Modifiable dementia risk factors associated with objective and subjective cognition.

INTRODUCTION: Early detection of both objective and subjective cognitive impairment is important. Subjective complaints in healthy individuals can precede objective deficits. However, the differential associations of objective and subjective cognition with modifiable dementia risk factors are unclear. METHODS: We gathered a large cross-sectional sample (N = 3327, age 18 to 84) via a smartphone app and quantified the associations of 13 risk factors with subjective memory problems and three objective measures of executive function (visual working memory, cognitive flexibility, model-based planning). RESULTS: Depression, socioeconomic status, hearing handicap, loneliness, education, smoking, tinnitus, little exercise, small social network, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension were all associated with impairments in at least one cognitive measure. Subjective memory had the strongest link to most factors; these associations persisted after controlling for depression. Age mostly did not moderate these associations. DISCUSSION: Subjective cognition was more sensitive to self-report risk factors than objective cognition. Smartphones could facilitate detecting the earliest cognitive impairments. HIGHLIGHTS: Smartphone assessments of cognition were sensitive to dementia risk factors. Subjective cognition had stronger links to most factors than did objective cognition. These associations were not fully explained by depression. These associations were largely consistent across the lifespan.

Psychological predictors of incident subjective cognitive complaints in community dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) is associated with future cognitive decline and may be a marker for clinical intervention in the progression to dementia. Among the viable predictors of SCC, psychological factors are clinically relevant, non-invasive early indicators of older adults at elevated risk.    This aim of this study is to determine whether psychological symptoms: dysphoria and apathy precede incident SCC in the dementia pathway. METHODS: Participants (n = 592) enrolled in the Central Control of Mobility in Aging Study were includes in the analyses, with prevalent cases excluded. Apathy and dysphoria scale scores were derived using confirmatory factor analysis of the Geriatric Depressive Scale. Cox regression analyses was used to determine the association between apathy and dysphoria scores and incident SCC. RESULTS: Over a mean follow up of 1.90 years, 44 individuals (9.26%) developed incident SCC. Baseline apathy scale score was significantly associated with 4-fold increased risk of SCC (HR 4.39, 95%CI: 1.32-14.67), adjusted for cognition but not age and dysphoria scale score. Baseline dysphoria scale score was not associated with increased risk of SCC in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION: In this longitudinal analysis of community dwelling older adults, apathy was associated with an increased risk of SCC, when adjusting for cognition but not dysphoria. Finally, this study highlights apathy as an early risk factor, which may precede SCC in the progression to dementia and consequently, may identify a high risk group for clinical screening and intervention.

Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Anecdotal Descriptions of Postoperative Cognitive Decline: Missing Pieces of the Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorder Puzzle.

Postoperative cognitive recovery is deeply important to patients and perioperative clinicians. Despite decades of data on "postoperative cognitive decline" (POCD), a research diagnosis based on objective cognitive test performance, perspectives on subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) after modern surgery/anesthesia have not been systematically collected or studied despite their recent inclusion in the 2018 redefinition of "postoperative neurocognitive disorder." The authors describe the alignment between SCC anecdotes and the research diagnosis of POCD, contextualizing these findings using recent literature within and outside anesthesiology. This article prepares anesthesiologists to discuss what is, and is not, known about subjective cognitive recovery after surgery/anesthesia.

Long Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Participants with Post-COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and characterize the cognitive changes in COVID-19 participants at 6-month follow-up, and to explore a possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance and disease severity. METHODS: This single-center longitudinal cohort study included participants aged 20 and 60 years old to exclude cognitive impairment age-associated with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The initial evaluation occurred 10 to 30 days after hospital or ambulatory discharge, with a subsequent follow-up at 6 months. Patients who had a history of cognitive impairment, neurological conditions, or serious psychiatric disorders were not included. Information on demographics and laboratory results was gathered from medical records. Cognitive outcomes were assessed with a neuropsychological battery including attention, verbal and visual memory, language and executive function tests. RESULTS: A total of 200 participants were included in the study, and 108 completed the follow-up visit. At the 6-month follow-up, comparing the means from baseline with those of the follow-up evaluation, significant overall improvement was observed in verbal and visual memory subtests (p = 0.001), processing speed (p = 0.001), executive function (p = 0.028; p = 0.016) and naming (p = 0.001), independently of disease severity and cognitive complaints. Anxiety and depression were significantly higher in groups with Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC) compared to those without (p < 0.01 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent symptoms are common regardless of disease severity and are often linked to cognitive complaints. Six months after COVID-19, the most frequently reported symptoms included headache, dyspnea, fatigue, cognitive complaints, anxiety, and depression. No cognitive impairment was found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Overall, neuropsychological and psychopathological improvement was observed at 6 months regardless of disease severity and cognitive complaints.

