Strobiloscyphones A-F, 6-Isopentylsphaeropsidones and Other Metabolites from Strobiloscypha sp. AZ0266, a Leaf-Associated Fungus of Douglas Fir.

Six new 6-isopentylsphaeropsidones, strobiloscyphones A-F (1-6), and a new hexadecanoic acid, (2Z,4E,6E)-8,9-dihydroxy-10-oxohexadeca-2,4,6-trienoic acid (7), together with sphaeropsidone (8) and its known synthetic analogue 5-dehydrosphaeropsidone (9) were isolated from Strobiloscypha sp. AZ0266, a fungus inhabiting the leaf litter of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The structures of 1-7 were established on the basis of their high-resolution mass and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and their relative and/or absolute configurations were determined by NOE, comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra, and application of the modified Mosher's ester method. Of these, strobiloscyphone F (6) contains a novel highly oxygenated tetracyclic oxireno-octahydrodibenzofuran ring system. Natural products 1, 6, and 9 and the semisynthetic analogue 12 derived from 8 exhibited cytotoxic activity, whereas 9 and 12 showed antimicrobial activity. Possible biosynthetic pathways to 1-6, 8, and 9 are proposed.

Simultaneous isolation and selective encapsulation of volatile compounds from essential oil during electrospraying of ß-Cyclodextrin.

This study's primary purpose was to develop a new technique to stabilize high value-added bioactive volatile compounds present in essential oils to ensure their usability as chemical raw materials with enhanced stability. Selective isolation and encapsulation of various volatile compounds by changing the electrospraying process parameter, including voltage, flow rate, and ß-Cyclodextrin concentration, were attributed to the formation of inclusion complexes between ß-cyclodextrin and volatile compounds. Investigations regarding the effects of independent process variables on simultaneous isolation and selective encapsulation of volatile compounds during electrospraying of ß-cyclodextrins were carried out mainly with TLC analyses. The TLC analyses were confirmed with GC, GC-MS, and 1H NMR analyses. It was possible to obtain nanoparticles with an average particle size between 25-160 nm with the designed system. Obtained data revealed that isolation and encapsulation of cumin aldehyde, camphene, isoborneol, and hexadecanoic acid, benzyl benzoate from labdanum essential oil were successfully achieved.

Quality Properties, Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of East Mediterranean Region Olive Oils.

In this study, important physicochemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions of olive oils from the olives which harvested from Mersin (Buyuk Topak Ulak, Gemlik, Sari Ulak), Adana (Gemlik), Osmaniye (Gemlik) and Hatay (Gemlik, Kargaburun, Hasebi, Halhali) in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey have been investigated. Ripening index and oil yield analysis of the olives and free fatty acids, peroxide value, UV absorbance (K232, K270), fatty acid composition, sterol composition, erythrodiol+uvaol content, and total sterol analysis of the olive oil samples were carried out. The levels of free acidity in the olive oil samples ranged from 0.39% (Hatay Gemlik: HG3) to 2.23% (Mersin Gemlik: MG). Peroxide value ranged from 8.87 to 18.87 meq O2/kg. As K232 values in the oils fluctuated between 1.4370 and 2.3970, K270 values varied between 0.1270 and 0.1990. The results showed that all ΔK values were lower than the maximum legal limit of 0.01. The main fatty acid in all oil samples was oleic acid, ranging from 58.72% (Hatay Hasebi: HHs) to 74.54% (Hatay Gemlik: HG2). Palmitic acid values were within the percentage of 12.83% (Hatay Kargaburun: HK) to 18.50% (HHs). Total sterol content varied from 720.41 mg/kg (Hatay Kargaburun: HK) to 4519.17 mg/kg (Buyuk Topak Ulak: BTU). The ß-sitosterol percentage of olive oils ranged from 76.12% (Adana Gemlik: AG) to 94.23% (Buyuk Topak Ulak: BTU). The results of this study indicated that variety significantly affect the quality indices, fatty acid and sterol compositions of olive oils significantly varied among varieties.

