Telluric acid ameliorates hepatic ischemia reperfusion-induced injury in rats: Involvement of TLR4, Nrf2, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

In past tellurium-based compounds had limited use, however, their therapeutic potential have been target of interest recently due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities in experimental endotoxemia. Nevertheless, their potential hepatoprotective effect against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is still obscure. This study examined the possible hepatoprotective effect of telluric acid (TELL), one of tellurium-based compound, against the deteriorating effect hepatic IR injury in rats through directing toll like receptor-4 (TLR4) cascade, phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt axis, and nuclear erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) pathway as possible mechanisms contributed to TELL's effect. Indeed, male Wistar rats were randomized into 3 groups: sham-operated, control IR and TELL (50 µg/kg). TELL was administrated once daily for seven consecutive days prior to the IR induction. Pretreatment with TELL attenuated hepatic IR injury as manifested by hampered plasma aminotransaminases and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Also, TELL opposed IR induced elevation in tissue expression/activity of high-mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1), TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), phospho-nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (p-NF-κB p65), phospho-mitogen activated protein kinasep38 (p-MAPKp38) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, TELL reduced the elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances along with increased both Nrf-2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression, beside replenishment of hepatic reduced glutathione. In addition, TELL induced obvious upregulation of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein expressions together with restoration of histopathological changes in IR injury. In conclusion, TELL purveyed conceivable novel hepatoprotective mechanisms and attenuated events associated with acute hepatic injury via inhibition of TLR4 downstream axis and activation of Nrf-2 and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades. Thus, TELL may provide a novel therapeutic potential for complications of hepatic IR injury.

Room Temperature Phase Transition in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films Induced by Hydrohalic Acid Additives.

Although reactive additives have been employed in perovskite solar cells to enhance film morphology and significantly increase device performance, little is known about the effect of these additives on perovskite structural and optical properties. Here we report a systematic study of how the properties of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (CH3 NH3 PbI3 ) are influenced by hydrohalic acid additives (HX; X=I, Br, Cl) in the precursor solution. Detailed structural and optical spectroscopic analysis reveals that all three acids affect the optical properties and alter the unit cell lattice parameters. Depending on the identity and concentration of HX, optical bandgaps widen or compress: addition of HBr yields a wider bandgap, whereas HI compresses the gap at high concentrations; HCl, on the other hand, has no significant effect on the bandgap. These changes can be understood by correlating them with the types of defects present in polycrystalline perovskite thin films in combination with the structural strain induced in very small crystallites. The presence of extra halides from HX in the precursor solution enables filling of the lattice vacancies in the perovskite, thereby altering metal-halogen-metal bond connectivity and consequently cell volumes and optical bandgaps. Remarkably, a room temperature tetragonal→cubic phase transition is observed for CH3 NH3 PbI3 films treated with high HX concentrations. Further insights into this anomalous phase transformation are obtained from in situ variable-temperature X-ray diffraction in the 25-55 °C (298-328 K) range, revealing a monotonic fall in transition temperature with increasing precursor solution HX concentration.

Gas-Phase Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with p-Cymene over an Extended Temperature Range.

The kinetics of the reaction of OH radicals with p-cymene has been studied in the temperature range of 243-898 K using a flow reactor combined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer: OH + p-cymene → products. The reaction rate constant was determined as a result of absolute measurements, from OH decay kinetics in excess of p-cymene and employing the relative rate method with OH reactions with n-pentane, n-heptane,1,3-dioxane, HBr, and Br2 as the reference ones. For the rate coefficient of the H atom abstraction channel, the expression k1b = (3.70 ± 0.42) × 10(-11) exp[-(772 ± 72)/T] was obtained over the temperature range of 381-898 K. The total rate constant (addition + abstraction) determined at T = 243-320 K was k1 = (1.82 ± 0.48) × 10(-12) exp[(607 ± 70)/T] or, in a biexponential form, k1 = k1a + k1b = 3.7 × 10(-11) exp(-772/T) + 6.3 × 10(-13) exp(856/T), independent of the pressure between 1 and 5 Torr of helium. In addition, our results indicate that the reaction pathway involving alkyl radical elimination upon initial addition of OH to p-cymene is most probably unimportant.

