Principales indicadores del Programa de Diagnóstico Precoz del Cáncer Cervicouterino en un hospital de Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: El cáncer cervicouterino ocupa el tercer lugar como causa de defunción por neoplasias malignas a nivel mundial, afectando principalmente a los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Hacia el 2020 se estimó una incidencia de 604 000 nuevos casos. Objetivo: Caracterizar los principales indicadores hospitalarios del Programa de Diagnóstico Precoz del Cáncer Cervicouterino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, que permitió caracterizar los principales indicadores hospitalarios del Programa en el Servicio de Patología de Cuello del Hospital General Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2020 a diciembre del 2022. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 443 mujeres. Los datos recopilados fueron analizados mediante técnicas de estadística descriptiva, expresándose en frecuencia y porcentajes. Resultados: De las mujeres estudiadas, 60,9 % presentaron lesión intraepitelial cervical de alto grado de malignidad, con 32,6 % positivo a cáncer cervicouterino. El porcentaje global de pruebas citológicas no útiles fue de 2,07 y sin células de la zona de transformación, de 4,01; ambos indicadores de calidad. Existió una alta significación en cuanto a la tasa de cobertura global de las mujeres en riesgo (K=0,615), demostrando que los resultados de la citología reflejan en gran medida los diagnósticos de la histología, con una buena concordancia. Conclusiones: La prueba citológica cérvico-vaginal sigue siendo el método diagnóstico de mayor valor para detectar neoplasia intraepitelial cervical y carcinoma en estadio precoz en grandes masas de población.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of death from malignancies worldwide, affecting mainly low- and middle-income countries. By 2020 an incidence of 604,000 new cases was estimated. Objective: To characterize the main hospital indicators of the Cervical Cancer Early Diagnosis Program. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out to characterize the main hospital indicators of the Program in the Neck Pathology Service of the General Hospital Dr. Bruno Zayas Alfonso of Santiago de Cuba, from January 2020 to December 2022. The study population consisted of 443 women. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic techniques, expressed in frequency and percentages. Results: Of the women studied, 60.9 %had cervical intraepithelial lesion of high degree of malignancy, with 32.6 % positive for cervical cancer. The overall percentage of useless cytological tests was 2.07 and no cells from the processing zone was 4.01, both quality indicators. There was a high significance in terms of the overall coverage rate of women at risk (K=0.615), showing that the results of the cytology largely reflect the diagnosis of histology, with a good agreement. Conclusions: Cervical-vaginal cytology remains the most valuable diagnostic method for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasm and early-stage carcinoma in large populations

Gestão e planejamento integrado em saúde no SUS: análise da capacidade governamental em região de saúde da Bahia / Integrated regional health management and planning in the SUS: analysis of government capacity in a health region in the state of Bahia

Resumo Este artigo objetivou analisar o grau de implantação do planejamento regional, considerando como condição traçadora os fluxos assistenciais para o câncer de colo de útero, em uma região de saúde do SUS baiano. Trata-se de um estudo avaliativo, do tipo avaliação da implantação do planejamento regionalizado em saúde, a partir de um estudo de caso da Região de Saúde de Vitória da Conquista (RSVC), Bahia. Realizaram-se 29 entrevistas com gestores e representantes da Comissão Intergestores Regional (CIR) e foram analisados 103 documentos. A matriz avaliativa subsidiou a mensuração do grau de implantação do planejamento pelos municípios, considerada incipiente, com três municípios apresentando grau intermediário (M1, M2 e M3); apenas M4 atingiu o grau avançado. Observou-se o caráter político nas tomadas de decisão persistente, preterindo-se a análise técnica e, consequentemente, não favorecendo as ações de monitoramento do acesso, que foram pontuais, e reduzindo a capacidade de controle e negociação junto aos prestadores de serviços privados. Os desafios da gestão, organização sistêmica e contexto político regional foram determinantes para a incipiente implantação do planejamento ante a incoerência entre instituições e características desfavoráveis à integração intermunicipal, sendo necessárias ações estratégicas para fortalecer a capacidade de planejamento integrado entre municípios.

Abstract This article aimed to analyze the degree of implementation of regional planning, considering care flows for cervical cancer as a defining condition, in a health region of the SUS in Bahia. This is an evaluative study, evaluating the implementation of regionalized health planning, based on a case study of the Vitória da Conquista Health Region (RSVC), state of Bahia. Twenty-nine interviews were carried out with managers and representatives of the Regional Intermanagers Commission (CIR) and 103 documents were analyzed. The evaluation matrix supported the measurement of the level of planning implementation by the municipalities, considered incipient, with three municipalities showing an intermediate level (M1, M2, and M3); only M4 reached an advanced grade. The political nature of persistent decision-making was observed, neglecting technical analysis and, consequently, not favoring access monitoring actions, which were punctual, and reducing the capacity for control and negotiation with private service providers. The challenges of management, systemic organization, and regional political context were decisive for the incipient implementation of planning given the incoherence between institutions and characteristics unfavorable to inter-municipal integration, making strategic actions necessary to strengthen the capacity for integrated planning between municipalities.