In vitro antimutagenic, cytotoxic and anticancer potential of Fagonia indica phytochemicals.

Cancer is one of the most diagnosed and life threatening disease throughout the world. Nevertheless present day clinical management for cancers are surgery, radiations which are insufficient to contain the disease burden. In the past two decades, more than half of chemotherapeutic drugs developed are either directly or indirectly dependent on medicinal base phytocompounds or their derivative. The present study aims to provide the base for chemotherapeutic phytochemicals. Fagonia indica showed significant antimutagenic potential with reference to control IC50 values were calculated as 146.33±5.2µg/ml, TA100 (AZS) 105.33±4.0µg/ml, TA98 (2AA) 113.6±5.2µg/ml followed and TA98 (AZS) 112.6±4.4 in Ames test. For this reason, the antiproliferation effect of extracts on cancer cell lines was studied through resazurin fluorescence. On HepG-2 cell lines 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of (FIWM) was recorded as 128.3±,2.43µg/ml. On the homo sapiens epithelial cell of lung tissue (A549), the high throughput instrumental analysis of Fagonia indica depicts maximum cytotoxic effect in 30hr. The electrical impedance displays the real-time evidence about qualitative apoptosis expressed. The impedance results were supported as palmitic acid from Fagonia indica virtually that inhibits Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 (CDKs 2) in silico molecular docking studies. Fagonia indica extract possesses substantial antimutagenic, cytotoxic and anticancer activity which supports the potential of its phytochemicals for drug development.

Fatty Acid Composition and Applications of Eriobotrya japonica Seed Oil.

The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is commonly found in Japan. Its fruits are consumed raw or used in processed foods, and its leaves are used as a traditional medicine and in the manufacturing of cosmetics. Additionally, its seeds have several industrial applications. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the fatty acid composition of loquat seed oil, and to evaluate its potential application as a deodorant. Palmitic acid, linoleic acid, behenic acid, and lignoceric acid were found to be the primary fatty acids present in the seeds, among which linoleic acid was involved in the deodorization of allyl methyl sulfide. Based on these results, loquat seed oil has potential for use in deodorant production.

Lipid Characteristics of Camellia Seed Oil.

Camellia oleifera, C. japonica and C. sinensis are three representative crops of the genus Camellia. In this work, we systematically investigated the lipid characteristics of these seed oils collected from different regions. The results indicated significant differences in acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV) and relative density of the above-mentioned camellia seed oils (p < 0.05). The C. japonica seed oils showed the highest AV (1.7 mg/g), and the C. sinensis seed oils showed the highest PV (17.4 meq/kg). The C. japonica seed oils showed the lowest IV (79.9 g/100 g), SV (192.7 mg/g) and refractive index (1.4633) of all the oils, while the C. sinensis seed oils showed the lowest relative density (0.911 g/cm3). The major fatty acids in the camellia seed oils were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2); the oleic acid in C. oleifera and C. japonica seed oils accounted for more than 80% of the total fatty acids. The oleic acid levels in the C. oleifera and C. japonica oils were higher than those in the C. sinensis seed oils, while the linoleic acid levels in the former were lower than those in the latter one. Differences also exist in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, although the most abundant TAG molecular species in the camellia seed oils was trioleoylglycerol (OOO). Seven sterol species, squalene and α-tocopherol were detected in the camellia seed oils, however, the contents of tocopherol and unsaponifiable molecules in the C. oleifera and C. japonica seed oils were significantly lower than those in the C. sinensis seed oil. These results demonstrated that the varieties of Camellia affected the seed oil lipid characteristics.

Changes in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Flour Fatty-Acid Content Based on Storage Temperature and Duration.