Facile access to 3,5-symmetrically disubstituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles through phosphovanadomolybdic acid catalyzed aerobic oxidative dimerization of primary thioamides.

In the presence of Keggin-type phosphovanadomolybdic acids, e.g., H6PV3Mo9O40, oxidative dimerization of various kinds of primary thioamides including aromatic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic ones efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles in excellent yields.

Impact of acid and alkaline pretreatments on the molecular network of wheat gluten and on the mechanical properties of compression-molded glassy wheat gluten bioplastics.

Wheat gluten can be converted into rigid biobased materials by high-temperature compression molding at low moisture contents. During molding, a cross-linked protein network is formed. This study investigated the effect of mixing gluten with acid/alkali in 70% ethanol at ambient temperature for 16 h followed by ethanol removal, freeze-drying, and compression molding at 130 and 150 °C on network formation and on types of cross-links formed. Alkaline pretreatment (0-100 mmol/L sodium hydroxide or 25 mmol/L potassium hydroxide) strongly affected gluten cross-linking, whereas acid pretreatment (0-25 mmol/L sulfuric acid or 25 mmol/L hydrochloric acid) had limited effect on the gluten network. Molded alkaline-treated gluten showed enhanced cross-linking but also degradation when treated with high alkali concentrations, whereas acid treatment reduced gluten cross-linking. ß-Elimination of cystine and lanthionine formation occurred more pronouncedly at higher alkali concentrations. In contrast, formation of disulfide and nondisulfide cross-links during molding was hindered in acid-pretreated gluten. Bioplastic strength was higher for alkali than for acid-pretreated samples, whereas the flexural modulus was only slightly affected by either alkaline or acid pretreatment. Apparently, the ratio of disulfide to nondisulfide cross-links did not affect the mechanical properties of rigid gluten materials.

Kinetic study of free fatty acid esterification reaction catalyzed by recoverable and reusable hydrochloric acid.

The catalytic performance and recoverability of several homogeneous acid catalysts (hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids) for the esterification of enzyme-hydrolyzed free fatty acid (FFA) and methanol were studied. Although all tested catalysts drove the reaction to a high yield, hydrochloric acid was the only catalyst that could be considerably recovered and reused. The kinetics of the esterification reaction catalyzed by hydrochloric acid was investigated under varying catalyst loading (0.1-1M), reaction temperature (303-343K), and methanol/FFA molar ratio (1:1-20:1). In addition, a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model incorporating the above factors was developed. A good agreement (r(2)=0.98) between the experimental and calculated data was obtained, thus proving the reliability of the model. Furthermore, the reusability of hydrochloric acid in FFA esterification can be predicted by the developed model. The recoverable hydrochloric acid achieved high yields of FFA esterification within five times of reuse.

Conversion of (ligno)cellulose feeds to isosorbide with heteropoly acids and Ru on carbon.

The catalytic valorization of cellulose is currently subject of intense research. Isosorbide is among the most interesting products that can be formed from cellulose as it is a potential platform molecule and can be used for the synthesis of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and polymers. A promising direct route from cellulose to isosorbide is presented in this work. The strategy relies on a one-pot bifunctional catalytic concept, combining heteropoly acids, viz. H(4)SiW(12)O(40), and redox catalysts, viz. commercial Ru on carbon, under H(2) pressure. Starting from pure microcrystalline cellulose, a rapid conversion was observed, resulting in over 50% isosorbide yield. The robustness of the developed system is evidenced by the conversion of a range of impure cellulose pulps obtained by organosolv fractionation, with isosorbide yields up to 63%. Results were compared with other (ligno)cellulose feedstocks, highlighting the importance of fractionation and purification to increase reactivity and convertibility of the cellulose feedstock.