Tumor de colisión de útero. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Uterine collision tumor. Case report and review of he literature

Objetivos: Reportar el caso de una paciente con tumor de colisión del útero y realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto al diagnóstico histopatológico, tratamiento y pronóstico de esta condición. Materiales y métodos: Mujer de 76 años que consultó al centro nacional de referencia del cáncer en Bogotá (Colombia), donde se hizo el diagnóstico de tumor de colisión del útero, compuesto por un adenocarcinoma de endometrio tipo seroso y adenosarcoma de cérvix. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico más quimioterapia y radioterapia complementaria, falleció a los 16 meses. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed y Embase, que incluía reportes y series de caso de mujeres con diagnóstico de tumor de colisión del útero, y se extrajo información sobre el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico. Se realizó un resumen narrativo de los hallazgos. Resultados: La búsqueda identificó 36 títulos, de los cuales se incluyeron 14 estudios que incluían 17 pacientes. El diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma endometrioide de endometrio y sarcoma endometrial de alto y bajo grado (47 %). El tratamiento básico fue quirúrgico. Cerca del 50 % recibió tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia y radioterapia (15 %). La sobrevida a un año fue del 75 %. Conclusiones: En la literatura no se identificaron casos de tumores de colisión de útero con la histopatología y en la ubicación del caso presentado. La mortalidad a dos años es cercana al 28 % si se toma en cuenta el caso reportado. Se necesitan más estudios que describan la inmunohistoquímica, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de esta condición.

Objectives: To report the case of a patient with a uterine collision tumor and to conduct a review of the literature. Material and methods: A 76-year-old patient who presented to the national cancer referral center in Bogota (Colombia), where she was diagnosed with a uterine collision tumor consisting of a serous-type endometrial adenocarcinoma and a cervical adenosarcoma. The patient underwent surgical treatment followed by chemotherapy and supplemental radiotherapy, and died 16 months later. A search was conducted in the Medline via PubMed and Embase databases, including reports and case series of women with a diagnosis of uterine collision tumor, with retrieval of information regarding diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. A narrative summary of the findings was made. Results: The search identified 36 titles, of which 14 studies with 17 patients were included. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was endometrial adenocarcinoma and high and low grade endometrial sarcoma (47 %). Primary treatment was surgery and adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (15 %) was performed in close to 50 % of cases. One-year survival was 75 %. Conclusions: No cases of uterine collision tumors with the histopathology or in the location of the reported case were found in the literature. If this reported case is taken into account, 2-year mortality is 28 %. Further studies to describe the immunohistochemistry, treatment and prognosis of this condition are needed.

Conhecimento e comportamento das mulheres de Governador Valadares com relação ao câncer do colo do útero e seu exame preventivo / Knowledge and behavior of woman in Governador Valadares in relation to cervical cancer and its preventive examination*

Introdução: O câncer do colo uterino é um sério problema de saúde pública, mas pode ser prevenido por vacinação, rastreamento e tratamento das lesões precursoras. Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento e o comportamento das mulheres de Governador Valadares, no que diz respeito ao câncer do colo do útero e às ações relacionadas com a sua prevenção. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal de setembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, quando 202 mulheres maiores de 18 anos, foram convidadas, de forma aleatória, em locais públicos, a responder um questionário estruturado. Resultados: A idade média das mulheres que participaram do estudo foi de 31,2 anos, sendo a maioria delas solteiras e com ensino médio completo. Algumas delas (7,9%) não souberam responder o que é o câncer do colo uterino, que ele pode ser evitado (10,9%) e nem de sua relação com a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (38,1%). Além disso, 6,4% delas nunca ouviram falar do exame preventivo e 25,7% nunca o realizaram, sendo descuido (17,3%), vergonha (12,9%) e falta de tempo (7,9%) os principais motivos. A maioria (48,4%) das mulheres que já realizaram o exame o fizeram a menos de um ano e 49,5% disseram sentir-se mais confortáveis quando o profissional coletor é mulher. Para 49% um sistema de auto-coleta aumentaria a possibilidade de realizar o exame regularmente. Aproximadamente um quarto das participantes desconhecem a existência de uma vacina contra o Papilomavírus Humano e mais da metade delas não sabem que ela protege apenas contra os quatro tipos mais frequentes. Conclusão: Um número significativo de mulheres apresentou conhecimento insatisfatório sobre o câncer do colo uterino e sua prevenção, o que impacta na adesão às práticas de rastreamento e justifica o investimento em ações de educação em saúde.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a serious public health problem, but it can be prevented by vaccination, screening and treatment of precursor lesions. Objective: To verify the knowledge and behavior of women in Governador Valadares, with regard to cervical cancer and actions related to its prevention. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2019 to February 2020, when 202 women over 18 years old were invited, randomly, in public places, to answer a structured questionnaire. Results: The average age of the women who paticipated in the study was 31.2 years, most of whom was single and had completed high school. Some of them (7,9%) were unable to answer what cervical cancer is, that it can be avoided (10,9%) or its relationship with Human Papillomavirus infection (38,1%). In addition, 6,4% of them had never heard of the preventive exam and 25,7% had never taken it, with carelessness (17,3%), shame (12,9%) and lack of time (7,9%) main reasons. The majority (48,4%) of the women who had already taken the test had done so less than a year ago and 49,5% said they felt more comfortable when the collector was a woman. For 49% a self collection system would increase the possibility of performing the exam regularty. Approximately a quarter of the participants are unware of the existence of a vaccine against Human Papillomavirus and more than half of them are unaware that it only protects agains the four most common types. Conclusion: A significant number of women had unsatisfactory knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention, which impacts on their adherence to screening practices and justifies the investiment in health education actions.