Soybeans are low in saturated fat and a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavone; however, their nutritional shelf life is yet to be established. This study evaluated the change in the stability and quality of fatty acids in raw and roasted soybean flour under different storage temperatures and durations. In both types of soybean flour, the fatty-acid content was the highest in the order of linoleic acid (18-carbon chain with two double bonds; C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linolenic acid (18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which represented 47%, 26%, 12%, 9%, and 4% of the total fatty-acid content, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acids of raw soybean flour-oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid-decreased by 30.0%, 94.4%, and 97.7%, and 38.0%, 94.8%, and 98.0% when stored in polyethylene and polypropylene film, respectively, after 48 weeks of storage under high-temperature conditions. These values were later increased due to hydrolysis. This study presents the changes in composition and content of two soybean flour types and the changes in quality and stability of fatty acids in response to storage temperature and duration. This study shows the influence of storage conditions and temperature on the nutritional quality which is least affected by packing material.

Chemical Composition, Characteristics Profiles and Bioactivities of Tunisian Phalaris canariensis Seeds: a Potential Source of ω-6 and ω-9 Fatty Acids.

Seeds oils of Phalaris canariensis extracted by ultrasonication and cold maceration were evaluated for their physical characteristics, total phenol contents, fatty acid and sterol compositions as well as for their antioxidant, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase activities. The physicochemical properties of ultrasonication and cold maceration oils respectively were: acid values (4.00 and 3.25) mg KOH/g, peroxide values (5.53 and 4.41) meq O2 Kg-1, iodine values (88.83 and 95.17) g/100 g of oil, saponification values (119.21 and 98.17) mg KOH/g, phenolic content (36.40 and 53.00) mg GAE/g extract, chlorophylls (0.52 and 0.60) mg/kg oil and carotenoids contents (1.92 and 1.88) mg/kg oil. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that linoleic (52.03 and 52.2%), oleic (31.75 and 31.84%) and palmitic (11.09 and 11.34 %) acids were the major fatty acids in the two oils. Specific extinctions at 232 nm (K232) and 270 nm (K270) were (0.58 and 0.44) and (0.42 and 0.33), respectively. The DSC melting curve showed that their melting points and melting enthalpies were (-28.05°C and 76.8 J/g) and (-27.47°C and 62.3 J/g), respectively. On the other hand, the evaluation of their DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase activities showed interesting results. Thus, Phalaris canariensis seeds oils could deserve further consideration and investigation as a potentially new multi-purpose product for agro-food, medicinal and cosmetic uses.

In vitro and in silico attenuation of quorum sensing mediated pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Spirulina platensis.

Biofilm forming pathogenic bacteria showing resistance towards antimicrobial agents has increased the urge to find an alternative treatment strategy. Among the biofilm forming pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-recognised Gram negative biofilm former causing nosocomial infection and other disease among immunocompromised patients. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the antipathogenic potentials of S. platensis against P. aeruginosa. S. platensis methanolic extract (SME) inhibited the biofilm (89%), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) (44%), pyocyanin, pyoveridin and swarming motility of P. aeruginosa. Partial purification of SME using thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) revealed the major component as hexadecanoic acid (HxD). Further analysis through in silico approach showed the efficient binding of HxD with the biofilm regulatory proteins (Las R and salidase enzyme) of P. aeruginosa. The coating of HxD over different material surfaces efficiently prevented the adhesion of P. aeruginosa biofilm. The results of the toxicity assay revealed that the SME is non-toxic towards Artemia salina at the given concentration. Hence the overall work proves the potential non-toxic effects of SME against P. aeruginosa pathogenicity.

Multi-objective Optimization of Molecular Distillation Conditions for Oleic Acid from a Rich-in-Fatty Acid Model Mixture.