Production of bioadditives from glycerol esterification over zirconia supported heteropolyacids.

The synthesis of bioadditives for biofuels from glycerol esterification with acetic acid was performed over zirconia supported heteropolyacids catalysts using H(4)SiW(12)O(40) (HSiW), H(3)PW(12)O(40) (HPW) and H(3)PMo(12)O(40) (HPMo) as active compounds. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by N(2)-physisorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, NH(3)-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and H(2)O-TPD. Among the catalysts tested, HSiW/ZrO(2) achieved the best catalytic performance owing to the better combination of surface Brønsted acid sites and hydrothermal stability. A 93.6% combined selectivity of glyceryl diacetate and glyceryl triacetate with complete glycerol conversion was obtained at 120°C and 4h of reaction time in the presence of HSiW/ZrO(2). This catalyst also presented consistent activity for four consecutive reaction cycles, while HPW/ZrO(2) and HPMo/ZrO(2) exhibited distinct deactivation after reusability tests. In addition, HSiW/ZrO(2) can be resistant to the impurities present in bulk glycerol.

The effect of co-impregnated acids on the performance of Zn-based broad spectrum respirator carbons.

Impregnated activated carbons (IACs) that are used in multi-gas respirator applications usually contain copper and/or zinc impregnants. Co-impregnating with properly selected acids can improve the distribution of the metallic impregnant on the carbon and improve the gas adsorption capacity of the IAC. In this work a comparative study of some common acids co-impregnated with a zinc nitrate (Zn(NO(3))(2)) precursor is performed. The IACs were heated in an inert atmosphere at temperatures which promoted the thermal decomposition of Zn(NO(3))(2) to zinc oxide (ZnO). The gas adsorption properties of the IACs were tested using ammonia (NH(3)), sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) challenge gases. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the impregnant species present after heating and to study impregnant distribution. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine the impregnant loading, and help to identify the impregnant species after heating. The interactions between the co-impregnated acid and Zn(NO(3))(2) precursor during heating are discussed. The relationship between impregnant species and gas adsorption capacity is discussed.

P6981, an arylstibonic acid, is a novel low nanomolar inhibitor of cAMP response element-binding protein binding to DNA.

Several basic leucine zipper (B-ZIP) transcription factors have been implicated in cancer, substance abuse, and other pathological conditions. We previously identified arylstibonic acids that bind to B-ZIP proteins and inhibit their interaction with DNA. In this study, we used electrophoretic mobility shift assay to analyze 46 arylstibonic acids for their activity to disrupt the DNA binding of three B-ZIP [CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), and vitellogenin gene-binding protein (VBP)] and two basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (B-HLH-ZIP) [USF (upstream stimulating factor) and Mitf] proteins. Twenty-five arylstibonic acids showed activity at micromolar concentrations. The most active compound, P6981 [2-(3-stibonophenyl)malonic acid], had half-maximal inhibition at ~5 nM for CREB. Circular dichroism thermal denaturation studies indicated that P6981 binds both the B-ZIP domain and the leucine zipper. The crystal structure of an arylstibonic acid, NSC13778, bound to the VBP leucine zipper identified electrostatic interactions between both the stibonic and carboxylic acid groups of NSC13778 [(E)-3-(3-stibonophenyl)acrylic acid] and arginine side chains of VBP, which is also involved in interhelical salt bridges in the leucine zipper. P6981 induced GFP-B-ZIP chimeric proteins to partially localize to the cytoplasm, demonstrating that it is active in cells. P6981 inhibited the growth of a patient-derived clear cell sarcoma cell line whose oncogenic potential is driven by a chimeric protein EWS-ATF1 (Ewing's sarcoma protein-activating transcription factor 1), which contains the DNA binding domain of ATF1, a B-ZIP protein. NSC13778 inhibited the growth of xenografted clear cell sarcoma, and no toxicity was observed. These experiments suggest that antimony containing arylstibonic acids are promising leads for suppression of DNA binding activities of B-ZIP and B-HLH-ZIP transcription factors.