Association between Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Sleep Disturbance among Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals in Japan.

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) are a crucial modifiable risk factor for dementia. There is increasing interest in the association between SCC and sleep disturbance; however, the effects of sleep disturbance on SCC development among community-dwelling elderly individuals in Japan remain unclear. We aimed to cross-sectionally investigate the association between SCC and sleep disturbance, with adjustment for multiple factors related to cognitive decline, among 241 community-dwelling elderly persons without cognitive impairment. The measures were SCCs (Kihon Checklist-Cognitive Function, KCL-CF), sleep disturbance (Japanese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS-J), general cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), and depressive symptoms (five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS-5]). The following data were collected: sex, age, educational history, whether the participants had visited a medical institution for diseases (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease), and the presence/absence of established risk factors (hearing loss, history of head injury, drinking habits, smoking habits, social isolation, and physical inactivity and activity). Based on the KCL-CF, 96 and 145 participants were considered to have and lack SCCs, respectively. On logistic regression analysis, the AIS-J score and smoking history were significantly associated with SCCs. Our findings suggest that sleep disturbance is associated with SCC development among community-dwelling elderly people in Japan. Evaluating and managing sleep disturbances can be important in preventing SCCs and dementia.

Compensatory strategy use in diverse older adults with subjective cognitive complaints.

OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and compensatory strategy (CS) use in a diverse sample of non-Latinx White (NLW), Black, and Latinx American older adults. METHOD: 807 older adults (Mage = 65.38, 62.7% female) were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and Qualtrics Panel to complete questionnaires on SCC and CS use. Kruskall-Wallis tests were used to evaluate differences in SCC across groups given non-normal distributions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate group differences in CS use. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to examine whether demographic factors moderated the relationship between SCC and CS use. RESULTS: NLWs reported higher levels of SCC and greater overall use of CS in comparison to Latinx and Black individuals. Several demographic and psychosocial factors including age, ethno-racial group, education, and anxiety level were found to be associated with CS use. Education was found to moderate the association between SCC and CS use. CONCLUSION: Inconsistent with prior studies, our study found that NLWs reported the highest levels of SCC. CS were used across all racial/ethnic groups, but the frequency of CS use may be impacted by education level. While all education groups increased their CS in response to higher levels of SCC, this increase was more substantial for those with lower levels of education. Future work should consider individuals' cultural and educational background when examining SCC and/or developing CS-based intervention for the aging population.

Exploring the Cognitive Profiles of Haemodialysis Patients using Objective and Subjective Indicators: A Cross-sectional Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is common in haemodialysis patients and associated with adverse health outcomes. Previous work focused primarily on neuropsychological tests, the gold standard measure of cognition. However, these tests reflect performance under optimal conditions rather than performance in everyday life. This study aims to assess both objective and subjective cognition in haemodialysis patients. METHODS: Adult haemodialysis patients completed measures of objective cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), subjective cognitive complaints, mood and fatigue symptoms, and provided sociodemographic information. Clinical data such as comorbidity were extracted from patients' medical record. RESULTS: A total of 268 haemodialysis patients (mean age = 59.87 years; 42.5% female) participated. Only 25.0% of the sample had normal cognition, while the rest had either objective cognitive impairments or clinically significant cognitive complaints, or both (both objective impairments and subjective complaints: 26.1%; objective impairments without complaint: 38.4%; significant complaints without objective impairments: 10.4%). Lower education was associated with the presence of objective cognitive impairments, whereas depression was associated with the presence of clinically significant cognitive complaints. Patients who exhibited both objective cognitive impairments and significant cognitive complaints were more likely to have diabetes and higher dialysis dose (Kt/V). Patients with objective cognitive impairments but no significant complaints were significantly older. CONCLUSIONS: The cognitive burden of haemodialysis patients can be manifested as objective impairments and/or subjective complaints. When combined the two indicators may better represent the overall cognitive well-being in this population. There is a need to screen for cognitive difficulties and develop cognitive rehabilitative strategies in dialysis settings.

Poor sleep quality may trigger cognitive deficits after recovery from COVID-19.