Oleic acid is a commercially valuable compound and has many positive health effects. Determining optimum conditions in a physical separation process is an industrially significant point due to environmental and health related concerns. Molecular distillation avoids the use of chemicals and adverse effects of high temperature application. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular distillation conditions for oleic acid to increase its purity and distillation yield in a model fatty acid mixture. For this purpose, a short-path evaporator column was used. Evaporation temperature ranged from 110 to 190℃, while absolute pressure was from 0.05 to 5 mmHg. Results showed that elevating temperature generally increased distillation yield until a maximum evaporation temperature. Vacuum application also affected the yield at a given temperature, and amount of distillate increased at higher vacuums except the case applied at 190℃. A multi-objective optimization procedure was then used for maximizing both yield and oleic acid amounts in distillate simultaneously, and an optimum point of 177.36℃ and 0.051 mmHg was determined for this purpose. Results also demonstrated that evaporation of oleic acid was also suppressed by a secondary dominant fatty acid of olive oil - palmitic acid, which tended to evaporate easier than oleic acid at lower evaporation temperatures, and increasing temperature achieved to transfer more oleic acid to distillate. At 110℃ and 0.05 mmHg, oleic and palmitic acid concentrations in distillate were 63.67% and 24.32%, respectively. Outcomes of this study are expected to be useful for industrial process conditions.

Bioactive compounds in Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria) fruit as potential source of antifertility agent.

Fruits of Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria) are used by the people around Bogani Nani Wartabone as contraseption for men. Extracts from the fruit contain tannin, triterpenoid, flavonoid and saponin which are potential as bioactive compounds. This research aimed at exploring the fractions or bioactive compounds contained in the fruit. The extract was prepared by fractionation using hexane. The fractions were separated and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The fractions revealed the presence of five compounds. These compounds were identified by interpretation of mass spectra and comparing their retention time and covate indexes with those from literature. The five compounds are pentadecane, methyl-dodecanate, methyl-tetradecanoate, hexadecanoic acid and methyl-octadecanate.

Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products.

The environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) have been a concern due to the water pollution and greenhouse gases emissions. Thus, this study was conducted to recover the value-added products from POME source before being discharged. The samples, before (X) and after (Y) the pre-recovery system in the clarification tank were sampled and analysed and proximate analysis indicated that both samples are energy rich source of food due to high contents of fats and carbohydrates. GCMS analysis showed that the oil extracts contain predominantly palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids. Regiospecific analysis of oil extracts by quantitative 13C-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that both oil extracts contain similar degree of saturation of fatty acids at sn-2 and sn-1,3 positions. The samples are rich in various phytonutrients, pro-vitamin A, vitamin E, squalene and phytosterols, thus contributing to exceptionally high total flavonoid contents and moderate antioxidant activities. Overall, samples X and Y are good alternative food sources, besides reducing the environmental impact of POME.

Potential of Laurencia obtusa as a substrate for the development of a probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Laurencia obtusa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) has tremendous nutritional value, being high in proteins, oligosaccharides, vitamins, essential minerals, and fatty acids, and it is a rich source of amino acids and trace elements. In this study, L. obtusa was extracted and subjected to phenolic, sugar and flavonoid analyses.The fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol contents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated when it was incubated with L. obtusa dry biomass. The fatty acids in the lipid extract were analysed after converting them into methyl esters using gas chromatography, and vitamin concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the achieved results, the total fatty acid levels and vitamin contents of the S. cerevisiae prepared with algal extract increased at different rates. Our results showed that α-tocopherol decreased in the group in which the S. cerevisiae was added the algal extract. When compared to the control group, ergesterol increased in the group in which L. obtusa extract was added. Additionally, when compared to the control group in which L. obtusa extract was added, stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) increased in the other groups. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) increased in the L. obtusa culture medium, but palmitic acid decreased in the L. obtusa culture medium. In conclusion, it was determined that the L. obtusa extract added to the development medium of S. cerevisiae caused differences in the synthesis of some vitamins and fatty acids.

The constituents of essential oil in leaves of Karaj accession of Trigonella foenum graecum.

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Karaj accession of Trigonella foenum graecum leaves was detected by hydro-distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) apparatuses for first time. Thirty-six compounds representing 95.3% of the total components were identified. The patterns of the main compounds were (2E)-Hexenal (26.61%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (10.14%) and (E)-b-Ionone (7.99%). Other notable constituents were Thymol (4.79%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone (4.59%), Carvacrol (3.40%), (E)-Nerolidol (3.32%) and (2E,6Z)-Nonadienal (3.30%). (2E)-Hexenal was found as the most dominant component in this study.