Tumor de músculo liso uterino de potencial maligno incierto (STUMP): reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP): case report and literature review

Myometrial smooth muscle neoplasms are the most common gynecologic tumors with a prevalence of 70-80% at age 50. Among women undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy for a suspected diagnosis of leiomyoma, 0.01% receive a diagnosis of STUMP. Clinically, the average age of presentation is between 41-48 years. Tumors ranging from 3 to 30 cm have been described. Signs and symptoms are similar to leiomyomas, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, anemia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, pelvic mass, infertility or other types of pain secondary to compression of adjacent organs. Due to the limited literature available, there is no definite management consensus, and treatment and follow-up options are limited to observational studies. The standard treatment is total hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; if fertility has already been completed, there is no role for adjuvant hormonal therapy or chemotherapy. The overall 5-year survival is 92-100%. A case of a 31-year-old woman with STUMP is presented.

Tumor de células epitelioides perivasculares (PEComa) uterino en una paciente pediátrica: reporte de caso / Uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) in a pediatric patient: case report

El PEComa es un tumor de células epitelioides, perivascular, de origen mesenquimatoso. Estos tumores corresponden a un grupo raro de neoplasias. Hay cerca de 100 casos reportados de los que solo el 30% son de origen ginecológico y el cuerpo uterino es el sitio más frecuente. Debido a su baja frecuencia de aparición no hay una conducta médica y tratamiento establecidos, por lo cual es un reto el manejo de esta entidad. La presentación en población pediátrica es extremadamente rara, con datos limitados de su frecuencia de presentación en este grupo etario. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 13 años que consultó por dolor pélvico; se realizaron imágenes diagnósticas que documentaron una masa paraanexial derecha sólida; es llevada a cirugía obteniendo como hallazgo un tumor dependiente del cuerpo uterino cuya histología correspondía a un PEComa con características de comportamiento maligno

PEComa is a perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of mesenchymal origin. These tumors correspond to a rare group of neoplasms. About 100 cases have been reported, of which only 30% are of gynecological origin, and the uterine body is the most frequent site. Due to its low frequency of appearance, there is no established medical conduct and treatment, which is why the management of this entity is a challenge. Presentation in the pediatric population is extremely rare, with limited data on its frequency in this age group. We present the case of a 13-year-old patient who consulted for pelvic pain. Diagnostic images were performed that documented a solid right para-adnexal mass. She was taken to surgery, which evidenced a tumor dependent on the uterine body with histology corresponding to a PEComa with characteristics of malignant behavior

Variables asociadas al conocimiento y uso de citología cervicouterina en mujeres de una universidad de Cartagena, Colombia / Variables associated with the awareness and use of cervical cytology in women from a university in Cartagena (Colombia)

Introducción: Anualmente se diagnostican 500.000 casos nuevos de cáncer de cuello uterino, aproximadamente 80% ocurren en países en desarrollo. La baja incidencia de la enfermedad está relacionada con la presencia de programas de detección temprana. Objetivo: Determinar las variables sociodemográficas y familiares asociadas al conocimiento y uso adecuado de la citología cervicouterina (CCU) en mujeres de una Universidad de Cartagena. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, con 259 mujeres, estudiantes y trabajadoras de una institución universitaria. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando una encuesta sociodemográfica, una de tipología familiar y preguntas que evaluaban los conocimientos y uso de la CCU. Resultados: 42,3% (109) pertenecían a familias nucleares, seguido de 29,5% (76) a familias atípicas. El 85,3% (221) conoce la citología cervical, la principal fuente de información son las instituciones de salud 22,4% (57). El 54,12% (140) de las mujeres tenía una citología previa, y el 26,5% (67) la realiza anualmente. El Conocimiento estuvo asociado a la percepción de funcionalidad familiar, (OR 2,1245 (1,0338-4,3662). Conclusiones: La percepción de disfuncionalidad familiar es un elemento que reduce la práctica de la citología entre las mujeres estudiadas, siendo más importante esta reducción entre las mujeres de estratos más bajos y sin afiliación en salud.

Introduction: 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed yearly, 80% of which belong to developing countries. The low incidence of this disease is related to implementation of early detection programs. Objective: To determine the sociodemographic and family variables associated with the knowledge and proper use of cervical cytology (CC) in female students from a University in Cartagena. Materials and methods: An analytical study was performed on 259 female students and female employees of a university. The data was collected using sociodemographic and family typology surveys together with questions assessing knowledge and use of CC. Results: 42.3% (109) of participants belonged to nuclear families, followed by atypical families (29.5%; 67). 85.3% (221) have knowledge about cervical cytology and the main source of information being health institutions (22.4%; 57). 54.12% (140) of the female participants had a previous cytology, and 26.5% (67) did it annually. Their knowledge was associated with the perception of family functionality (OR 2.1245 (1.0338-4.3662). Conclusions: Perception of family dysfunction is an element that reduces the practice of cytology in the women studied, this decrease being more important among women from lower social strata and not being covered by health insurance.