Objective: In the present study, we aimed to assess the cognition of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) participants in relation to their subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) and to analyse possible moderators of this effect, such as quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, EQ-5D), fatigue (Chadler Fatigue Questionnaire, CFQ), cognitive reserve (Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, CRC), and subjective cognitive complaints (Memory Failures of Everyday Questionnaire, MFE-30). Methods: We included 373 individuals with PCC and 126 healthy controls (HCs) from the NAUTILUS Project (NCT05307549 and NCT05307575) who were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and various questionnaires. Results: We found that PCC participants with poor sleep quality had a 4.3% greater risk of immediate verbal memory deficits than those with good sleep quality, as indicated by the greater odds ratio (OR) of 1.043 and confidence interval (CI) of 1.023-1.063. Additionally, their risk of immediate verbal memory disorders was multiplied by 2.4 when their EQ-5D score was low (OR 0.33; CI 0.145-0.748), and they had a lower risk of delayed visual memory deficits with a greater CRC (OR 0.963; CI 0.929-0.999). With respect to processing speed, PCC participants with poor sleep quality had a 6.7% greater risk of deficits as the MFE increased (OR 1.059; CI 1.024-1.096), and the risk of slowed processing speed tripled with a lower EQ-5D (OR 0.021; CI 0.003-0.141). Conclusion: These results indicate that poor subjective sleep quality is a potential trigger for cognitive deficits. Therapeutic strategies to maximize sleep quality could include reducing sleep disturbances and perhaps cognitive impairment in PCC individuals.

The pattern of cortical thickness associated with executive dysfunction in MCI and SCC: The MEMENTO cohort.

BACKGROUND: The association between the pattern of cortical thickness (CT) and executive dysfunction (ED) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) is still poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the association between CT and ED in a large French cohort (MEMENTO) of 2323 participants with MCI or SCC. METHODS: All participants with available CT and executive function data (verbal fluency and Trail Making Test [TMT]) were selected (n=1924). Linear regressions were performed to determine relationships between executive performance and the brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) and CT using FreeSurfer. RESULTS: The global executive function score was related to the BPF (sß: 0.091, P<0.001) and CT in the right supramarginal (sß: 0.060, P=0.041) and right isthmus cingulate (sß: 0.062, P=0.011) regions. Literal verbal fluency was related to the BPF (sß: 0.125, P<0.001) and CT in the left parsorbitalis region (sß: 0.045, P=0.045). Semantic verbal fluency was related to the BPF (sß: 0.101, P<0.001) and CT in the right supramarginal region (sß: 0.061, P=0.042). The time difference between the TMT parts B and A was related to the BPF (sß: 0.048, P=0.045) and CT in the right precuneus (sß: 0.073, P=0.019) and right isthmus cingulate region (sß: 0.054, P=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: In a large clinically based cohort of participants presenting with either MCI or SCC (a potential early stage of Alzheimer's disease [AD]), ED was related to the BPF and CT in the left pars orbitalis, right precuneus, right supramarginal, and right isthmus cingulate regions. This pattern of lesions adds knowledge to the conventional anatomy of ED and could contribute to the early diagnosis of AD.

Unveiling the role of subjective cognitive complaints in predicting cognitive impairment in Parkinson´s Disease- A longitudinal study with 4 year of follow up.

BACKGROUND: Emerging data associated subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) with a heightened risk of future cognitive decline in Parkinson´s Disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether SCC may predict the development of cognitive impairment in PD patients at baseline. METHODS: Over 4 years, major aspects of motor and non-motor symptoms were assessed. SCC were evaluated by non-motor symptoms scale domain-5 (NMSS5). The predictor value of SCC in cognitive change was assessed with univariate linear regression analyses, with NMSS5 at baseline as predictor. Change in cognition (ΔMoCA) was calculated by subtracting Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) scores at baseline from scores obtained at reassessment and employed as the outcome. We replicated these analyses by employing alterations in MoCA subdomains as outcomes. RESULTS: 134 patients were evaluated at baseline, of those 73 PD patients were reassessed four years later. In our study, SCC didn´t act as a predictor for future cognitive decline. However, baseline NMSS5 was associated significantly with variation in attention, naming, and orientation domains. CONCLUSION: Our findings did not support that SCC in PD patients acts as a predictor of global cognitive decline. However, our findings enhance comprehension of how SCC correlates with performance in distinct cognitive areas, thereby providing better guidance for patients on their current complaints.