Sequential continuous flow processes for the oxidation of amines and azides by using HOF·MeCN.

The generation and use of the highly potent oxidising agent HOF·MeCN in a controlled single continuous flow process is described. Oxidations of amines and azides to corresponding nitrated systems by using fluorine gas, water and acetonitrile by sequential gas-liquid/liquid-liquid continuous flow procedures are reported.

Stability and compatibility of doxofylline with phentolamine mesilate in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection for intravenous infusion.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: The use of extemporaneously prepared admixtures of drugs must be supported by documentation of their chemical stability. The objective was to assess the physical compatibility and the chemical stability of doxofylline with phentolamine mesilate in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection for intravenous infusion. METHODS: Total volumes of 20 and 1 mL of doxofylline solution and phentolamine mesilate solution, respectively, were added to 250 mL polyolefin bags containing 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Bags were stored for 24 h at 20-25 °C. Chemical compatibility was measures with high-performance liquid chromatography, and physical compatibility was determined visually. RESULTS: The samples were clear and colourless when viewed in normal fluorescent room light. The pH value and particulate content of the admixtures exhibited little change. The retentions of the initial concentration of doxofylline and phentolamine mesilate in the admixtures were within 97-105%. Doxofylline and phentolamine mesilate were stable in 5% dextrose injection or in 0.9% sodium chloride for up to 24 h at 20-25 °C. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Doxofylline and phentolamine mesilate mixed in both 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in 250 mL multilayer polyolefin bags at concentrations of 0.74 mg/mL and 36.9 µg/mL, respectively, were stable for up to 24 h at 20-25 °C.

Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid supported on silica: a highly efficient catalyst for synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles.

Heteropolyacid H(6)P(2)W(18)O(62)·24H(2)O (WD) supported on silica (WD/SiO(2)) has been used as an effective catalytic system for the synthesis of various 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles by four-component condensation of benzil, aldehydes, amines and ammonium acetate under solvent-free conditions. This approach can be useful for three-component synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. The same reactions were repeated by using benzoin instead of benzil.

Evaluation of parameters that affect the 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde assay for flavanols and proanthocyanidins.

Proanthocyanidins are widely distributed in nature and represent the most abundant flavonoids consumed in the diet. Recent attention has been given to these compounds because of their health-promoting properties toward chronic diseases. Because of their large degrees of chemical variation and stereochemistry, isolation/quantification is difficult. The 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) spectrophotometric assay has become increasingly popular as a rapid technique to quantify the amount of proanthocyanidins present in foods and beverages; however, there is no current industry standard. In this study, several parameters affecting the DMAC reaction with catechin were examined. Effects of acid nature (hydrochloric acid [HCl] and sulfuric acid [H(2)SO(4)]) and concentration (2 to 10 N), temperature (5 to 45 °C), reaction time (2 to 35 min), sample water content (1 to 100%), DMAC concentration (1 to 3%), and interference of 8 different substances were evaluated. A mixture of 2% DMAC in methanol (w/v) in 6 N H(2)SO(4) (50:50 v/v) showed the highest slope in the standard curve when allowed to react for 15 to 35 min prior to analysis. For samples containing high concentrations of oligomeric proanthocyanidins, a reaction time of 20 to 35 min is recommended. The reaction of catechin with DMAC at constant room temperature (21 to 25 °C), with a sample water content of less than 1% was found to increase reproducibility and better assess the amount of catechin. Sample water contents higher than 1% showed significant bleaching effects on the color produced, when catechin concentrations were high (lower levels showed no significant differences). None of the substances examined in this study interfered with the assay; however, other compounds present in various food matrices may have an effect on color development.

The hepatotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in mice.