Sarcoma del estroma endometrial de bajo grado

El sarcoma del estroma endometrial es una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente que se origina en el estroma endometrial. Puede tener varias formas de diferenciación, entre ellas del músculo liso y del cordón sexual. El sarcoma del estroma endometrial de bajo grado es un tipo de tumor endometrial raro, que constituye solo el 0,2% de todas las neoplasias uterinas. Su etiología es desconocida, pero algunos casos se asocian con obesidad, síndrome de ovario poliquístico, diabetes mellitus, menarquia temprana y terapia de sustitución de estrógenos o al tamoxifeno. La sintomatología es inespecífica, varía desde el dolor pélvico hasta el sangrado genital anormal progresivo y es difícil de reconocer por las imágenes radiológicas. En la mayoría de los casos, el diagnóstico se realiza mediante una evaluación anatomopatológica. La tinción inmunohistoquímica también puede ayudar a diferenciarlo de otras neoplasias. Por lo tanto, es importante tener un alto índice de sospecha para este tipo de neoplasia rara. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico y su seguimiento debe ser a largo plazo, debido al alto riesgo de recidivas tardías y metástasis. Se presenta un caso de sarcoma estromal endometrial de bajo grado.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm that originates in the endometrial stroma. It can have several forms of differentiation, including smooth muscle and sex cord. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is a rare type of endometrial tumor, constituting only 0.2% of all uterine neoplasms. Its etiology is unknown, but some cases are associated with obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes mellitus, early menarche, and estrogen replacement therapy or tamoxifen. Symptomatology is nonspecific, ranging from pelvic pain to progressive abnormal genital bleeding, and is difficult to recognize by radiological imaging. In most cases, the diagnosis is made by pathological evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining can also help differentiate it from other neoplasms. Therefore, it is important to have a high index of suspicion for this type of rare neoplasm. Its treatment is surgical and its follow-up should be long term, due to the high risk of late recurrences and metastasis. A case of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is presented.

Caracterização anatomopatológica de leiomiossarcomas uterinos da microrregião de Catanduva-SP / Anatomopathological aspects of uterine leimyosarcomas from the microregion of Catanduva-SP / Caracterización anatomopatológica de los leiomiosarcomas uterinos de la microrregión de Catanduva-SP

Introdução: O leiomiossarcoma é uma neoplasia maligna rara que afeta o corpo uterino. O diagnóstico definitivo ocorre por meio do exame histopatológico, que revela sua histogênese mesenquimal, a qual pode ser validada por marcadores imuno-histoquímicos de musculatura lisa ou do ciclo celular. Objetivos: Levantar a incidência de leiomiossarcomas uterinos diagnosticados pelo Serviço de Patologia do Hospital Emílio Carlos, Catanduva-SP, e descrever as variáveis anatomopatológicas de cada um deles. Material e Método: Foram avaliados os casos de leiomiossarcomas uterinos no período de janeiro de 2018 a agosto de 2021 a partir dos relatórios de exames anatomopatológicos. As variáveis relatadas envolveram idade, tamanho da lesão, grau de diferenciação, invasão linfovascular ou perineural e positividade para marcadores imuno-histoquímicos. Resultados: Encontrou-se 01 caso de leiomiossarcoma, medindo 6,5 cm, grau de diferenciação moderado, 20 mitoses para cada 10 campos de grande aumento e ausência de invasão em vasos e filetes nervosos. A imunomarcação ocorreu para actina de músculo liso, caldesmon, desmina e p16. O índice de proliferação celular medido pelo Ki67 foi alto (>25%). Conclusão: O leiomiossarcoma, embora raro, envolve uma análise criteriosa para sua diferenciação de neoplasias benignas, sendo o exame histopatológico, complementado pela imuno-histoquímica, fundamental nessa etapa. (AU)

Introduction: Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm that affects the uterine body. The definitive diagnosis occurs through histopathological examination, which reveals its mesenchymal histogenesis, which can be validated by immunohistochemical markers of smooth muscle or cell cycle. Objectives: To raise the incidence of uterine leiomyosarcomas diagnosed by the Pathology Service of the Emílio Carlos Hospital, Catanduva-SP, and describe the anatomopathological variables of each of them. Material and Method: Cases of uterine leiomyosarcomas were evaluated from January 2018 to August 2021 from the reports of anatomopathological examinations. The variables reported involved age, lesion size, degree of differentiation, lymphovascular or perineural invasion and positivity for immunohistochemical markers. Results: One case of leiomyosarcoma was found, measuring 6.5 cm, moderate degree of differentiation, 20 mitoses for every 10 fields of great increase and absence of invasion in vessels and nerve fillets. Immunostaining occurred for smooth muscle actin, caldesmon, desmin and P16. The rate of cell proliferation measured by Ki67 was high (>25%). Conclusion: The leiomyosarcoma, although rare, involves a careful analysis for its differentiation from benign neoplasms, and the histopathological examination, complemented by immunohistochemistry, is fundamental in this stage.(AU)

Introducción: El leiomiosarcoma es una neoplasia maligna rara que afecta al cuerpo uterino. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza mediante el examen histopatológico, que revela su histogénesis mesenquimal, que puede ser validada por marcadores inmunohistoquímicos de la musculatura lisa o del ciclo celular. Objetivos: Levantar la probabilidad de leiomiosarcomas uterinos diagnosticados por el Servicio de Patología del Hospital Emílio Carlos, Catanduva-SP, y describir las variables anatomopatológicas de cada uno de ellos. Material y Método: Se evaluaron los casos de leiomiosarcomas uterinos en el período comprendido entre enero de 2018 y agosto de 2021 a partir de los info rmes de examen anatomopatológico. Las variables reportadas fueron la edad, el tamaño de la lesión, el grado de diferenciación, la invasión linfovascular o perineural y la positividad de los marcadores inmunohistoquímicos. Resultados: Encontramos 01 caso de leiomiosarcoma, con un tamaño de 6,5 cm, un grado de diferencia moderado, 20 mitosis por cada 10 campos de gran aumento y ausencia de invasión en vasos y filetes nerviosos. La inmunomarcación se dio para la actina del músculo liso, el caldesmón, la desmina y la p16...(AU)

Leiomioma disecante cotiledóneo del útero / Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus

RESUMEN Los tumores benignos de músculo liso son los tumores más frecuentes en el aparato genital femenino. El leiomioma disecante cotiledóneo del útero es una variante rara de leiomioma benigno, que presenta patrones de crecimiento inusuales y comparte algunas características con otras variantes de leiomioma disecante. Tiene un patrón de crecimiento inusual caracterizado por disección intramural dentro del miometrio y con apariencia similar de sus componentes extrauterinos a los cotiledones placentarios. Su aspecto sarcomatoide y carácter inusual dan la impresión de malignidad. El diagnóstico se realiza por los hallazgos histopatológicos característicos de la lesión. Se presenta un caso de leiomioma disecante cotiledóneo del útero.