Interaction between visual impairment and subjective cognitive complaints on physical activity impairment in U.S. older adults: NHANES 2005-2008.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To investigate the independent relationships of visual impairment (VI) and Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) with physical function impairment (PFI) and the interaction effect between VI and SCC on PFI in American older adults. METHODS: The data of this cross-sectional study was obtained from the 2005-2008 National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in the United States. The VI criterion included both subjective self-reported eyesight conditions and objective visual acuity test results. The self-reported questionnaires were utilized to determine PFI and SCC. According to the survey design of NHANS, original data were weighted to produce nationally representative estimates. Both the unweighted original data and weighted estimates underwent analysis. Crude and adjusted logistic models were employed to assess the pairwise associations among VI, SCC, and PFI. To assess the interactive effect, measures such as the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index (S) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 2,710 subjects (weighted n = 38,966,687) aged 60 years or older were included. Compared with subjects without subjective visual impairment (SVI), those with SVI had a significant positive association with PFI [weighted OR (95%CI): 3.11 (2.25, 4.31)]. After multi-variable adjusting, the relationship remained significant [weighted OR (95%CI): 1.90 (1.32, 2.72)]. Similarly, those with objective visual impairment (OVI) were positively associated with the risk of PFI in the crude model [weighted OR (95%CI): 2.35 (1.53, 3.61)] and adjusted model [weighted OR (95%CI): 1.84 (1.07, 3.17)]. Moreover, we found the association of SCC with an increased risk of FPI [crude weighted OR (95%CI): 5.02 (3.40, 7.40); adjusted weighted OR (95%CI): 3.29 (2.01, 5.38)]. Ultimately, the additive interaction showed there was a significant positive interaction term between SVI and SCC on PFI, while OVI and SCC did not. CONCLUSION: Both VI and SCC were significantly associated with PFI in elder adults. Besides, there was a significant synergistic interaction between SVI and SCC on PFI, which indicated the improvement of SVI and SCC may be beneficial for the prevention of PFI. For the elderly, especially those with multiple disabilities, comprehensive and targeted approaches are imperative to foster their overall well-being and health.

Predicting progression of cognitive decline to dementia using dyadic patterns of subjective reporting: evidence from the CompAS longitudinal study.

Objective: To analyze the validity of self and informant reports, depressive symptomatology, and some sociodemographic variables to predict the risk of cognitive decline at different follow-up times. Methods: A total of 337 participants over 50 years of age included in the CompAS and classified as Cognitively Unimpaired (CU), Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) groups were assessed at baseline and three follow-ups. A short version of the QAM was administered to assess the severity of subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs), and the GDS-15 was used to evaluate the depressive symptoms. At each follow-up assessment, participants were reclassified according to the stability, regression or progression of their conditions. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict which CU, SCD and MCI participants would remain stable, regress or progress at a 3rd follow-up by using self- and informant-reported complaints, depressive symptomatology, age and education at baseline and 2nd follow-ups as the predictive variables. Results: Overall, self-reported complaints predicted progression between the asymptomatic and presymptomatic stages. As the objective deterioration increased, i.e., when SCD progressed to MCI or dementia, the SCCs reported by informants proved the best predictors of progression. Depressive symptomatology was also a predictor of progression from CU to SCD and from SCD to MCI. Conclusion: A late increase in self-reported complaints make valid estimates to predict subjective decline at asymptomatic stages. However, an early increase in complaints reported by informants was more accurate in predicting objective decline from asymptomatic stages. Both, early and late decrease in self-reported complaints successfully predict dementia from prodromic stage. Only late decrease in self-reported complaints predict reversion from prodromic and pre-symptomatic stages.

When mind and measurement diverge; the interplay between subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs), objective cognition, age, and depression in autistic adults.

While the increased incidence of dementia and subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) suggests that autistic adults may face cognitive challenges at older age, the extent to which SCCs predict (future) cognitive functioning remains uncertain. This uncertainty is complicated by associations with variables like depression. The current study aims to unravel the interplay of age, depression, cognitive performance, and SCCs in autism. Using a large cross-sectional cohort of autistic (n=202) and non-autistic adults (n=247), we analyzed associations of SCCs with age, depression, and cognitive performance across three domains (visual memory, verbal memory, and fluency). Results showed a strong significant association between depression and SCCs in both autistic and non-autistic adults. Cognitive performance was not significantly associated with SCCs, except for a (modest) association between visual memory performance and SCCs in autistic adults only. Follow-up regression tree analysis indicated that depression and being autistic were considerably more predictive of SCCs than objective cognitive performance. Age nor sex was significantly associated with SCCs. These findings indicate that self-reported cognitive functioning does not equal cognitive performance, and should be interpreted with care, especially in individuals with high rates of depression. Longitudinal investigations are needed to understand SCCs' role in dementia and cognitive health in autism.

Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease Alters Perceived Executive Dysfunction in Cognitively Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

Background: Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) may be an early indicator of future cognitive decline. However, findings comparing SCC and objective cognitive performance have varied, particularly in the memory domain. Even less well established is the relationship between subjective and objective complaints in non-amnestic domains, such as in executive functioning, despite evidence indicating very early changes in these domains. Moreover, particularly early changes in both amnestic and non-amnestic domains are apparent in those carrying the Apolipoprotein-E ɛ4 allele, a primary genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: This study investigated the role of the ɛ4 allele in the consistency between subjective and objective executive functioning in 54 healthy, cognitively intact, middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Participants (Mage = 64.07, SD = 9.27, range = 48-84; ɛ4+ = 18) completed the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) Executive Dysfunction Scale (EXECDYS) to measure subjective executive functioning (SEF) and multiple executive functioning tasks, which were condensed into a single factor. Results: After accounting for age, depression, and anxiety, objective executive functioning performance significantly predicted SEF. Importantly, ɛ4 moderated this effect. Specifically, those carrying the ɛ4 allele had significantly less accurate self-awareness of their executive functioning compared to ɛ4 non-carriers. Conclusions: Utilizing an approach that integrates self-evaluation of executive functioning with objective neurocognitive assessment may help identify the earliest signs of impending cognitive decline, particularly in those with genetic risk for AD. Such an approach could sensitively determine those most prone to future cognitive decline prior to symptom onset, when interventions could be most effective.

Subjective Cognitive Complaints in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are reported frequently, but their prevalence and association with changes on objective testing are not fully known. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and predictive value of SCCs in PD. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. From 204 abstracts, we selected 31 studies (n = 3441 patients), and from these, identified the prevalence, clinical features, associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and predictive values of SCCs in PD. RESULTS: The meta-analysis showed an SCC prevalence of 36%. This prevalence, however, was significantly moderated by study heterogeneity regarding female sex, disease severity, levodopa equivalent daily dosage, exclusion from the overall sample of patients with objective cognitive impairment, and measurement instrument. SCC prevalence did not differ between de novo and treated PD patients. SCCs were weakly and negligibly associated with cognitive changes on objective testing in cross-sectional studies. However, in cognitively healthy patients, SCCs had a risk ratio of 2.71 for later cognitive decline over a mean follow-up of 3.16 years. Moreover, SCCs were moderately related to co-occurring symptoms of depression, anxiety, or apathy and were more strongly related to these neuropsychiatric symptoms than objective cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION: Our analyses suggest that SCCs in patients with and without objective cognitive impairment are frequent, occurring in more than one third of PD patients. Establishing uniform measurement instruments for identifying PD-related SCCs is critical to understand their implications. Even in cases lacking evidence of objective cognitive impairment and where SCCs might reflect underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms, the possibility of later cognitive deterioration should not be excluded. Therefore, SCCs in PD patients warrant close monitoring for opportunities for targeted and effective interventions. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Mid-life adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and late-life subjective cognitive complaints in women.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence is limited on the role of mid-life Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet in late-life subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs). METHODS: We included 5116 women (mean age in 1985-1991: 46 years) from the New York University Women's Health Study. SCCs were assessed from 2018 to 2020 (mean age: 79 years) by a 6-item questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared to women in the bottom quartile of the DASH scores, the odds ratio (OR) for having two or more SCCs was 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.70-0.99) for women in the top quartile of DASH scores at baseline (P for trend = 0.019). The association was similar with multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting to account for potential selection bias. The inverse association was stronger in women without a history of cancer (P for interaction = 0.003). DISCUSSION: Greater adherence to the DASH diet in mid-life was associated with lower prevalence of late-life SCCs in women.

Psychometric properties and normative data of the Italian version of the Cognitive Function at Work Questionnaire: a screening tool for detecting subjective cognitive complaints at work.

