[Unmet health care needs of younger and older people in socially deprived regions: A qualitative interview study in the Ruhr area]. / Unerfüllte Behandlungswünsche jüngerer und älterer Menschen in sozial deprivierten Räumen: eine qualitative Interviewstudie im Ruhrgebiet.

INTRODUCTION: Unmet health care needs are considered a key indicator of equity in access to health care. For younger people, they can lead to poorer health outcomes in adulthood, for older people, they are associated with an increased risk of mortality. Unmet needs were therefore investigated as part of a research project on "Improving the health-related life situation of young and old people in the Ruhr area." METHOD: Unmet health care needs were surveyed with the help of semi-structured guideline interviews with younger and older people in the Ruhr area (n=29). Due to the spatial and social structure of the study region, the aim was to recruit especially people with a low subjective social status (SSS) for the study. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and subjected to a qualitative content analysis and a supplementary frequency analysis. The reporting is based on the Standards for Qualitative Research (SRQR). RESULTS: The respondents reported deficiencies in treatment and doctor-patient communication with GPs and specialists. The feeling of not being taken seriously due to age is cited several times by both age groups as a reason for unmet health care needs. Waiting times are particularly relevant in the case of specialist consultations, while co-payments for services mainly play a role in dentistry and orthodontics. Unmet needs are primarily reported by people with a medium SSS. Overall, almost two thirds of the respondents stated that they have or have had at least one unmet need. Participants with a low SSS report fewer unmet needs and do not mention any financial aspects as a cause. Explanations for this range from lower health literacy to the fear of being discredited. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide indications of deficits in regional health care provision for younger and older people in the Ruhr region. Corresponding fields of action result from the areas of care and reasons identified as relevant for unmet health care needs. The reported findings also provide a basis for differentiated quantitative surveys with representative samples.

[Ethical Considerations of Including Minors in Clinical Trials Using the Example of the Indicated Prevention of Psychotic Disorders]. / Minderjährige in klinischen Prüfungen: Ethische Abwägungen ihres Einbezugs am Beispiel der indizierten Prävention psychotischer Erkrankungen.

Ethical Considerations of Including Minors in Clinical Trials Using the Example of the Indicated Prevention of Psychotic Disorders Abstract: As a vulnerable group, minors require special protection in studies. For this reason, researchers are often reluctant to initiate studies, and ethics committees are reluctant to authorize such studies. This often excludes minors from participating in clinical studies. This exclusion can lead to researchers and clinicians receiving only incomplete data or having to rely on adult-based findings in the treatment of minors. Using the example of the study "Computer-Assisted Risk Evaluation in the Early Detection of Psychotic Disorders" (CARE), which was conducted as an 'other clinical investigation' according to the Medical Device Regulation, we present a line of argumentation for the inclusion of minors which weighs the ethical principles of nonmaleficence (especially regarding possible stigmatization), beneficence, autonomy, and fairness. We show the necessity of including minors based on the development-specific differences in diagnostics and early intervention. Further, we present specific protective measures. This argumentation can also be transferred to other disorders with the onset in childhood and adolescence and thus help to avoid excluding minors from appropriate evidence-based care because of insufficient studies.

["We knew it was going to be tough, but we didn't expect this!" Experiences with the inclusion of cancer patients with a migrant background and their relatives in the field of psycho-oncology]. / "Wir wussten, dass es schwierig wird, doch damit haben wir nicht gerechnet!" Erfahrungen beim Studieneinschluss von Krebspatient*innen mit Migrationshintergrund und Angehörigen im Bereich der Psychoonkologie.

BACKGROUND: The process of enrolling participants is an important component and often a time-consuming step in scientific research projects. Due to different financial, organisational and ethical framework conditions, the enrolment of participants is often a challenge. In this article, we report our experiences of enrolling patients in clinical trials made in the project "Psycho-oncological care of cancer patients with a migration background - a mixed methods study" (POM). METHODS: Participants were recruited through outpatient haemato-oncology practices. Patients and relatives were primarily made aware of the project by the treating physicians and recruited to participate in qualitative interviews. RESULTS: Nine patients and relatives were interviewed nationwide in individual qualitative interviews. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were other patient enrolment challenges. In many cases, participation was refused. The reasons included: "not interested", the use of the terms "psycho-oncology" or "person with a migration background", family denying permission to participate, no face-to-face interview due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as too much emotional distress and deterioration of health after prior consent. DISCUSSION: Enrolling study participants from vulnerable groups for a sensitive topic such as psycho-oncology entails multiple challenges. In order to achieve successful study inclusion, regular telephone and written exchanges with the respective practice staff proved to be helpful, allowing an overview of challenges to be gained and study inclusion to be evaluated and adjusted in a timely manner. CONCLUSION: In research projects with vulnerable groups and on sensitive topics, both a target-group-specific, sensitive approach in plain language (layman's terms) and regular consultations with the persons responsible for study inclusion in care facilities should take place in order to adapt the existing procedure during the study inclusion process, if necessary.