ABSTRACT Benign smooth muscle tumors are the most common tumors in the female genital tract. Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus is a rare variant of benign leiomyoma, which presents unusual growth patterns and shares some features with other variants of dissecting leiomyoma. It has an unusual growth pattern characterized by intramural dissection within the myometrium and with similar appearance of its extrauterine components to placental cotyledons. Its sarcomatoid appearance and unusual character give the impression of malignancy. The diagnosis is made by the characteristic histopathologic findings of the lesion. A case of cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus is presented.

Tumor mülleriano mixto maligno / Malignant mixed müllerian tumor

RESUMEN Introducción: El tumor mülleriano mixto maligno es una neoplasia uterina infrecuente, agresiva y se caracteriza por su histología por contener elementos malignos sarcomatosos y carcinomatosos. Objetivo: Describir un caso de tumor mülleriano mixto maligno y revisar la literatura sobre el tema. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 63 años de edad, color de la piel negra, obesa e hipertensa con tratamiento, antecedentes de mastectomía derecha seis meses atrás, acudió a consulta por presentar aumento de volumen abdominal, dolor en bajo vientre y sangramiento uterino. Con la administración de anestesia combinada (general orotraqueal y regional epidural continua) se resecó un fibroma uterino gigante y se confirmó el diagnóstico de un tumor mülleriano mixto maligno. Conclusiones: El tumor mülleriano mixto maligno se debe sospechar en mujeres de edad avanzada con sangrado genital acompañado de masa pélvica. El estudio anatomopatológico es de elección para el diagnóstico definitivo de esta neoplasia rara y muy agresiva. La cirugía, la radioterapia y la quimioterapia son las opciones terapéuticas más aceptadas, sin embargo, en mujeres con tumor en estadios avanzados, independiente del tratamiento proporcionado, la tasa de supervivencia es corta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The malignant mixed müllerian tumor is an infrequent, aggressive uterine neoplasm and is histologically characterized by containing sarcomatous and carcinomatous malignant elements. Objective: To describe a case of a malignant mixed Müllerian tumor and to review the literature on the subject. Case report: A 63-year-old black female patient, obese and hypertensive under treatment, with a history of right mastectomy six months ago, who was consulted due to increased abdominal volume, lower abdominal pain and uterine bleeding. With the administration of combined anesthesia (general orotracheal and continuous epidural regional) a giant uterine fibroid was resected and the diagnosis of a malignant mixed Müllerian tumor was confirmed. Conclusions: Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor should be suspected in elderly women with genital bleeding accompanied by a pelvic mass. The pathological study is of choice for the definitive diagnosis of this rare and potentially aggressive neoplasm. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the most accepted therapeutic options, however, in women with advanced stage tumors, regardless of the treatment provided, the survival rate is short.

Efectos secundarios de las terapias oncológicas en pacientes con cáncer de cérvix / Side effects of cancer therapies in cervical cancer patients / Efeitos colaterais das terapias oncológicas em pacientes com câncer de colo do útero

Objetivo: Determinar los efectos secundarios de las terapias oncológicas en pacientes con cáncer de cérvix en una unidad oncológica de Neiva Huila, durante el 2017. Metodología: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal, basado en la revisión de fuentes secundarias, como son las historias clínicas de las pacientes con cáncer de cér-vix que estuvieron en tratamiento oncológico y que desarrollaron efectos secundarios a las terapias oncológicas. La muestra se conformó con 75 pacientes, la cual se obtuvo a través un muestreo no proba¬bilístico por conveniencia, previo al cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos para el estudio. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, se identificaron 75 pacientes que desarrollaron efectos secundarios atribuidos a las terapias oncológicas. La edad en promedio fue de 49 años. En el grupo de 35-54 años, se presentó el mayor número de los casos con un 53,3% (IC 95%: 42,1-64,1). La radioterapia concomitante con quimioterapéuticos ocupó el primer lugar entre las terapias oncológicas con mayores efectos secundarios en el 63% (IC 95%: 51,3-72,7) de las pacientes. El sistema gastroin-testinal presentó mayores efectos secundarios en el 95% (IC 95%: 87,0-97,9) de los casos. Conclusiones: Durante las consultas de seguimiento a riesgos, se identificó que las pacientes manifestaron sensaciones molestas a nivel gastrointestinal como: náuseas, emesis y diarrea, dado que la mucosa intestinal es más susceptible a las alteraciones generadas por la radiación y los quimioterapéuticos, por el alto recambio celular presentado en estos órganos.