INTRODUCTION: Considering the extension of working life due to socioeconomic and political factors, many people may experience cognitive complaints (CC) at their workplace, with severe consequences on their quality of life. The identification of workers reporting significative SCC is crucial to eventually address them to an objective neuropsychological evaluation and implement cognitive interventions to guarantee workers' well-being. Since no Italian questionnaires for detecting CC were designed for occupational settings, the aim of the study was to validate the Italian version of the Cognitive Function at Work Questionnaire (CFWQ) and to provide its normative data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and factorial structure of the CFWQ were evaluated. A regression-based procedure served to compute percentiles of CFWQ and its subscales. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-one participants without psychiatric and/or neurological disorders completed the survey. We found that the Italian CFWQ included 26 items, with a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.897) and a six-factor structure (memory, language, processing speed, abstract thinking/behavioral control, behavioral inertia, planning ability). CFWQ score did not correlate with empathy but correlated strongly with memory scores and moderately with anxiety and depression scores. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian CFWQ showed good psychometric properties, in analogy with the original English scale. Therefore, it can be successfully employed in organizational contexts to possibly identify workers with CC and therefore with possible co-occurrent psychological, behavioral, and cognitive consequences.

Different associated factors of subjective cognitive complaints in patients with early and advanced Parkinson's disease.

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs), defined as cognitive decline reported by subjects or their informants, are common in the early stage of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have shown a significant association between SCCs and non-motor features as well as objective cognitive decline in PD patients. However, the discrepancy in SCC prevalence and SCC-related factors between patients with early PD and those with advanced PD remains poorly understood. We recruited a total of 114 and 69 early PD patients and advanced PD patients, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for early PD and advanced PD patients. The prevalence of SCCs in the early PD and advanced PD groups was 60.5 and 68.1%, respectively. In the early PD group, the presence of SCCs in early PD participants was significantly associated with a higher nonmotor symptoms questionnaire (NMSQ) score (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00-1.10, p = 0.040). SCCs in the advanced PD group were related to lower attention scores (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.05-0.90, p = 0.043) and lower visuospatial/executive abilities scores (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.04-0.86, p = 0.032). The prevalence and SCC-related factors are distinct in early PD and advanced PD. These findings suggest that SCCs in PD patients with different disease statuses appear to have different related factors that may depend on different disease severities.

Subjective cognitive complaints in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy.

Introduction: Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) refer to self-reported cognitive decline that may or may not be reflected in objective neuropsychological evaluations. Such SCC are prevalent in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), but the prevalence and clinical features in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have not been investigated. Methods: We recruited 83 PSP patients without dementia and investigated their SCC using a semi-structured interview. Comprehensive neuropsychological test results and patient clinical features were compared according to presence of SCC and underlying cognitive state. Results: Among the 83 patients, 16 had normal cognition (NC), 67 had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 36 (43.4%) reported SCC. Among NC patients, 37.5% (6/16) had SCC, while 44.8% (30/67) of MCI patients reported SCC. There were no differences between the neuropsychological test results or demographic and clinical characteristics of PSP patients with or without SCC in the NC group. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the MCI+SCC (MCI with SCC)and MCI-SCC (MCI without SCC) groups were comparable, but the MCI+SCC group had significantly worse neuropsychological scores than the MCI-SCC group, particularly in tests assessing attention, language, visual memory, and fronto-executive function domains. Discussion: While SCC are commonly reported by PSP patients, patients with PSP and MCI+SCC had worse cognitive function than those who did not report SCC. These findings suggest that SCC in PSP patients with MCI could be a worsening sign of cognitive function. Therefore, it is crucial for physicians to assess SCC in PSP patients and to provide timely diagnosis and management of cognitive decline.

Are subjective language complaints in memory clinic patients informative?

To diagnose mild cognitive impairment, it is crucial to understand whether subjective cognitive complaints reflect objective cognitive deficits. This question has mostly been investigated in the memory domain, with mixed results. Our study was one of the first to address it for language. Participants were 55-to-93-year-old memory clinic patients (n = 163). They filled in a questionnaire about subjective language and memory complaints and performed two language tasks (naming-by-definition and sentence comprehension). Greater language complaints were associated with two language measures, thus showing a moderate value in predicting language performance. Greater relative severity of language versus memory complaints was a better predictor, associated with three language performance measures. Surprisingly, greater memory complaints were associated with better naming, probably due to anosognosia in further disease progression or personality-related factors. Our findings highlight the importance of relative complaint severity across domains and, clinically, call for developing self-assessment questionnaires asking specific questions about multiple cognitive functions.