The hepatotoxicity of two types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), acid-oxidized MWCNTs (O-MWCNTs) and Tween-80-dispersed MWCNTs (T-MWCNTs), were investigated with Kunming mice exposed to 10 and 60 mg kg(-1) by intravenous injection for 15 and 60 d. Compared with the PBS group, the body-weight gain of the mice decreased and the level of total bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase increased in the MWCNT-exposed group with a significant dose-effect relationship, while tumor necrosis factor alpha level did not show significant statistical change within 60 d. Spotty necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration in portal region, hepatocyte mitochondria swelling and lysis were observed with a significant dose-effect relationship in the MWCNT groups. Liver damage of the T-MWCNT group was more severe than that of the O-MWCNT group according to the Roenigk classification system. Furthermore, T-MWCNTs induce slight liver oxidative damage in mice at 15 d, which was recovered at 60 d. Part of the gene expressions of mouse liver in the MWCNT groups changed compared to the PBS group, including GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors), cholesterol biosynthesis, metabolism by cytochrome P450, natural-killer-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, TNF- alpha, NF-kappaB signaling pathway, etc. In the P450 pathway, the gene expressions of Gsta2 (down-regulated), Cyp2B19 (up-regulated) and Cyp2C50 (down-regulated) had significant changes in the MWCNT groups. These results show that a high dose of T-MWCNTs can induce hepatic toxicity in mice while O-MWCNTs seem to have less toxicity.

Recovery of valuable materials from waste liquid crystal display panel.

Associated with the rapid development of the information and electronic industry, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been increasingly sold as displays. However, during the discarding at their end-of-life stage, significant environmental hazards, impacts on health and a loss of resources may occur, if the scraps are not managed in an appropriate way. In order to improve the efficiency of the recovery of valuable materials from waste LCDs panel in an environmentally sound manner, this study presents a combined recycling technology process on the basis of manual dismantling and chemical treatment of LCDs. Three key processes of this technology have been studied, including the separation of LCD polarizing film by thermal shock method the removal of liquid crystals between the glass substrates by the ultrasonic cleaning, and the recovery of indium metal from glass by dissolution. The results show that valuable materials (e.g. indium) and harmful substances (e.g. liquid crystals) could be efficiently recovered or separated through above-mentioned combined technology. The optimal conditions are: (1) the peak temperature of thermal shock to separate polarizing film, ranges from 230 to 240 degrees C, where pyrolysis could be avoided; (2) the ultrasonic-assisted cleaning was most efficient at a frequency of 40 KHz (P = 40 W) and the exposure of the substrate to industrial detergents for 10 min; and (3) indium separation from glass in a mix of concentrated hydrochloric acid at 38% and nitric acid at 69% (HCl:HNO(3):H(2)O = 45:5:50, volume ratio). The indium separation process was conducted with an exposure time of 30 min at a constant temperature of 60 degrees C.

Trace determination and chemical speciation of selenium in environmental water samples using catalytic kinetic spectrophotometric method.

A catalytic kinetic method is described for the determination of Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in water based on the catalytic effect of Se(IV) on the reduction of bromate by hydrazine dihydrochloride in acidic media. The generated bromine decolorized methyl orange (MO) and the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 507 nm as a function of time. The initial rate and fixed time methods were adopted for the determination and speciation of inorganic selenium. Under two optimum conditions, the calibration graphs are linear in the range 0-126.3 and 0-789.6 microg L(-1) of Se(IV) for the initial rate method and 0-315.8 and 0-789.6 microg L(-1) of Se(IV) for the fixed time method. The detection limits were 1.3 and 14.7 microg L(-1) for the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The proposed methods were validated statistically and through recovery studies in environmental water samples. The relative standard deviation in the determination of 31.6-94.8 microg L(-1) of Se(IV) and Se(VI) was less than 6%. Analyses of standard reference materials for selenium using initial rate and fixed time methods showed that the proposed methods have good accuracy. Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in environmental water samples have been successfully determined by this method after selective reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV).