Objective: Determine the side effects of cancer therapies in cervical cancer patients in an oncology unit of Neiva Huila during 2017. Methodology: Observational, retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study, based on the revision of secondary sources, such as the medical records of cervical cancer patients who were in cancer treatment and who de-veloped adverse effects on cancer therapies. The sample consisted of 75 patients, which were obtained through non-probabilistic sampling for convenience, prior to compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria defined for the study. Results: During the study pe-riod, 75 patients who developed side effects attributed to oncology therapies were iden-tified, the age on average was 49 years. In the 35­54-year group, the highest number of cases was presented with 53.3% (95% CI: 42.1-64.1). Concomitant radiation therapy with chemotherapeutics took the first place among cancer therapies with the greatest side ef-fects in 63% (95% CI: 51.3-72.7) of patients. The gastrointestinal system had the greatest side effects in 95% (95% CI: 87.0-97.9) of cases. Conclusions: During follow-up visits to risks, patients were identified as showing bothersome sensations at the gastrointestinal level such as: nausea, emesis and diarrhea, since the intestinal mucosa is more suscepti-ble to alterations generated by radiation and chemotherapeutics, by the high cell replace-ment presented in these organs. Cancer treatments should point to greater tumor control.

Objetivo: determinar os efeitos colaterais das terapias oncológicas em pacientes com câncer do colo do útero numa unidade oncológica de Neiva-Huila, durante 2017. Materiais e méto-dos: estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo, transversal, baseado na revisão de fontes secundarias como prontuários médicos das pacientes com câncer do colo do útero que esti-veram em tratamento oncológico e que desenvolveram efeitos colaterais a terapias oncológi-cas. A amostra foi de 75 mulheres, estudadas de forma não probabilística por conveniência, prévio cumprimento dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos para o estudo. Resultados: foram estudadas 75 pacientes que desenvolveram efeitos colaterais em decorrência de tera-pias oncológicas. A media da idade foi de 49 anos. No grupo de 35-54 anos apresentaram-se o maior número dos casos (53,3%; IC95%: 42,1-64,1). A radioterapia conjuntamente ad-ministrada com quimioterápicos ocupou o primeiro lugar entre as terapias oncológicas com maiores efeitos colaterais nas pacientes (63%; IC 95%: 51,3-72,7). O trato gastrointestinal apresentou a maior frequência dos efeitos com sintomas e sinais como: enjoo, vômitos e diar-reia, principalmente pela mucosa intestinal ser a mais susceptível às alterações geradas pela radiação e quimioterápicos, pelo alta atividade celular desses órgãos

Clinicopathological study of cystic and atypical uterine leiomyoma: a rare entity / Estudo clinicopatológico de leiomioma uterino atípico e cístico: uma entidade rara

ABSTRACT A 43-years-old Brazilian woman, Caucasian, premenopausal, was attended with a history of lower abdominal pain, distension, and bleeding. Pelvic and transvaginal ultrasound revealed an enlarged uterus with a large, well-defined, uniformly hyperechoic lesion. The patient underwent total hysterectomy and the specimen was sent for anatomopathological evaluation. The histopathological analyses revealed a leiomyoma with extensive cystic degeneration and atypical characteristics, the immunohistochemical study confirmed the benignity of the case. The finding of atypical leiomyoma with cystic degeneration is rare and should be carefully evaluated to exclude malignant diseases.

RESUMEN Mujer brasileña de 43 años, caucásica, premenopáusica, fue atendida con antecedentes de dolor abdominal bajo, distensión y menorragias. La ecografía pélvica y transvaginal reveló un útero agrandado con una lesión grande, bien definida y uniformemente hiperecoica. La paciente fue sometida a histerectomía total y la pieza fue enviada para evaluación anatomo-patológica. Los análisis histopatológicos revelaron un leiomioma con degeneración quística extensa de características atípicas y la inmunohistoquímica confirmó la benignidad del caso. El hallazgo de un leiomioma atípico con degeneración quística es raro y debe evaluarse cuidadosamente para descartar enfermedades malignas.

RESUMO Mulher brasileira, 43 anos de idade, caucasiana, na pré-menopausa, foi atendida devido a história de dor em abdômen inferior, distensão e sangramento. A ultrassonografia pélvica e transvaginal revelou útero aumentado com grande lesão hiperecoica, bem definida e uniforme. A paciente foi submetida à histerectomia total, e a amostra foi enviada para avaliação anatomopatológica. A análise histopatológica revelou quadro de leiomioma com degeneração cística extensa e características atípicas; o estudo imuno-histoquímico confirmou a benignidade do caso. O achado de leiomioma atípico com degeneração cística é raro e deve ser cuidadosamente avaliado para excluir doenças malignas.

Teste de micronúcleo para detecção de instabilidade genômica em lesão cervical por papilomavírus humano / Prueba de micronúcleo para detectar inestabilidad genómica en lesión cervical por virus del papiloma humano / Micronucleus test to detect genomic instability in cervical lesion by human papillomavirus