Quantitative Determination of Ceramide Molecular Species in Dendritic Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The activation of acid sphingomyelinase by cellular stress or receptors or the de novo synthesis lead to the formation of ceramide (N-acylsphingosine), which in turn modifies the biophysical properties of cellular membrane and greatly amplifies the intensity of the initial signal. Ceramide, which acts by re-organizing a given signalosome rather than being a second messenger, has many functions in infection biology, cancer, cardiovascular syndromes, and immune regulation. Experimental studies on the infection of human cells with different bacterial agents demonstrated the activation of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system. Moreover, the release of ceramide was found to be a requisite for the uptake of the pathogen. Considering the particular importance of the cellular role of ceramide, it was necessary to develop sensitive and accurate methods for its quantification. METHODS: Here, we describe a method quantifying ceramide in dendritic cells and defining the different fatty acids (FA) bound to sphingosine. The main steps of the method include extraction of total lipids, separation of the ceramide by thin-layer chromatography, derivatization of ceramide-fatty acids (Cer-FA), and quantitation of these acids in their methyl form by gas chromatography on polar capillary columns. The identification of FA was achieved by means of known standards and confirmed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: FA ranging between C10 and C24 could be detected and quantified. The concentration of the sum of Cer-FA amounted to 14.88 ± 8.98 nmol/106 cells (n=10). Oleic acid, which accounted for approximately half of Cer-FA (7.73 ± 6.52 nmol/106 cells) was the predominant fatty acid followed by palmitic acid (3.47 ± 1.54 nmol/106 cells). CONCLUSION: This highly sensitive method allows the quantification of different molecular species of ceramides.

Anaerococcus rubiinfantis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microbiota of a Senegalese infant with severe acute malnutrition.

Anaerococcus rubiinfantis sp. nov. strain mt16(T) is a new species within the genus Anaerococcus, which was isolated by the culturomics approach from the gut microbiota of an infant suffering from kwashiorkor. A phenotypic, biochemical and proteomic description of this strain is hereby presented alongside a complete annotation of its genome. This strictly anaerobic species forms Gram-positive non-sporeforming cocci. The major fatty acid was hexadecanoic acid. The phylogenetic analysis of strain mt16(T) showed a 97.9% similarity level with Anaerococcus vaginalis, the closest validly published species. Its genome is 1,929,161 bp long with 29.5% G + C content and contains 1808 protein-coding genes and 56 RNA genes, among which are six rRNA genes. Genomic analysis identified 41/1864 coding genes as ORFans (2.2%) and at least 620/1808 (34.9%) orthologous proteins which are not shared with the closest phylogenetic species. We believe that the extension of the human anaerobic gut compendium by culturomics is one of the first steps that will improve the understanding of the links between the microbiome and health or disease.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer and cytotoxic effects of Psidium guajava leaf extracts.

Context Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) leaves are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of cancer, inflammation and other ailments. Objective The current study explores scientific validation for this traditional medication. Materials and methods We used ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) assays to estimate antioxidant activity of P. guajava leaf extracts (methanol, hexane and chloroform). Antitumour and in vivo cytotoxic activities were determined using potato disc assay (PDA) and brine shrimp lethality assay, respectively. Three human carcinoma cell lines (KBM5, SCC4 and U266) were incubated with different doses (10-100 µg/mL) of extracts and the anticancer activity was estimated by MTT assay. NF-κB suppressing activity was determined using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Chemical composition of the three extracts was identified by GC-MS. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by colorimetric assays. Results and discussions The order of antioxidant activity of three extracts was methanol > chloroform > hexane. The IC50 values ranged from 22.73 to 51.65 µg/mL for KBM5; 22.82 to 70.25 µg/mL for SCC4 and 20.97 to 89.55 µg/mL for U266 cells. The hexane extract exhibited potent antitumour (IC50 value = 65.02 µg/mL) and cytotoxic (LC50 value = 32.18 µg/mL) activities. This extract also completely inhibited the TNF-α induced NF-κB activation in KBM5 cells. GC-MS results showed that pyrogallol, palmitic acid and vitamin E were the major components of methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts. We observed significant (p < 0.05) difference in total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different solvent extracts. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that P. guajava leaf extracts play a substantial role against cancer and down-modulate inflammatory nuclear factor kB.

Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibition activities, and fatty acids of Crocus mathewii - A forgotten endemic angiosperm of Turkey.

Context We report the first ever chemical/biochemical study on Crocus mathewii Kerndorff (Iridaceae) - a Turkish endemic angiosperm. This plant has never been explored for its phytochemistry and bioactivities. Objective This study explores C. mathewii corm and aerial parts for the chemical and biological properties of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water fractions of the extracts. Material and methods Plant material (20 g) was extracted by methanol (250 mL × 5, 3 days each) and fractioned into hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. All fractions were subjected to ß-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(·), ABTS(·)(+), CUPRAC, metal chelating and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Hexane fractions were submitted to GC-MS analysis. Results Ethyl acetate fractions showed excellent IC50 values in DPPH(·) (aerial 36.21 ± 0.76 and corm 33.87 ± 0.02 mg/L) and ABTS(·)(+) (aerial 33.01 ± 0.79 and bulb 27.87 ± 0.33 mg/L); higher than the IC50 of the standard α-tocopherol (DPPH 116.25 ± 1.97; ABTS 52.64 ± 0.37 mg/L), higher than BHA in DPPH (57.31 ± 0.25 mg/L), but slightly lower in ABTS (19.86 ± 2.73 mg/L). Methanol extract of aerial parts also showed higher activity than α-tocopherol in DPPH (85.56 ± 11.51 mg/L) but slightly less (72.90 ± 3.66 mg/L) than both the standards in ABTS. Linoleic (aerial 53.9%, corm 43.9%) and palmitic (aerial 22.2%, corm 18%) were found as the major fatty acids. Discussion and conclusion Some fractions of C. mathewii showed higher antioxidant activities than the standards. There is a need to explore more about this plant.

Volatile Profile of Herniaria fontanesii Growing Spontaneously in Tunisia.

The essential oil extracted from Desfontaine's rupturewort, Herniaria fontanesii J. Gay subsp. fontanesii growing wildly in Tunisia, was analyzed using GC and GC-MS techniques. The free radical scavenging capacity and total phenol contents of three crude extracts having different polarities (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) were examined. Thus, a total of 35 constituents were identified in the Desfontaine's rupturewort essential oil representing 89.8% of the whole constituents. The oil was dominated by hexadecanoic acid, caryophyllene oxide, terpin-4-ol, khusimone and trans-sabinene hydrate. The total phenolic contents ranged from 16.91 to 92.27 mg of gallic acid/g of dry weight and they were found to be significantly higher in methanol than in polar ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. Correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the antioxidant properties. Thus, the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was superior to that of all samples tested (IC50 = 0.21 ± 0.04 mg/mL).

Evaluation of the Key Odorants in Volatile Oils from Tubers of Apios americana Medikus.

This study was investigated the chemical composition of volatile oils and aroma evaluation from the tubers of Apios americana Medikus. Theses volatile oils were obtained by the hydrodistillation (HD) and the solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) methods. These oils were analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC-olfactometry (GC-O), aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and odor activity values (OAV) for the first time. The major compounds in the HD oil were palmitic acid (36.5%), linoleic acid (10.5%) and nonadecanol (5.7%). Meanwhile, in the SAFE oil, the major compounds were 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (34.2%), hexanal (11.0%) and hexanol (7.9%). Through aroma evaluation, 20 (HD) and 14 (SAFE) aroma-active compounds were identified by GC-O. As a result, the most intense aroma-active compounds in both extraction methods were 1-octen-3-ol and hexanal, both of which showed high odor activity values (OAV).