Impacts of halogen additions on mercury oxidation, in a slipstream selective catalyst reduction (SCR), reactor when burning sub-bituminous coal.

This paper presents a comparison of impacts of halogen species on the elemental mercury (Hg(0)) oxidation in a real coal-derived flue gas atmosphere. It is reported there is a higher percentage of Hg(0) in the flue gas when burning sub-bituminous coal (herein Powder River Basin (PRB) coal) and lignite, even with the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The higher Hg(0)concentration in the flue gas makes it difficult to use the wet-FGD process for the mercury emission control in coal-fired utility boilers. Investigation of enhanced Hg(0) oxidation by addition of hydrogen halogens (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI) was conducted in a slipstream reactor with and without SCR catalysts when burning PRB coal. Two commercial SCR catalysts were evaluated. SCR catalyst no. 1 showed higher efficiencies of both NO reduction and Hg(0) oxidation than those of SCR catalyst no. 2. NH3 addition seemed to inhibit the Hg(0) oxidation, which indicated competitive processes between NH3 reduction and Hg(0) oxidation on the surface of SCR catalysts. The hydrogen halogens, in the order of impact on Hg(0) oxidation, were HBr, HI, and HCl or HF. Addition of HBr at approximately 3 ppm could achieve 80% Hg(0) oxidation. Addition of HI at approximately 5 ppm could achieve 40% Hg(0) oxidation. In comparison to the empty reactor, 40% Hg(0) oxidation could be achieved when HCl addition was up to 300 ppm. The enhanced Hg(0) oxidation by addition of HBr and HI seemed not to be correlated to the catalytic effects by both evaluated SCR catalysts. The effectiveness of conversion of hydrogen halogens to halogen molecules or interhalogens seemed to be attributed to their impacts on Hg(0) oxidation.

Characterization of nanostructure and cell compatibility of polyaniline films with different dopant acids.

Polyaniline (PANi) films were prepared by direct polymerizing deposition with four different kinds of acids as dopants or were prepared by a casting method on the surface of a polytetrafluoroethylene substrate. The properties of PANi films were characterized using atomic force microscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, and water contact angle measurements. Unlike the casting PANi film, experimental results indicated that the synthesized PANi films had a similar nanostructure as that of average nanoparticles (approximate diameter of 30-50 nm). To investigate the potential usefulness of PANi films in biomedical applications, we also studied their biocompatibility through the adhesion and proliferation properties of PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. All the films were found to be biocompatible and allowed cell attachment and proliferation. However, the synthesized films have a much higher ability for cell adhesion than the casting film. After 4 days of culture on different PANi films, the cells formed more confluent monolayers on the synthesized PANi films than on the casting films. These results demonstrate that the PANi films could be used to culture neurotic cells and that their surface architecture on the nanoscale may affect cell function such as attachment and proliferation.

Impact of feed water acidification with weak and strong acids on colloidal silica fouling in ultrafiltration membrane processes.

Although acidification of feed water is a common practice to prevent scaling of the sparingly soluble minerals in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes, the change of acidity may have a potentially adverse impact on colloidal fouling, which is another important type of fouling on the membranes. In this paper, commonly used strong and weak acids are quantitatively investigated for their effect on colloidal silica fouling with a lab-scale ultrafiltration (UF) membrane system. Experiments showed that addition of either strong or weak acids in feed water would intensify colloidal fouling. However, the strength of colloidal fouling with strong acid addition was consistently higher (12-37%) than that with weak acid addition at pH 3. The smaller increase in colloidal fouling potential observed with weak acids was attributed to the adsorption of weak acid anions on the colloidal silica surface, which kept the absolute value of zeta potential of the colloids relatively high. Consequently, the difference in colloidal fouling potential with the additions of strong and weak acids diminished at high salt concentration. The findings implied that the type of acid used in feed water acidification could have a significant impact on colloidal fouling for low-salinity waters.