Objetivo: analisar a produção científica acerca do teste de micronúcleo como instrumento para detecção de instabilidade genômica e dos fatores de risco para lesão intraepitelial cervical em pacientes com papilomavírus humano. Método: revisão integrativa de publicações dos últimos 10 anos, realizada no período de agosto de 2017 a junho de 2018, através da Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e PubMed Central. Resultados: quatro artigos foram analisados em que o teste de micronúcleo foi utilizado para detectar instabilidade genômica e risco de lesão intraepitelial cervical e seis artigos como biomarcador em diferentes estágios pré-neoplásicos, neoplásicos em lesões intraepiteliais e fatores de risco para o câncer cervical. Conclusões: o teste de micronúcleo é um método simples, rápido, barato e importante para detectar instabilidade genômica em células intraepiteliais cervicais que apresentam lesão sugestiva para o câncer de colo uterino.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the scientific production about the micronucleus test as an instrument for detecting genomic instability and risk factors for cervical intraepithelial injury in patients with human papillomavirus. Method: integrative review of publications from the last 10 years, carried out from August 2017 to June 2018, through Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences and PubMed Central. Results: four articles were analyzed in which the micronucleus test was used to detect genomic instability and risk of cervical intraepithelial injury and in six articles as a biomarker in different pre-neoplastic stages, neoplastic in intraepithelial injuries and risk factors for cervical cancer. Conclusions: the micronucleus test is a simple, fast, inexpensive and important method to detect genomic instability in cervical intraepithelial cells that present lesions suggestive of cervical cancer.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la producción científica sobre la prueba de micronúcleos como instrumento para detectar la inestabilidad genómica y los factores de riesgo de lesión intraepitelial cervical en pacientes con virus del papiloma humano. Método: revisión integradora de publicaciones de los últimos 10 años, realizada desde agosto de 2017 hasta junio de 2018, a través de la Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud y PubMed Central. Resultados: se analizaron cuatro artículos en los que se utilizó la prueba de micronúcleos para detectar la inestabilidad genómica y el riesgo de lesión intraepitelial cervical y en seis artículos como biomarcador en diferentes etapas preneoplásicas, neoplásico en lesiones intraepiteliales y factores de riesgo de cáncer cervical. Conclusiones: la prueba de micronúcleos es un método simple, rápido, económico e importante para detectar la inestabilidad genómica en células intraepiteliales cervicales que presentan lesiones sugestivas de cáncer cervical.(AU)

[Social integration and gynecologic cancer screening of immigrant women in Spain]. / Integración social y cribado del cáncer ginecológico de las mujeres inmigrantes en España.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between immigrant status and performance of pap-smear and mammography, and to study the potential effect of social integration on that association. METHOD: Secondary analysis of the National Health Survey of Spain 2012. Individual data from 8944 women aged 18-75 were analyzed. Dependent variables were the performance of pap-smear tests and mammographies according to the guidelines of the state of residence. The level of integration in Spain was estimated through perceived social support (Duke-UNC scale) and the number of years living in Spain. Logistic regressions were used in order to obtain odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), adjusted for confounders (sociodemographic and health-status). RESULTS: Compared to natives, immigrant women were more likely to not adhere to cervical cancer screening (OR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.06-1.63) or breast cancer screening (OR:=3.13; 95%CI: 2.14-4.58). Additional adjustment by social support and length of residence in Spain attenuated the association, consequently losing statistical significance (OR: 1.08, 95%CI: .77-1.52 for pap-smear; OR: 1.62, 95%CI: .97-2.74 for mammographies). CONCLUSIONS: The probability of participating in the screening programs for gynecological cancer was lower if women were born abroad. Perceived social support and time living in Spain of immigrant women explained to a large extent the differences between immigrants and natives.

Mioma intraligamentario de gran tamaño en una adolescente / Intra-ligamentary leiomyoma of giant elements in adolescent patient

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Los leiomiomas uterinos son los tumores benignos ginecológicos más frecuentes en las mujeres en edad reproductiva; por tanto, son extremadamente raros en las adolescentes (menos de 1%) y solo se encuentran reportes de caso en la bibliografía. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 16 años, con tumor suprapúbico de rápido crecimiento, acompañado de dolor abdominal generalizado, enviada a la unidad médica con diagnóstico de miomatosis uterina para descartar su malignidad. El ultrasonido pélvico reportó múltiples lesiones hipoecoicas diseminadas en el miometrio, similares a metástasis. La tomografía abdomino-pélvica informó hepatomegalia, a expensas del lóbulo izquierdo y leiomiomas intramurales de medianos y grandes elementos; los marcadores tumorales se encontraron en límites normales. En la laparotomía se encontró una tumoración interligamentaria izquierda de 25 cm; el estudio histopatológico reportó: leiomioma uterino de patrón histológico convencional. CONCLUSIONES: El cuadro clínico de los leiomiomas en adolescentes representa un reto clínico por la edad, signos, síntomas y necesidad de preservación de la función reproductiva, aspectos decisivos a la hora de decidir el tratamiento.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The uterine leiomyomas are the most common gynecological benign tumors in fertile females; however, they are very rare in adolescents (less than 1%) and there are only a few reports in the literature. CLINICAL CASE: A 16-year-old patient with a fast-growing suprapubic tumor, accompanied by generalized abdominal pain, sent to the hospital with diagnosis of pelvic tumor probable uterine miomatosis, to rule out malignant tumor. Pelvic ultrasound was performed with a report of multiple disseminated hypoechoic lesions in myometrium giving appearance of metastasis, without being the characteristic images of myomas, pelvic abdominal tomography reported hepatomegaly of the left lobe, intramural leiomyomas of medium and large elements, tumor markers within normal limits. The laparotomy was performed, left intraligamentary myoma of giant elements was located; and the histopathological study reported uterine leiomyoma of conventional histological pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical of leiomyomas in adolescent patients represents a challenge for the gynecologist. The age, symptomatology, and preservation of reproductive function are important aspects to decide the therapeutic regimen.

