under these conditions was 2.8 µg mL-1. The AuNP@PDDA/SPCE was applied to determine benzyl alcohol  in cosmetic samples.

Decoration of alkalization-intercalated Ti3C2 with ZIF-8@ZIF-67-derived N-doped carbon nanocage for detecting 4-nitrophenol.

The highly effective alk-Ti3C2/bimetallic Co, Zn embedded N-doped carbon (Co-Zn-NC) composite was fabricated by a convenient self-assembled method strategy and applied to  the reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP). Co-Zn-NC nanocage was synthesized by using designed core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67 as sacrificial template. The Co-Zn-NC was prepared by pyrolysis of ZIF-8@ZIF-67 at 900 °C with high-specific surface area and hollow structure, which facilitates the dispersion of Co species and produces abundant Co-Nx active sites. In addition, the electrochemical property and specific surface area of Ti3C2 were improved by alkaline treatment. As a result, compared with alk-Ti3C2 and Co-Zn-NC, the alk-Ti3C2/Co-Zn-NC sensor showed higher activity and stability in detecting 4-NP. The alk-Ti3C2/Co-Zn-NC sensor has a wide determination range of 2-500 µM and a low detection limit of 0.23 µM for 4-NP. In addition, the newly developed alk-Ti3C2/Co-Zn-NC sensor displayed satisfactory reproducibility and  good stability in detecting 4-NP in aqueous samples.

Hydrothermally Grown MoS2 as an Efficient Electrode Material for the Fabrication of a Resorcinol Sensor.

Recently, the active surface modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) has received much attention for the development of electrochemical sensors. Nanomaterials are widely explored as surface-modifying materials. Herein, we have reported the hydrothermal synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and its electro-catalytic properties for the fabrication of a resorcinol sensor. Structural properties such as surface morphology of the prepared MoS2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and phase purity was examined by employing the powder X-ray diffraction technique. The presence of Mo and S elements in the obtained MoS2 was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Finally, the active surface of the glassy carbon electrode was modified with MoS2. This MoS2-modified glassy carbon electrode (MGC) was explored as a potential candidate for the determination of resorcinol. The fabricated MGC showed a good sensitivity of 0.79 µA/µMcm2 and a detection limit of 1.13 µM for the determination of resorcinol. This fabricated MGC also demonstrated good selectivity, and stability towards the detection of resorcinol.

Gold nanostar and graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite for serotonin detection in biological fluids and human embryonic kidney cell microenvironment.

A nanosensor comprising of gold nanostars (Au-Nstars)-graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanocomposite layered on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to detect serotonin (ST) in various body fluids has been fabricated. The nanocomposite and the sensing platform have been thoroughly characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (EDX), and electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The designed ST detection probe has achieved a linear dynamic range (LDR) in the range 5 × 10-7 and 1 × 10-3 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 15.1 nM (RSD < 3.3%). The ST detection capability of the fabricated sensor ranges between the normal and several abnormal pathophysiological situations. The sensor effectively detects ST in real matrices such as urine and blood serum, thus, showing its direct diagnostic applicability. Additionally, the sensor has been tested in the microenvironment of human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells to assess the possibility of ST secretion in cell lines. Interferences because of co-existing molecules have been evaluated, and the shelf-life of the fabricated sensor has been obtained as 8 weeks.

Ultrasensitive miRNA biosensor amplified by ladder hybridization chain reaction on triangular prism structured DNA.

Accurate and sensitive analysis of biomarkers is a promising way to provide comprehensive physio-pathological information that is significant for early diagnosis of certain diseases. miRNA is a type of noncoding small RNAs which are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. It has been regarded as an important tumor biomarker. Herein, we have constructed a three-dimensional DNA layer on electrode interface and achieved ladder hybridization chain reaction strategy for the enrichment of electrochemical signals. In addition, duplex-specific nuclease catalyzed amplification is previously performed on magnetic nanocomposites, which further improves the sensitivity for the detection of target miRNA initiator. This approach shows great molecular recognition efficiency as well as cascade signal amplification. The analytical performances are superior. In addition, the identification of cancer cell types according to target biomarker information is achieved and the testing results in clinical serum samples further demonstrate its great potential utility for diagnosis.

Study on synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid by reduction of 7-ketolithocholic acid in double aprotic solvents and molecular simulations.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is not only safer than chenodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, but also has a wide range of applications in Acute Kidney Injury and Parkinson's Disease. The purpose of this experiment is to improve the conversion rate of 7-ketocholic acid (7K-LCA) and the yield of ursodeoxycholic acid in aprotic solvents during electrochemical reduction process. Three aprotic solvents were investigated as electrolytes. 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) has a stable five-membered ring structure, and 7K-LCA has undergone two nucleophilic reactions and "Walden" inversion, the 7K-LCK was stereoselectively reduced to UDCA. Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and 1,3-methyl-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU) can be attacked by chloride ions to produce by-products. Molecular orbital theory-based simulations were conducted to study the reducibility of three aprotic solvents [hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), 1,3-methyl-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), and 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI)] in combination with experiments. Choose the best solvent based on the simulation results, the electrolysis reaction can be carried out by applying current and voltage when lithium chloride is used as electrolytes. Calculations using Materials Studio showed that Cu, Pb, Hg-Cu, and Ni exhibited the highest binding energies to the substrate in this system. Using Cu as the electrode when the solvent is a 1:1 mix of DMI and HMPA, the conversion rate of 7-ketocholic acid (could reach 98%, the yield of ursodeoxycholic acid was up to 80%. Under the same conditions, linear voltammetry was performed on the electrochemical workstation to study the electrolysis behavior, and the obtained results were consistent with the experiment.

Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electrochemically Synthesized PANI/Bimetallic Oxide Composite.

The development of a sensitive glucose monitoring system is highly important to protect human lives as high blood-glucose level-related diseases continue to rise globally. In this study, a glucose sensor based on polyaniline-bimetallic oxide (PANI-MnBaO2) was reported. PANI-MnBaO2 was electrochemically synthesized on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. The as-prepared PANI-MnBaO2 was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Glucose sensing on PANI-MnBaO2 is based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose to the glucolactone, which gives oxidation current. The oxidation potential for glucose was 0.83 V, with a limit of detection of 0.06 µM in the linear and in the concentration range of 0.05 µM-1.6 mM. The generated current densities displayed excellent stability in terms of repeatability and reproducibility with fast response. The development of a sensitive glucose sensor as obtained in the current study would ensure human health safety and protection through timely and accurate glucose detection and monitoring.

Study of MC:DN-Based Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes with Inserted Zn-Metal Complex for Energy Storage Devices with Improved Electrochemical Performance.

Stable and ionic conducting electrolytes are needed to make supercapacitors more feasible, because liquid electrolytes have leakage problems and easily undergo solvent evaporation. Polymer-based electrolytes meet the criteria, yet they lack good efficiency due to limited segmental motion. Since metal complexes have crosslinking centers that can be coordinated with the polymer segments, they are regarded as an adequate method to improve the performance of the polymer-based electrolytes. To prepare plasticized proton conducting polymer composite (PPC), a simple and successful process was used. Using a solution casting process, methylcellulose and dextran were blended and impregnated with ammonium thiocyanate and zinc metal complex. A range of electrochemical techniques were used to analyze the PPC, including transference number measurement (TNM), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The ionic conductivity of the prepared system was found to be 3.59 × 10-3 S/cm using the EIS method. The use of glycerol plasticizer improves the transport characteristics, according to the findings. The carrier species is found to have ionic mobility of 5.77 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 and diffusion coefficient of 1.48 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 for the carrier density 3.4 × 1020 cm-3. The TNM revealed that anions and cations were the predominant carriers in electrolyte systems, with an ionic transference value of 0.972. The LSV approach demonstrated that, up to 2.05 V, the film was stable, which is sufficient for energy device applications. The prepared PPC was used to create an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) device. The CV plot exhibited the absence of Faradaic peaks in the CV plot, making it practically have a rectangular form. Using the GCD experiment, the EDLC exhibited low equivalence series resistance of only 65 Ω at the first cycle. The average energy density, power density, and specific capacitance values were determined to be 15 Wh/kg, 350 W/kg, and 128 F/g, respectively.

Plasticizers and Salt Concentrations Effects on Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) for Electrochemical Applications.

This work describes the electrochemical properties of a type of PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The gel polymer electrolyte systems at a concentration of (20:80) % w/w were prepared from poly (methyl methacrylate), lithium perchlorate LiClO4 and single plasticizer propylene carbonate (PMMA-Li-PC) and a mixture of plasticizers made by propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in molar ratio 1:1, (PMMA-Li-PC-EC). Different salt concentrations (0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M) were studied. The effect of different plasticizers (single and mixed) on the properties of gel polymer electrolytes were considered. The variation of conductivity versus salt concentration, thermal properties using DSC and TGA, anodic stability and FTIR spectroscopy were used in this study. The maximum ionic conductivity of σ = 0.031 S/cm were obtained for PMMA-Li-PC-EC with a salt concentration equal to 1 M. Ion-pairing phenomena and all ion associations were observed between lithium cations, plasticizers and host polymers through FTIR spectroscopy. The anodic stability of the PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes was recorded up to 4 V. The glass temperatures of these electrolytes were estimated. We found they were dependent on the plasticization effect of plasticizers on the polymer chains and the increase of the salt concentration. Unexpectedly, it was determined that an unreacted PMMA monomer was present in the system, which appears to enhance ion conduction. The presence and possibly the addition of a monomer may be a technique for increasing ion conduction in other gel systems that warrants further study.

Design and operation of a molten salt electrochemical cell.

Molten salts such as 2LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) have been proposed as coolants for advanced nuclear fission and fusion reactors. Critical to the design, licensing and operation of these reactors is characterization and understanding of the chemical behavior and mass transport of activation and fission products, corrosion products, and other solutes in the coolant. Electrochemical techniques are a powerful suite of tools for probing these phenomena. The design of an experimental cell for molten salt electrochemistry is described herein. As a demonstration of this design, details of the experimental methods used to conduct electrochemical experiments with molten FLiBe with addition of LiH are provided. Decommissioning of the cell is considered from the point of view of decontamination and waste generated. Main features of the cell include:•Suitable for operation up to 800 °C; suitable for operation inside and outside of a glovebox.•Enables sweep gas, gas sampling and analysis; enables addition of solid and liquid materials during operation.•Supports a variety of electrode materials and arrangements.