Incidencia de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical en pacientes que acuden a la Clínica de Patología de Cérvix en un hospital de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, durante el período enero-diciembre 2014 / Incidence rates of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among patients that attend a Cervical Pathology Clinic in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from January to December 2014

Introducción: las neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales (NIC) son lesiones precursoras del cáncer de cérvix. Aproximadamente cada año se registran 527,600 nuevos casos, posicionándolo como el segundo cáncer más frecuente y la segunda causa mundial de muerte por cáncer en la mujer. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de NIC en pacientes que acudieron a una Clínica de Patología de Cérvix de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal en el cual se revisaron las historias médicas de 144 pacientes en riesgo de ser diagnosticadas con NIC durante el periodo. Resultados: la incidencia de NIC fue de 40.97 % (N=144). La NIC I fue el diagnóstico más frecuente con un 93.22 % (N=59), seguido 6.78 % con NIC II (N=59). Hubo una mayor frecuencia de NIC en las edades entre los 30 y 59 años (72.88 %, N=59). 62.71 % (N=59) presentó infección

Introduction: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) are precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Every year there are approximately 527,600 new cases, ranking cervical cancer as the second most frequent cause of cancer and the second cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Objective: Determine the incidence of CIN among patients that attend a cervical pathology clinic in Santo Domingo. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study in which 144 medical histories of patients in risk of being diagnosed with CIN during the study period were studied. Results: The incidence of CIN was 40.97% (N=144). The majority of cases were diagnosed with CIN I, for a total of 93.22% (N=59), followed by 6.78% diagnosed with CIN II (N=59). A higher frequency of CIN was found between the ages of 30 and 59 (72.88%, N=59). 62.71%

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado del cuello uterino / Diagnosis and treatment of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of uterine cervix

INTRODUCCIÓN. El cáncer cérvico-uterino tiene una fase precursora de larga duración, pues debe pasar por varios estados previos al cáncer invasivo, denominados lesiones intraepiteliales, de bajo y de alto grado, que pueden transformarse en lesiones malignas. La importancia de un diagnóstico oportuno y certero de las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado radica en que, si son tratadas de manera oportuna, son ciento por ciento curables. OBJETIVO. Proporcionar información actualizada sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones precursoras de cáncer de cérvix y ayudar a los profesionales en la toma de decisiones médicas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio de revisión de 45 artículos científicos la gran mayoría de la última década y, unos pocos, con datos históricos vigentes sobre lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado del cuello uterino. La búsqueda se realizó en MedLine, PLoS y Scielo utilizando los términos tamizaje, neoplasias uterinas, lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de cuello uterino y tratamiento. RESULTADOS. Los artículos científicos fueron seleccionados por niveles de evidencia 1 y 2, con recomendaciones A y B. Las recomendaciones de inicio de tamizaje han cambiado y el manejo toma en cuenta el riesgo acumulado por tipo de lesión. El tratamiento, en la mayoría de casos, es la escisión y resulta definitivo. CONCLUSIÓN. El diagnóstico sigue siendo cito-colpo-histológico y el tratamiento depende de la edad de la paciente, pudiendo las posibilidades ir de la observación hasta la escisión quirúrgica y, en casos específicos, la histerectomía.

INTRODUCTION. Cervical-uterine cancer has a long-term precursor phase, as it must go through several states prior to invasive cancer, called intraepithelial lesions, low and high grade, which can become malignant lesions. The importance of a timely and accurate diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions is that, if treated in a timely manner, they are one hundred percent curable. OBJECTIVE. Provide updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of precursor lesions of cervical cancer and assist professionals in medical decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Review study of 45 scientific articles the vast majority of the last decade and, a few, with current historical data on high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. The search was conducted in MedLine, PLoS and Scielo using the terms screening, uterine neoplasms, squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix and treatment. RESULTS. The scientific articles were selected by levels of evidence 1 and 2, with recommendations A and B. The recommendations for starting screening have changed and management takes into account the accumulated risk by type of injury. The treatment, in most cases, is excision and is definitive. CONCLUSION. The diagnosis is still cyto-histological and the treatment depends on the age of the patient, and the possibilities may range from observation to surgical excision and, in specific cases, hysterectomy.

Ampliando sentidos e partilhando cuidado: grupo de suporte para mulheres em tratamento oncológico / [Expanding meanings and sharing care: support group for women undergoing cancer treatment]

O artigo teve como objetivo discutir o trabalho com grupos enquanto potente espaço de acolhimento, produção de cuidado e promoção de saúde em oncologia, tendo como referência teorico-metodológica o Construcionismo e a Poética Social. Foi feito um estudo qualitativo, de observação participante, do Grupo de Suporte Psicológico Pré-radioterapia para mulheres no Hospital do Câncer II, no Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), no Rio de Janeiro, de junho a agosto de 2018. Foram observados quatro grupos, totalizando 20 participantes, todas em tratamento oncológico (para câncer de colo de útero e endométrio). As potências identificadas no trabalho com o grupo foram: a coletivização do cuidado, ampliação de estratégias e recursos, acolhimento do sofrimento, valorização de diferentes vivências, conversações mais colaborativas e a pluralidade de vozes. Assim, o trabalho com grupos mostra-se valioso do ponto de vista clínico e político, devendo ser mais explorado nas práticas e pesquisas no campo da saúde e oncologia.

The goal of the article was to discuss the use of groups as a powerful device to offer hospitality, to produce care and to promote health in oncology, using Constructionism and Social Poetics as the theoretical framework. This is a qualitative research with observant participation that studied the Pre-radiotherapy Psychological Support Group for women in the Hospital do Câncer II, part of the Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), in Rio de Janeiro, between June and August 2018. Four groups were selected, with a total of 20 participants, all undergoing gynecological cancer treatment (for cervical and endometrial cancer). The results showed that the strengths of working with groups were: more collective care, amplifying strategies and resources, embracing suffering, valuing different experiences, collective conversations and plural voices. Support groups are valuable clinical and political tools to be further explored in health and oncology practices and research.